Ansible

Kendra9192025-06-15 10:13

Ansible

一、 Ansible

二、Ansible 安装

2.1 准备工作

已配置主机名、IP地址

主机名 IP地址 软件
ansible-controller 192.168.98.10
ansible-node1 192.168.98.20
ansible-node2 192.168.98.30

配置主机映射

  • 配置主机映射
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cat >> /etc/hosts <<EOF
> 192.168.98.10 ansible-controller
> 192.168.98.20 ansible-node1
> 192.168.98.30 ansible-node2
> EOF
  • scp到另外两台主机
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]#scp /etc/hosts [email protected]:/etc
The authenticity of host '192.168.98.20 (192.168.98.20)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:I3/lsrnTEnXOE3LFvTLRUXAJ+AhSVrIEWtqTnleRz9w.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.98.20' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password: 
hosts                                                                          100%  247   338.2KB/s   00:00    
[root@ansible-controller ~]# scp /etc/hosts [email protected]:/etc
The authenticity of host '192.168.98.30 (192.168.98.30)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:I3/lsrnTEnXOE3LFvTLRUXAJ+AhSVrIEWtqTnleRz9w.
This host key is known by the following other names/addresses:
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:1: 192.168.98.20
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.98.30' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password: 
hosts

配置免密登录

只需要在主控节点上创建密钥对

bash 复制代码 
ssh-keygen [-t ras](默认就是使用的rsa加密)

执行此命令，四次回车成功创建密钥对。创建成功后，执行命令将公钥拷贝到两台被控节点：

bash 复制代码 
ssh-copy-id ansible-node1
ssh-copy-id ansible-node2
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:qoSVNc7fSMs0RH6lJFCXBUT8Ma7FQXq4TiOHn+STljQ root@ansible-controller
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|      .o++*=+    |
|       o +o=+    |
|      o o =+.+   |
|     = o o o=    |
|    o o S Eo     |
|   o   * #.*     |
|  . . . = @      |
|   . .   . .     |
|    .            |
+----[SHA256]-----+
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# ssh-copy-id ansible-node1
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host 'ansible-node1 (192.168.98.20)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:I3/lsrnTEnXOE3LFvTLRUXAJ+AhSVrIEWtqTnleRz9w.
This host key is known by the following other names/addresses:
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:1: 192.168.98.20
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:4: 192.168.98.30
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@ansible-node1's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'ansible-node1'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

[root@ansible-controller ~]# ssh-copy-id ansible-node2
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host 'ansible-node2 (192.168.98.30)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:I3/lsrnTEnXOE3LFvTLRUXAJ+AhSVrIEWtqTnleRz9w.
This host key is known by the following other names/addresses:
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:1: 192.168.98.20
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:4: 192.168.98.30
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:5: ansible-node1
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@ansible-node2's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'ansible-node2'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

关闭防火墙

bash 复制代码 
systemctl disable --now firewalld

关闭SELinux

shell 复制代码 
setenforece 0

sed -i "s/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=permissive/" /etc/selinux/config

挂载仓库

三台主机：

shell 复制代码 
mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
mount: /mnt: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.

vim /etc/fstab
...
/dev/sr0    /mnt    iso9660    defaults   0   0
mount -a

2.2 安装Ansible

dnf 安装

  1. 安装epel源
    dnf install https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-9.noarch.rpm
  2. 安装anible
    dnf install ansible -y
  3. 验证安装是否成功
    ansible --version
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# dnf install https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/epel-release-latest-9.noarch.rpm -y

[root@ansible-controller ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
dnf.repo  docker-ce.repo  epel-cisco-openh264.repo  epel.repo  epel-testing.repo  redhat.repo
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# dnf install ansible -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use "rhc" or "subscription-manager" to register.

[root@ansible-controller ~]# ansible --version
ansible [core 2.14.17]
  config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  configured module search path = ['/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
  ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python3.9/site-packages/ansible
  ansible collection location = /root/.ansible/collections:/usr/share/ansible/collections
  executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
  python version = 3.9.19 (main, Aug 23 2024, 00:00:00) [GCC 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-2)] (/usr/bin/python3)
  jinja version = 3.1.2
  libyaml = True

python安装（pip安装）

  1. 安装 python pip sshpass 工具包
    dnf install python3.9 python3.9-pip sshpass -y
  2. 安装 ansible
    python3.9 -m pip install ansible
  3. 验证ansible
    ansible --version
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# dnf install python3.9 python3.9-pip sshpass -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use "rhc" or "subscription-manager" to register.

三、快速使用

  1. 创建项目目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mkdir ansible_ping
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cd ansible_ping/
[root@ansible-controller ansible_ping]#
  1. 创建清单文件
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_ping]# vim inventory.ini
[root@ansible-controller ansible_ping]# cat inventory.ini
[server]
ansible-node1
ansible-node2
  1. 执行 ansible
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_ping]# ansible server -i inventory.ini -m ping
ansible-node1 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
ansible-node2 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

绿色状态：仅仅执行了，并没有对其做出改变

黄色状态：执行并做出改变

红色状态：有错误

紫色状态：执行无误，但有可能有更好的方案

四、模块

官方文档: ansible模块

查看所有模块

复制代码 
1. 官网
2. 执行命令 （按q退出）

ansible-doc -l

查看某个模块：ansible-doc 模块名称

使用模块

使用 file 模块

  1. 创建项目目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mkdir ansible_file
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cd ansible_file/
  1. 创建清单文件和目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_file]# mkdir inventory
[root@ansible-controller ansible_file]# cd inventory/
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# vim hosts
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cat hosts
[server]
ansible-node[1:2]
  1. 执行 ansible
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_file]# ansible server -i inventory/hosts -m file -a "path=/root/a.txt state=touch owner=redhat group=root"
# 以下命令为黄色状态

ansible-node1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/root/a.txt",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "redhat",
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 0,
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 1000
}
ansible-node2 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/root/a.txt",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "redhat",
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 0,
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 1000
}
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_file]# ansible server -i inventory/hosts -m file -a "path=/root/d1 state=directory"
ansible-node1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/root/d1",
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 6,
    "state": "directory",
    "uid": 0
}
ansible-node2 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/root/d1",
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 6,
    "state": "directory",
    "uid": 0
}

get_url模块

  1. 创建项目目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_file]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller ~]# ls
ansible_file  ansible_ping  deploy-redis-cluster.sh  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mkdir ansible_get_url
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cd ansible_get_url/
  1. 创建清单目录及文件
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_get_url]# mkdir inventory
[root@ansible-controller ansible_get_url]# cd inventory/
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# vim hosts
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cat hosts
[server]
ansible-node[1:2]
  1. 执行模块
bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller ansible_get_url]# ansible server -i inventory/hosts -m get_url -a "url=https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz dest=/root/"
ansible-node1 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum_dest": null,
    "checksum_src": "430fbd93dc0457e5dc901fd6a20a368c0d355791",
    "dest": "/root/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz",
    "elapsed": 25,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "1ad2b6606c3709ed1268ca32ae447c21",
    "mode": "0644",
    "msg": "OK (1280111 bytes)",
    "owner": "root",
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 1280111,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1749370583.1186264-2407-8833024505451/tmp_wfw0ssd",
    "state": "file",
    "status_code": 200,
    "uid": 0,
    "url": "https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz"
}
ansible-node2 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum_dest": null,
    "checksum_src": "430fbd93dc0457e5dc901fd6a20a368c0d355791",
    "dest": "/root/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz",
    "elapsed": 34,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "1ad2b6606c3709ed1268ca32ae447c21",
    "mode": "0644",
    "msg": "OK (1280111 bytes)",
    "owner": "root",
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 1280111,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1749370583.118948-2408-236501869821397/tmp4iey3km8",
    "state": "file",
    "status_code": 200,
    "uid": 0,
    "url": "https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz"
}

另外两台主机已经成功下载 nignx

bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# ls
a.txt  d1  nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-node2 ~]# ls
a.txt  d1  nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz

五、剧本(Playbook)

剧本： Playbook文档说明

5.1 概述

Playbook 是 Ansible 自动化中的核心组件，以 YAML格式 编写，用于定义一组或多组任务的执行步骤。

  • 作用

    • 自动化执行复杂任务
    • 提供可重用的任务定义文件
    • 支持人物的条件判断和动态配置

  • 特点

    • 结构化，且可读性强：
    • 模块化支持：
    • 幂等性：确保任务多次运行后，目标主机状态保持一致

5.2 结构

示例：使用Playbook来实现nginx安装

  1. 创建项目目录
  2. 创建清单目录及文件
  3. 创建 ansible.cfg 配置文件
  4. 创建 playbook.yaml 文件
  5. 创建 index.html
  6. 执行 playbook
  7. 测试安装结果

完整流程：

  1. 创建项目目录
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mkdir ansible_nginx
[root@ansible-controller ~]# ls
ansible_file  ansible_get_url  ansible_nginx  ansible_ping  deploy-redis-cluster.sh  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cd ansible_nginx/
  1. 创建清单目录及文件
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# mkdir inventory
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# cd inventory/
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# vim hosts
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cat hosts
[server]
ansible-node[1:2]
  1. 创建 ansible.cfg 配置文件
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# vim ansible.cfg
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# cat ansible.cfg
[defaults]
inventory=inventory/hosts
  1. 创建 playbook.yaml 文件
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# ls
ansible.cfg  inventory
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# vim playbook.yaml
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# cat playbook.yaml
---
- name: Install nginx web servers
  hosts: server
  tasks:
    - name: Install nginx
      ansible.builtin.dnf:
        name: nginx
        state: installed
    - name: create nginx index
      ansible.builtin.template:
        src: files/index.html
        dest: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
    - name: start nginx service
      ansible.builtin.service:
        name: nginx
        state: started
        #enable: yes
  1. 创建 index.html
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# ls
ansible.cfg  inventory  playbook.yaml
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# mkdir files
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# cd files/
[root@ansible-controller files]# vim index.html
[root@ansible-controller files]# cat index.html
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>index.html</title>
	<head>
	<body>
		index.html
	</body>
</html>
  1. 执行 playbook
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller files]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# tree
.
├── ansible.cfg
├── files
│   └── index.html
├── inventory
│   └── hosts
└── playbook.yaml

2 directories, 4 files
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# ansible-playbook playbook.yaml 

PLAY [Install nginx web servers] ********************************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ******************************************************************************************
ok: [ansible-node1]
ok: [ansible-node2]

TASK [Install nginx] ********************************************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

TASK [create nginx index] ***************************************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

TASK [start nginx service] **************************************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************************************************
ansible-node1              : ok=4    changed=3    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   
ansible-node2              : ok=4    changed=3    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
  1. 测试
    node主机执行curl命令
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# curl localhost
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>index.html</title>
	<head>
	<body>
		index.html
[root@ansible-node2 ~]# curl localhost
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>index.html</title>
	<head>
	<body>
		index.html
	</body>
</html>

示例：使用Playbook来实现nginx源码安装

先卸载node两台的nginx

bash 复制代码 
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# dnf remove nginx -y
  1. 创建项目目录
  2. 创建清单目录及文件
  3. 创建 ansible.cfg 配置文件
  4. 创建 playbook.yaml 文件
  5. 创建 index.html
  6. 执行 playbook
  7. 测试安装结果

完整流程：

  1. 创建项目目录
shell 复制代码
  1. 创建清单目录及文件
shell 复制代码
  1. 创建 ansible.cfg 配置文件
shell 复制代码
  1. 创建 playbook.yaml 文件
shell 复制代码
  1. 创建 index.html
shell 复制代码
  1. 执行 playbook
shell 复制代码
  1. 测试
    node主机执行curl命令
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# ls
a.txt  d1  nginx-1.27.4.tar.gz  nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-node1 ~]# curl localhost
welcome to index.html
[root@ansible-node2 ~]# ls
a.txt  d1  nginx-1.27.4.tar.gz  nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz  redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-node2 ~]# curl localhost
welcome to index.html
shell 复制代码 
[root@ansible-controller ansible_nginx]# cd
[root@ansible-controller ~]# ls
ansible_file     ansible_nginx  deploy-redis-cluster.sh
ansible_get_url  ansible_ping   redis-8.0.2.tar.gz
[root@ansible-controller ~]# mkdir playbook_nginx
[root@ansible-controller ~]# cd playbook_nginx/
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# mkdir inventory
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# cd inventory/
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# vim hosts
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cat hosts 
[web]
ansible-node[1:2]
[root@ansible-controller inventory]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# vim ansible.cfg
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# cat ansible.cfg
[defaults]
inventory=inventory/hosts
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# ls
ansible.cfg  inventory
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# vim playbook.yaml
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# cat playbook.yaml
---
- name: Install Source Code nginx Servers
  hosts: web
  vars:
    - src_nginx: /root/nginx-1.27.4.tar.gz
    - nginx_unzip_dir: /opt
    - nginx_install_dir: /usr/local/nginx
    - nginx_unzip_name: nginx-1.27.4
  tasks:
    - name: Install Compile dependencies
      ansible.builtin.dnf:
        name:
          - gcc
          - openssl-devel
          - openssl
          - zlib
          - zlib-devel
          - pcre
          - pcre-devel
          - gcc-c++
        state: installed
    - name: Download nginx source package
      ansible.builtin.get_url:
        url: https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.27.4.tar.gz
        dest: "{{ src_nginx }}"
    - name: Uzip nginx and config nginx and install nginx
      ansible.builtin.shell: |
        tar -zxf /root/nginx-1.27.4.tar.gz -C /opt
        cd /opt/nginx-1.27.4
        ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
        make
        make install
    - name: create nginx of index.html
      ansible.builtin.template:
        src: files/index.html
        dest: "{{ nginx_install_dir}}/html/index.html"
    - name: start nginx service
      ansible.builtin.shell: |
        /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# ls
ansible.cfg  inventory  playbook.yaml
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# mkdir files
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# cd files/
[root@ansible-controller files]# vim index.html
[root@ansible-controller files]# cat index.html
welcome to index.html
[root@ansible-controller files]# cd ..
[root@ansible-controller playbook_nginx]# ansible-playbook  playbook.yaml 

PLAY [Install Source Code nginx Servers] **********************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************
ok: [ansible-node1]
ok: [ansible-node2]

TASK [Install Compile dependencies] ***************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

TASK [Download nginx source package] **************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node2]
changed: [ansible-node1]

TASK [Uzip nginx and config nginx and install nginx] **********************************************
changed: [ansible-node2]
changed: [ansible-node1]

TASK [create nginx of index.html] *****************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

TASK [start nginx service] ************************************************************************
changed: [ansible-node1]
changed: [ansible-node2]

PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************
ansible-node1              : ok=6    changed=5    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   
ansible-node2              : ok=6    changed=5    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
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