eNSP实验一:IPv4编址及IPv4路由基础

竹杖芒鞋轻胜马，谁怕？一蓑烟雨任平生。2025-07-05 18:15

一、实验目的：

  • 配置各路由器上的物理接口的IP地址并实现互联互通
  • 配置各路由器的 Loopback 的IP地址并实现互联互通（包括备份路由，默认路由）
  • 图中三个路由器型号为 AR3620。

二、配置物理接口ip

  1. 基础配置
csharp 复制代码 
设备命名

<Huawei>sys	  # Tab键补全
<Huawei>system-view   # 进入系统视图
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys	
[Huawei]sysname AR1  # 设备命名
[AR1]

其他设备类似

  1. 查看路由器当前接口IP地址配置与路由表
csharp 复制代码 
[AR1] display ip interface brief

display ip interface brief 命令用来查看接口与IP相关的简要信息，包括IP地址、子网掩码、物理状态和协议状态以及处于不同状态的接口数目等。

display ip interface 查看接口和ip详细信息

查看路由表信息:

csharp 复制代码 
<AR1>display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
       10.0.1.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.12.2       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.0.1.3/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.12.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

  • InLoopBack0为设备上默认创建的环回接口，它是一个特殊的、固定的 LoopBack接口。

  • InLoopBack0接口使用环回地址127.0.0.1/8，用来接收所有发送给本机的数据包。该接口上的IP地址是不可以改变的，也不通过路由协议对外发布。

  1. 配置路由物理接口的IP地址
csharp 复制代码 
<AR1> system-view # 进入系统视图
[AR1]
[AR1]interface g	 # 按Tab键补全
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0   # 进入接口视图
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add # 按Tab键补全
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ip address 10.0.12.1 24  # 配置ip地址及掩码
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
May  3 2022 11:01:57-08:00 AR1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
 on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.  # ip协议状态开启
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit  # 返回上一级视图，即系统视图
[AR1]
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.13.1 24
May  3 2022 11:03:22-08:00 AR1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
 on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] return # 直接返回用户视图
<AR1>
<AR1>save  # 保存配置，不然关机要丢失。
  The current configuration will be written to the device. 
  Are you sure to continue? (y/n)[n]:y  # 输入y或Y表示继续
  It will take several minutes to save configuration file, please wait.......
  Configuration file had been saved successfull
csharp 复制代码 
AR2配置命令

<AR2> system-view
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.12.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit
[AR2]
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.23.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]return 
<AR2>save
 
AR3配置命令

<AR3> system-view
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 10.0.13.3 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit
[AR3]
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.23.3 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]return 
<AR3>save
  1. 测试以及查看路由表
csharp 复制代码 
# 使用ping工具测试联通性
<AR1>ping 10.0.12.2
............
<AR1>ping 10.0.13.3

查看路由表：

csharp 复制代码 
AR1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost  Flags  NextHop      Interface

      10.0.12.0/24 	Direct  0    0      D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32 	Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    
      10.0.13.0/24 	Direct 	0    0      D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32 	Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32 	Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0      D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

可以看到，在接口IP地址配置完成之后，针对每个接口自动生成了三条直连路由。分别是：

  • 指向接口所在网段的路由。
  • 指向接口IP地址的主机路由。
  • 指向接口所在网段广播地址的主机路由。

注：主机路由就是掩码长度为32的路由。

三、 配置LoopBack接口ip

  1. 创建并配置LoopBack接口

    LoopBack接口属于设备上的逻辑接口，逻辑接口是指能够实现数据交换功能但物理上不存在、需要通过配置建立的接口。LoopBack接口创建后除非手工关闭该接口，否则LoopBack接口物理层状态和链路层协议永远处于UP状态。一般情况下，LoopBack接口使用32位掩码。
    作用：
  2. 作为一台路由器的管理地址，起到标识一台设备的作用。
  3. 使用该接口地址作为动态路由协议OSPF的router id。
  4. 其他提高网络可靠性的用途。
csharp 复制代码 
# AR1
[AR1]interface LoopBack0
[AR1-LoopBack0]ip address 10.0.1.1 32
# AR2
[AR2]interface LoopBack0
[AR2-LoopBack0]ip address 10.0.1.2 32
# AR3
[AR3]interface LoopBack0
[AR3-LoopBack0]ip address 10.0.1.3 32
  1. 查看路由表
csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 11       Routes : 11       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0   # 生成的路由
      10.0.12.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

测试各LoopBack接口之间的联通性

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]ping -a 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.2
  PING 10.0.1.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Request time out
    Request time out
    Request time out
    Request time out
  1. 配置静态路由
    #在R1上配置到达 R2和R3 的 LoopBack0 接口的静态路由条目
csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]ip route-static 10.0.1.2 32 10.0.12.2 
[AR1]ip route-static 10.0.1.3 32 10.0.13.3
[AR2]ip route-static 10.0.1.1 32 10.0.12.1 
[AR2]ip route-static 10.0.1.3 32 10.0.23.3 
[AR3]ip route-static 10.0.1.1 32 10.0.13.1 
[AR3]ip route-static 10.0.1.2 32 10.0.23.2

查看路由表

csharp 复制代码 
<AR1>display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
       10.0.1.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.12.2       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       10.0.1.3/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.12.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
  1. 配置LoopBack接口的备份路由
    配置R1->R3->R2作为R1的 LoopBack0 到 R2的 LoopBack0 接口的备份路径

preference：优先级。值越大优先级越小。

csharp 复制代码 
# AR1
[AR1]ip route-static 10.0.1.2 32 10.0.13.3 preference 100   
# AR2
[AR2]ip route-static 10.0.1.1 32 10.0.23.3 preference 100

选择查看R1 上的路由表

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
       10.0.1.2/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.12.2       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       10.0.1.3/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.12.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

此时配置的preference为100的静态路由没有被加载到路由表中。

#关闭R1和R2之间的链路对应的接口（GigabitEthernet0/0/0），使得优先级高的路由失效。

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]interface g0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] shutdown
Jul  1 2025 17:05:52-08:00 AR1 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEther
net0/0/0 has turned into DOWN state.
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Jul  1 2025 17:05:52-08:00 AR1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
 on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the DOWN state. 
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis	
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]disp	
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]display ip rout	
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
       10.0.1.2/32  Static  100  0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.0.1.3/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

undo shutdown： 打开端口/接口

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]ping -a 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.2 
  PING 10.0.1.2: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 10.0.1.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 10.0.1.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 10.0.1.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 10.0.1.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 10.0.1.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=20 ms

追踪包转发路径

csharp 复制代码 
<AR1>tracert -a 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.2

 traceroute to  10.0.1.2(10.0.1.2), max hops: 30 ,packet length: 40,press CTRL_C
 to break 

 1 10.0.13.3 10 ms  10 ms  20 ms 

 2 10.0.23.2 30 ms  30 ms  30 ms

tracert 命令主要用于查看数据包从源端到目的端的路径信息。可以看到数据包经过了R3的 GigabitEthernet0/0/0，再经过R3的GigabitEthernet0/0/1转发给R2的GigabitEthernet0/0/1。路径即为 R1->R3->R2。

// 开启原先关闭的R1与R2接口，并回到用户视图保存配置

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown  # 开启端口
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]return  # 直接返回用户视图
<AR1>save  # 保存配置

4.配置默认路由：

通过默认路由实现 R1 的 LoopBack0 接口和 R2 的 LoopBack0 接口互联互通

// # 删除已经配置的路由条目 （包括备份路由）

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]undo ip route-static 10.0.1.2 32 10.0.12.2
[AR1]undo ip route-static 10.0.1.2 32 10.0.13.3 preference 100  # 备份路由

R1上没有到R2的LoopBack0（10.0.1.2/32）的路由条目

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 12       Routes : 12       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
       10.0.1.3/32  Static  60   0          RD   10.0.13.3       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.12.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.12.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.12.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    10.0.12.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
      10.0.13.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.0.13.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      10.0.13.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
    10.0.13.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

R1上配置默认路由

csharp 复制代码 
[AR1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 10.0.12.2

默认路由已经被激活

热门推荐
01Java学习第十五部分——MyBatis02集群聊天服务器---MySQL数据库的建立03Coze扣子平台完整体验和实践（附国内和国际版对比）04基于odoo17的设计模式详解---装饰模式05使用Ruby接入实时行情API教程06扣子（coze）实战|我用扣子搭建了一个自动分析小红薯笔记内容的AI应用|详细步骤拆解07Everything文件检索工具 几秒检索几百G的文件08基于odoo17的设计模式详解---单例模式09DeepSeek各版本说明与优缺点分析10【无标题】