Basic concepts for seismic source - Magnitude

🔹 1. Local Magnitude (ML or Richter Magnitude)

Developed by Charles Richter for Southern California.

Formula:

Where:

  • A: Maximum amplitude of seismic waves (in micrometers) on a Wood-Anderson seismograph

  • A_0(\Delta): Empirical calibration curve depending on epicentral distance \Delta

Used for: Small to moderate local earthquakes (M < 6)


🔹 2. Moment Magnitude (Mw)

Now the most commonly used physically meaningful magnitude scale.

Formula:

Where:

  • M_0: Seismic moment in dyne-cm (or N·m in SI units)

  • \log_{10} is base-10 logarithm

Seismic Moment Formula:

  • \mu: Shear modulus (about 3 \times 10^{10} Pa for crust)

  • A: Rupture area

  • D: Average slip on the fault


🔹 3. Body Wave Magnitude (Mb)

Used for deep or teleseismic events.

Formula:

Where:

  • A: Amplitude of body waves

  • T: Period

  • Q(\Delta, h): Empirical function of distance and depth


🔹 4. Surface Wave Magnitude (Ms)

Based on 20-second surface wave amplitudes.

Formula:

Where:

  • A: Ground motion amplitude in microns

  • T: Period (~20 s)

  • \Delta: Epicentral distance (degrees)


✅ Most Reliable: Moment Magnitude (Mw)

Modern seismic catalogs (e.g., USGS, GCMT) primarily use Mw because:

  • It does not saturate for large events

  • Directly tied to fault physics and energy release

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