简单示例：
python
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
driver.get("https://www.hao123.com/")
# print('*****driver_type',type(driver)) # driver_type <class 'selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver'>
input_elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "input")
for input_element in input_elements:
print(input_element.get_attribute("outerHTML"))
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'input[data-hook="searchInput"]')
# print('*****search_input_type',type(search_input)) # search_input_type <class 'selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement'>
search_input.send_keys("Selenium库")
search_button = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'input[data-hook="searchSubmit"]')
search_button.click()
handles = driver.window_handles
print(type(handles))
if len(handles) > 1:
driver.switch_to.window(handles[1])
# Wait for the search results to load completely
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'div[id="content_left"]')))
finally:
driver.quit()
# In this updated version, we added the following imports:
# from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
# from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# We then added a WebDriverWait statement to wait for the presence of a specific element in the search results page:
# WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'div[class="search-list-item"]')))
# This statement waits for up to 10 seconds for an element with the CSS selector 'div[class="search-list-item"]' to appear on the page.
# Once the element appears, the script continues to execute.
# Note that you may need to adjust the CSS selector or the wait time to suit your specific needs.
# (By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'div[id="content_left"]')， ------------
Selenium 的 WebDriver 实现的源代码提供了以下基本操作和功能：
初始化浏览器会话：通过实例化 WebDriver 对象，可以初始化一个特定的浏览器会话，如Chrome、Firefox等。
执行 JavaScript：可以通过 WebDriver.execute_script() 方法执行 JavaScript 代码，实现对页面的动态操作或数据获取。
窗口管理：WebDriver 可以管理浏览器窗口，包括最大化窗口、最小化窗口、设置窗口大小等功能。
元素定位：使用 WebDriver 提供的方法，如定位元素的 find_element 和 find_elements 等，可以定位页面上的元素，进行操作或获取元素信息。
截图：WebDriver 可以对当前页面进行截图，并保存为图片文件，方便后续分析或记录。
下载文件：通过 WebDriver 控制浏览器下载文件，并保存到指定的目录中。
以上是 Selenium WebDriver 实现的源代码提供的一些基本操作和功能，这些功能可以帮助用户进行自动化测试、网页操作或数据采集等任务。
selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver 类 是 Selenium WebDriver 中用于操作 Chrome 浏览器的主要类之一，它继承自 selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver****类。这个类提供了丰富的方法和属性，用于实现对 Chrome 浏览器的控制和页面操作。
常用方法：
- get(url) - 打开指定的网址
- find_element(by=, value=) - 根据指定条件查找单个元素
- find_elements(by=, value=) - 根据指定条件查找多个元素
- execute_script(script, *args) - 在当前页面执行 JavaScript 代码
- close() - 关闭当前窗口
- quit() - 退出浏览器驱动并关闭所有窗口
- maximize_window() - 最大化浏览器窗口
- set_window_size(width, height) - 设置浏览器窗口大小
- save_screenshot(filename) - 保存当前页面的截图到指定文件
- switch_to.frame(frame_reference) - 切换到指定的 iframe
- switch_to.default_content() - 切回到默认的内容上下文
- switch_to.window(window_name) - 切换到指定窗口
- back() - 在浏览器中执行回退操作
- forward() - 在浏览器中执行前进操作
- refresh() - 刷新当前页面
常用属性：
current_url: 当前页面的 URL。
title: 当前页面的标题。
page_source: 当前页面的源代码。
window_handles: 当前浏览器窗口的句柄列表。
current_window_handle: 当前窗口的句柄。
capabilities: 浏览器的配置信息和能力。
name: 浏览器实例的名称。
session_id: 浏览器会话的 ID。
desired_capabilities: 期望的浏览器配置信息。
通过这些常用方法和属性，您可以更好地利用 selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver 类来控制 Chrome 浏览器进行自动化测试、网页操作等各种任务。
python
"""The WebDriver implementation."""
import base64
import contextlib
import copy
import os
import pkgutil
import types
import typing
import warnings
import zipfile
from abc import ABCMeta
from base64 import b64decode
from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from contextlib import contextmanager
from importlib import import_module
from typing import Dict
from typing import List
from typing import Optional
from typing import Union
from selenium.common.exceptions import InvalidArgumentException
from selenium.common.exceptions import JavascriptException
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchCookieException
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.options import BaseOptions
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
from selenium.webdriver.common.timeouts import Timeouts
from selenium.webdriver.common.virtual_authenticator import Credential
from selenium.webdriver.common.virtual_authenticator import VirtualAuthenticatorOptions
from selenium.webdriver.common.virtual_authenticator import (
required_virtual_authenticator,
)
from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import RelativeBy
from .bidi_connection import BidiConnection
from .command import Command
from .errorhandler import ErrorHandler
from .file_detector import FileDetector
from .file_detector import LocalFileDetector
from .mobile import Mobile
from .remote_connection import RemoteConnection
from .script_key import ScriptKey
from .shadowroot import ShadowRoot
from .switch_to import SwitchTo
from .webelement import WebElement
cdp = None
def import_cdp():
global cdp
if not cdp:
cdp = import_module("selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.cdp")
def _create_caps(caps):
"""Makes a W3C alwaysMatch capabilities object.
Filters out capability names that are not in the W3C spec. Spec-compliant
drivers will reject requests containing unknown capability names.
Moves the Firefox profile, if present, from the old location to the new Firefox
options object.
:Args:
- caps - A dictionary of capabilities requested by the caller.
"""
caps = copy.deepcopy(caps)
always_match = {}
for k, v in caps.items():
always_match[k] = v
return {"capabilities": {"firstMatch": [{}], "alwaysMatch": always_match}}
def get_remote_connection(capabilities, command_executor, keep_alive, ignore_local_proxy=False):
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.remote_connection import ChromeRemoteConnection
from selenium.webdriver.edge.remote_connection import EdgeRemoteConnection
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.remote_connection import FirefoxRemoteConnection
from selenium.webdriver.safari.remote_connection import SafariRemoteConnection
candidates = [ChromeRemoteConnection, EdgeRemoteConnection, SafariRemoteConnection, FirefoxRemoteConnection]
handler = next((c for c in candidates if c.browser_name == capabilities.get("browserName")), RemoteConnection)
return handler(command_executor, keep_alive=keep_alive, ignore_proxy=ignore_local_proxy)
def create_matches(options: List[BaseOptions]) -> Dict:
capabilities = {"capabilities": {}}
opts = []
for opt in options:
opts.append(opt.to_capabilities())
opts_size = len(opts)
samesies = {}
# Can not use bitwise operations on the dicts or lists due to
# https://bugs.python.org/issue38210
for i in range(opts_size):
min_index = i
if i + 1 < opts_size:
first_keys = opts[min_index].keys()
for kys in first_keys:
if kys in opts[i + 1].keys():
if opts[min_index][kys] == opts[i + 1][kys]:
samesies.update({kys: opts[min_index][kys]})
always = {}
for k, v in samesies.items():
always[k] = v
for i in opts:
for k in always:
del i[k]
capabilities["capabilities"]["alwaysMatch"] = always
capabilities["capabilities"]["firstMatch"] = opts
return capabilities
class BaseWebDriver(metaclass=ABCMeta):
"""Abstract Base Class for all Webdriver subtypes.
ABC's allow custom implementations of Webdriver to be registered so
that isinstance type checks will succeed.
"""
class WebDriver(BaseWebDriver):
"""Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server. This server
is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined at
https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/legacy/json_wire_protocol/.
:Attributes:
- session_id - String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver.
- capabilities - Dictionary of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned
by the remote server. See https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/legacy/desired_capabilities/
- command_executor - remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute commands.
- error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors.
"""
_web_element_cls = WebElement
_shadowroot_cls = ShadowRoot
def __init__(
self,
command_executor="http://127.0.0.1:4444",
keep_alive=True,
file_detector=None,
options: Union[BaseOptions, List[BaseOptions]] = None,
) -> None:
"""Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire
protocol.
:Args:
- command_executor - Either a string representing URL of the remote server or a custom
remote_connection.RemoteConnection object. Defaults to 'http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub'.
- keep_alive - Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use
HTTP keep-alive. Defaults to True.
- file_detector - Pass custom file detector object during instantiation. If None,
then default LocalFileDetector() will be used.
- options - instance of a driver options.Options class
"""
if isinstance(options, list):
capabilities = create_matches(options)
_ignore_local_proxy = False
else:
capabilities = options.to_capabilities()
_ignore_local_proxy = options._ignore_local_proxy
self.command_executor = command_executor
if isinstance(self.command_executor, (str, bytes)):
self.command_executor = get_remote_connection(
capabilities,
command_executor=command_executor,
keep_alive=keep_alive,
ignore_local_proxy=_ignore_local_proxy,
)
self._is_remote = True
self.session_id = None
self.caps = {}
self.pinned_scripts = {}
self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
self._switch_to = SwitchTo(self)
self._mobile = Mobile(self)
self.file_detector = file_detector or LocalFileDetector()
self._authenticator_id = None
self.start_client()
self.start_session(capabilities)
def __repr__(self):
return f'<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__} (session="{self.session_id}")>'
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(
self,
exc_type: typing.Optional[typing.Type[BaseException]],
exc: typing.Optional[BaseException],
traceback: typing.Optional[types.TracebackType],
):
self.quit()
@contextmanager
def file_detector_context(self, file_detector_class, *args, **kwargs):
"""Overrides the current file detector (if necessary) in limited
context. Ensures the original file detector is set afterwards.
Example::
with webdriver.file_detector_context(UselessFileDetector):
someinput.send_keys('/etc/hosts')
:Args:
- file_detector_class - Class of the desired file detector. If the class is different
from the current file_detector, then the class is instantiated with args and kwargs
and used as a file detector during the duration of the context manager.
- args - Optional arguments that get passed to the file detector class during
instantiation.
- kwargs - Keyword arguments, passed the same way as args.
"""
last_detector = None
if not isinstance(self.file_detector, file_detector_class):
last_detector = self.file_detector
self.file_detector = file_detector_class(*args, **kwargs)
try:
yield
finally:
if last_detector:
self.file_detector = last_detector
@property
def mobile(self) -> Mobile:
return self._mobile
@property
def name(self) -> str:
"""Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
:Usage:
::
name = driver.name
"""
if "browserName" in self.caps:
return self.caps["browserName"]
raise KeyError("browserName not specified in session capabilities")
def start_client(self):
"""Called before starting a new session.
This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
"""
pass
def stop_client(self):
"""Called after executing a quit command.
This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown
behavior.
"""
pass
def start_session(self, capabilities: dict) -> None:
"""Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
:Args:
- capabilities - a capabilities dict to start the session with.
"""
caps = _create_caps(capabilities)
response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, caps)["value"]
self.session_id = response.get("sessionId")
self.caps = response.get("capabilities")
def _wrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
converted = {}
for key, val in value.items():
converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val)
return converted
if isinstance(value, self._web_element_cls):
return {"element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf": value.id}
if isinstance(value, self._shadowroot_cls):
return {"shadow-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf": value.id}
if isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value)
return value
def create_web_element(self, element_id: str) -> WebElement:
"""Creates a web element with the specified `element_id`."""
return self._web_element_cls(self, element_id)
def _unwrap_value(self, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
if "element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf" in value:
return self.create_web_element(value["element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf"])
if "shadow-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf" in value:
return self._shadowroot_cls(self, value["shadow-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf"])
for key, val in value.items():
value[key] = self._unwrap_value(val)
return value
if isinstance(value, list):
return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value)
return value
def execute(self, driver_command: str, params: dict = None) -> dict:
"""Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
:Args:
- driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
- params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
:Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
params = self._wrap_value(params)
if self.session_id:
if not params:
params = {"sessionId": self.session_id}
elif "sessionId" not in params:
params["sessionId"] = self.session_id
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response["value"] = self._unwrap_value(response.get("value", None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {"success": 0, "value": None, "sessionId": self.session_id}
def get(self, url: str) -> None:
"""Loads a web page in the current browser session."""
self.execute(Command.GET, {"url": url})
@property
def title(self) -> str:
"""Returns the title of the current page.
:Usage:
::
title = driver.title
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE).get("value", "")
def pin_script(self, script: str, script_key=None) -> ScriptKey:
"""Store common javascript scripts to be executed later by a unique
hashable ID."""
script_key_instance = ScriptKey(script_key)
self.pinned_scripts[script_key_instance.id] = script
return script_key_instance
def unpin(self, script_key: ScriptKey) -> None:
"""Remove a pinned script from storage."""
try:
self.pinned_scripts.pop(script_key.id)
except KeyError:
raise KeyError(f"No script with key: {script_key} existed in {self.pinned_scripts}") from None
def get_pinned_scripts(self) -> List[str]:
return list(self.pinned_scripts)
def execute_script(self, script, *args):
"""Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \\*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
::
driver.execute_script('return document.title;')
"""
if isinstance(script, ScriptKey):
try:
script = self.pinned_scripts[script.id]
except KeyError:
raise JavascriptException("Pinned script could not be found")
converted_args = list(args)
command = Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT
return self.execute(command, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
def execute_async_script(self, script: str, *args):
"""Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
:Args:
- script: The JavaScript to execute.
- \\*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
:Usage:
::
script = "var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1]; " \\
"window.setTimeout(function(){ callback('timeout') }, 3000);"
driver.execute_async_script(script)
"""
converted_args = list(args)
command = Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC
return self.execute(command, {"script": script, "args": converted_args})["value"]
@property
def current_url(self) -> str:
"""Gets the URL of the current page.
:Usage:
::
driver.current_url
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)["value"]
@property
def page_source(self) -> str:
"""Gets the source of the current page.
:Usage:
::
driver.page_source
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)["value"]
def close(self) -> None:
"""Closes the current window.
:Usage:
::
driver.close()
"""
self.execute(Command.CLOSE)
def quit(self) -> None:
"""Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
:Usage:
::
driver.quit()
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.QUIT)
finally:
self.stop_client()
self.command_executor.close()
@property
def current_window_handle(self) -> str:
"""Returns the handle of the current window.
:Usage:
::
driver.current_window_handle
"""
return self.execute(Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)["value"]
@property
def window_handles(self) -> List[str]:
"""Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
:Usage:
::
driver.window_handles
"""
return self.execute(Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)["value"]
def maximize_window(self) -> None:
"""Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using."""
command = Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW
self.execute(command, None)
def fullscreen_window(self) -> None:
"""Invokes the window manager-specific 'full screen' operation."""
self.execute(Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW)
def minimize_window(self) -> None:
"""Invokes the window manager-specific 'minimize' operation."""
self.execute(Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW)
def print_page(self, print_options: Optional[PrintOptions] = None) -> str:
"""Takes PDF of the current page.
The driver makes a best effort to return a PDF based on the
provided parameters.
"""
options = {}
if print_options:
options = print_options.to_dict()
return self.execute(Command.PRINT_PAGE, options)["value"]
@property
def switch_to(self) -> SwitchTo:
"""
:Returns:
- SwitchTo: an object containing all options to switch focus into
:Usage:
::
element = driver.switch_to.active_element
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
driver.switch_to.default_content()
driver.switch_to.frame('frame_name')
driver.switch_to.frame(1)
driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")[0])
driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
driver.switch_to.window('main')
"""
return self._switch_to
# Navigation
def back(self) -> None:
"""Goes one step backward in the browser history.
:Usage:
::
driver.back()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_BACK)
def forward(self) -> None:
"""Goes one step forward in the browser history.
:Usage:
::
driver.forward()
"""
self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD)
def refresh(self) -> None:
"""Refreshes the current page.
:Usage:
::
driver.refresh()
"""
self.execute(Command.REFRESH)
# Options
def get_cookies(self) -> List[dict]:
"""Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in
the current session.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_cookies()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)["value"]
def get_cookie(self, name) -> typing.Optional[typing.Dict]:
"""Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if
not.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
with contextlib.suppress(NoSuchCookieException):
return self.execute(Command.GET_COOKIE, {"name": name})["value"]
return None
def delete_cookie(self, name) -> None:
"""Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
:Usage:
::
driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie')
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {"name": name})
def delete_all_cookies(self) -> None:
"""Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
:Usage:
::
driver.delete_all_cookies()
"""
self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES)
def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict) -> None:
"""Adds a cookie to your current session.
:Args:
- cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - "name" and "value";
optional keys - "path", "domain", "secure", "httpOnly", "expiry", "sameSite"
:Usage:
::
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/'})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/', 'secure' : True})
driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'sameSite' : 'Strict'})
"""
if "sameSite" in cookie_dict:
assert cookie_dict["sameSite"] in ["Strict", "Lax", "None"]
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {"cookie": cookie_dict})
else:
self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {"cookie": cookie_dict})
# Timeouts
def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait: float) -> None:
"""Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found,
or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time
per session. To set the timeout for calls to execute_async_script, see
set_script_timeout.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds)
:Usage:
::
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, {"implicit": int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)})
def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait: float) -> None:
"""Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an
execute_async_script call before throwing an error.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait (in seconds)
:Usage:
::
driver.set_script_timeout(30)
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, {"script": int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)})
def set_page_load_timeout(self, time_to_wait: float) -> None:
"""Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete before
throwing an error.
:Args:
- time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
:Usage:
::
driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)
"""
try:
self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, {"pageLoad": int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)})
except WebDriverException:
self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, {"ms": float(time_to_wait) * 1000, "type": "page load"})
@property
def timeouts(self) -> Timeouts:
"""Get all the timeouts that have been set on the current session.
:Usage:
::
driver.timeouts
:rtype: Timeout
"""
timeouts = self.execute(Command.GET_TIMEOUTS)["value"]
timeouts["implicit_wait"] = timeouts.pop("implicit") / 1000
timeouts["page_load"] = timeouts.pop("pageLoad") / 1000
timeouts["script"] = timeouts.pop("script") / 1000
return Timeouts(**timeouts)
@timeouts.setter
def timeouts(self, timeouts) -> None:
"""Set all timeouts for the session. This will override any previously
set timeouts.
:Usage:
::
my_timeouts = Timeouts()
my_timeouts.implicit_wait = 10
driver.timeouts = my_timeouts
"""
_ = self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, timeouts._to_json())["value"]
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value: Optional[str] = None) -> WebElement:
"""Find an element given a By strategy and locator.
:Usage:
::
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'foo')
:rtype: WebElement
"""
if isinstance(by, RelativeBy):
elements = self.find_elements(by=by, value=value)
if not elements:
raise NoSuchElementException(f"Cannot locate relative element with: {by.root}")
return elements[0]
if by == By.ID:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[id="{value}"]'
elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f".{value}"
elif by == By.NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[name="{value}"]'
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value: Optional[str] = None) -> List[WebElement]:
"""Find elements given a By strategy and locator.
:Usage:
::
elements = driver.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'foo')
:rtype: list of WebElement
"""
if isinstance(by, RelativeBy):
_pkg = ".".join(__name__.split(".")[:-1])
raw_function = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "findElements.js").decode("utf8")
find_element_js = f"/* findElements */return ({raw_function}).apply(null, arguments);"
return self.execute_script(find_element_js, by.to_dict())
if by == By.ID:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[id="{value}"]'
elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f".{value}"
elif by == By.NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[name="{value}"]'
# Return empty list if driver returns null
# See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/4555
return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"] or []
@property
def capabilities(self) -> dict:
"""Returns the drivers current capabilities being used."""
return self.caps
def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename) -> bool:
"""Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file.
Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full
paths in your filename.
:Args:
- filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This
should end with a `.png` extension.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
if not str(filename).lower().endswith(".png"):
warnings.warn(
"name used for saved screenshot does not match file type. It should end with a `.png` extension",
UserWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
png = self.get_screenshot_as_png()
try:
with open(filename, "wb") as f:
f.write(png)
except OSError:
return False
finally:
del png
return True
def save_screenshot(self, filename) -> bool:
"""Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file.
Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full
paths in your filename.
:Args:
- filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This
should end with a `.png` extension.
:Usage:
::
driver.save_screenshot('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
return self.get_screenshot_as_file(filename)
def get_screenshot_as_png(self) -> bytes:
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a binary data.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_screenshot_as_png()
"""
return b64decode(self.get_screenshot_as_base64().encode("ascii"))
def get_screenshot_as_base64(self) -> str:
"""Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string
which is useful in embedded images in HTML.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
"""
return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)["value"]
def set_window_size(self, width, height, windowHandle: str = "current") -> None:
"""Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)
:Args:
- width: the width in pixels to set the window to
- height: the height in pixels to set the window to
:Usage:
::
driver.set_window_size(800,600)
"""
self._check_if_window_handle_is_current(windowHandle)
self.set_window_rect(width=int(width), height=int(height))
def get_window_size(self, windowHandle: str = "current") -> dict:
"""Gets the width and height of the current window.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_window_size()
"""
self._check_if_window_handle_is_current(windowHandle)
size = self.get_window_rect()
if size.get("value", None):
size = size["value"]
return {k: size[k] for k in ("width", "height")}
def set_window_position(self, x, y, windowHandle: str = "current") -> dict:
"""Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)
:Args:
- x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
- y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
:Usage:
::
driver.set_window_position(0,0)
"""
self._check_if_window_handle_is_current(windowHandle)
return self.set_window_rect(x=int(x), y=int(y))
def get_window_position(self, windowHandle="current") -> dict:
"""Gets the x,y position of the current window.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_window_position()
"""
self._check_if_window_handle_is_current(windowHandle)
position = self.get_window_rect()
return {k: position[k] for k in ("x", "y")}
def _check_if_window_handle_is_current(self, windowHandle: str) -> None:
"""Warns if the window handle is not equal to `current`."""
if windowHandle != "current":
warnings.warn("Only 'current' window is supported for W3C compatible browsers.", stacklevel=2)
def get_window_rect(self) -> dict:
"""Gets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width
of the current window.
:Usage:
::
driver.get_window_rect()
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT)["value"]
def set_window_rect(self, x=None, y=None, width=None, height=None) -> dict:
"""Sets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width
of the current window. This method is only supported for W3C compatible
browsers; other browsers should use `set_window_position` and
`set_window_size`.
:Usage:
::
driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10)
driver.set_window_rect(width=100, height=200)
driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10, width=100, height=200)
"""
if (x is None and y is None) and (not height and not width):
raise InvalidArgumentException("x and y or height and width need values")
return self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT, {"x": x, "y": y, "width": width, "height": height})["value"]
@property
def file_detector(self) -> FileDetector:
return self._file_detector
@file_detector.setter
def file_detector(self, detector) -> None:
"""Set the file detector to be used when sending keyboard input. By
default, this is set to a file detector that does nothing.
see FileDetector
see LocalFileDetector
see UselessFileDetector
:Args:
- detector: The detector to use. Must not be None.
"""
if not detector:
raise WebDriverException("You may not set a file detector that is null")
if not isinstance(detector, FileDetector):
raise WebDriverException("Detector has to be instance of FileDetector")
self._file_detector = detector
@property
def orientation(self):
"""Gets the current orientation of the device.
:Usage:
::
orientation = driver.orientation
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION)["value"]
@orientation.setter
def orientation(self, value) -> None:
"""Sets the current orientation of the device.
:Args:
- value: orientation to set it to.
:Usage:
::
driver.orientation = 'landscape'
"""
allowed_values = ["LANDSCAPE", "PORTRAIT"]
if value.upper() in allowed_values:
self.execute(Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION, {"orientation": value})
else:
raise WebDriverException("You can only set the orientation to 'LANDSCAPE' and 'PORTRAIT'")
@property
def log_types(self):
"""Gets a list of the available log types. This only works with w3c
compliant browsers.
:Usage:
::
driver.log_types
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES)["value"]
def get_log(self, log_type):
"""Gets the log for a given log type.
:Args:
- log_type: type of log that which will be returned
:Usage:
::
driver.get_log('browser')
driver.get_log('driver')
driver.get_log('client')
driver.get_log('server')
"""
return self.execute(Command.GET_LOG, {"type": log_type})["value"]
@asynccontextmanager
async def bidi_connection(self):
global cdp
import_cdp()
if self.caps.get("se:cdp"):
ws_url = self.caps.get("se:cdp")
version = self.caps.get("se:cdpVersion").split(".")[0]
else:
version, ws_url = self._get_cdp_details()
if not ws_url:
raise WebDriverException("Unable to find url to connect to from capabilities")
devtools = cdp.import_devtools(version)
async with cdp.open_cdp(ws_url) as conn:
targets = await conn.execute(devtools.target.get_targets())
target_id = targets[0].target_id
async with conn.open_session(target_id) as session:
yield BidiConnection(session, cdp, devtools)
def _get_cdp_details(self):
import json
import urllib3
http = urllib3.PoolManager()
_firefox = False
if self.caps.get("browserName") == "chrome":
debugger_address = self.caps.get("goog:chromeOptions").get("debuggerAddress")
elif self.caps.get("browserName") == "msedge":
debugger_address = self.caps.get("ms:edgeOptions").get("debuggerAddress")
else:
_firefox = True
debugger_address = self.caps.get("moz:debuggerAddress")
res = http.request("GET", f"http://{debugger_address}/json/version")
data = json.loads(res.data)
browser_version = data.get("Browser")
websocket_url = data.get("webSocketDebuggerUrl")
import re
if _firefox:
# Mozilla Automation Team asked to only support 85
# until WebDriver Bidi is available.
version = 85
else:
version = re.search(r".*/(\d+)\.", browser_version).group(1)
return version, websocket_url
# Virtual Authenticator Methods
def add_virtual_authenticator(self, options: VirtualAuthenticatorOptions) -> None:
"""Adds a virtual authenticator with the given options."""
self._authenticator_id = self.execute(Command.ADD_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR, options.to_dict())["value"]
@property
def virtual_authenticator_id(self) -> str:
"""Returns the id of the virtual authenticator."""
return self._authenticator_id
@required_virtual_authenticator
def remove_virtual_authenticator(self) -> None:
"""Removes a previously added virtual authenticator.
The authenticator is no longer valid after removal, so no
methods may be called.
"""
self.execute(Command.REMOVE_VIRTUAL_AUTHENTICATOR, {"authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id})
self._authenticator_id = None
@required_virtual_authenticator
def add_credential(self, credential: Credential) -> None:
"""Injects a credential into the authenticator."""
self.execute(Command.ADD_CREDENTIAL, {**credential.to_dict(), "authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id})
@required_virtual_authenticator
def get_credentials(self) -> List[Credential]:
"""Returns the list of credentials owned by the authenticator."""
credential_data = self.execute(Command.GET_CREDENTIALS, {"authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id})
return [Credential.from_dict(credential) for credential in credential_data["value"]]
@required_virtual_authenticator
def remove_credential(self, credential_id: Union[str, bytearray]) -> None:
"""Removes a credential from the authenticator."""
# Check if the credential is bytearray converted to b64 string
if isinstance(credential_id, bytearray):
credential_id = urlsafe_b64encode(credential_id).decode()
self.execute(
Command.REMOVE_CREDENTIAL, {"credentialId": credential_id, "authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id}
)
@required_virtual_authenticator
def remove_all_credentials(self) -> None:
"""Removes all credentials from the authenticator."""
self.execute(Command.REMOVE_ALL_CREDENTIALS, {"authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id})
@required_virtual_authenticator
def set_user_verified(self, verified: bool) -> None:
"""Sets whether the authenticator will simulate success or fail on user
verification.
verified: True if the authenticator will pass user verification, False otherwise.
"""
self.execute(Command.SET_USER_VERIFIED, {"authenticatorId": self._authenticator_id, "isUserVerified": verified})
def get_downloadable_files(self) -> dict:
"""Retrieves the downloadable files as a map of file names and their
corresponding URLs."""
if "se:downloadsEnabled" not in self.capabilities:
raise WebDriverException("You must enable downloads in order to work with downloadable files.")
return self.execute(Command.GET_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES)["value"]["names"]
def download_file(self, file_name: str, target_directory: str) -> None:
"""Downloads a file with the specified file name to the target
directory.
file_name: The name of the file to download.
target_directory: The path to the directory to save the downloaded file.
"""
if "se:downloadsEnabled" not in self.capabilities:
raise WebDriverException("You must enable downloads in order to work with downloadable files.")
if not os.path.exists(target_directory):
os.makedirs(target_directory)
contents = self.execute(Command.DOWNLOAD_FILE, {"name": file_name})["value"]["contents"]
target_file = os.path.join(target_directory, file_name)
with open(target_file, "wb") as file:
file.write(base64.b64decode(contents))
with zipfile.ZipFile(target_file, "r") as zip_ref:
zip_ref.extractall(target_directory)
def delete_downloadable_files(self) -> None:
"""Deletes all downloadable files."""
if "se:downloadsEnabled" not in self.capabilities:
raise WebDriverException("You must enable downloads in order to work with downloadable files.")
self.execute(Command.DELETE_DOWNLOADABLE_FILES)这段代码看起来是关于对 Web 元素进行操作的，使用了 Selenium WebDriver 库。它定义了一个 WebElement 类，用于表示网页中的 DOM 元素 ，并提供了一系列方法来操作元素，比如点击、输入文本、获取属性、截图等。除此之外，还包括了一些私有方法和元素定位的方法。这段代码主要是基于 Python 的 Selenium 库，用于模拟浏览器操作网页元素。
selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement****类是 Selenium WebDriver 中用于表示网页上的元素（如按钮、输入框、链接等）的主要类之一。通过该类，可以对网页上的元素进行查找、操作和获取属性等操作。
常用方法：
click(self) -> None: 点击元素。
submit(self): 提交表单。
clear(self) -> None: 清除文本（如果是文本输入元素）。
send_keys(self, *value) -> None: 模拟向元素输入文本。
find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None) -> WebElement: 根据查找策略和定位器查找元素。
find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None) -> List[WebElement]: 根据查找策略和定位器查找多个元素。
get_attribute(name): 获取元素的指定属性值。
is_displayed(): 判断元素是否可见。
is_enabled(): 判断元素是否可操作。
is_selected(): 判断元素是否被选中（针对复选框、单选框等元素）。
常用属性：
text - 获取元素的文本内容
tag_name - 获取元素的标签名
size - 获取元素的尺寸
location - 获取元素在页面中的位置
rect - 获取元素的位置和大小信息的字典表示
通过这些方法和属性，我们可以对网页元素执行点击、输入文本、获取属性、截图等操作，并获取元素的相关信息。这些方法和属性可以帮助我们实现自动化测试、网页数据采集等功能。
python
from __future__ import annotations
import os
import pkgutil
import warnings
import zipfile
from abc import ABCMeta
from base64 import b64decode
from base64 import encodebytes
from hashlib import md5 as md5_hash
from io import BytesIO
from typing import List
from selenium.common.exceptions import JavascriptException
from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.utils import keys_to_typing
from .command import Command
from .shadowroot import ShadowRoot
# TODO: When moving to supporting python 3.9 as the minimum version we can
# use built in importlib_resources.files.
getAttribute_js = None
isDisplayed_js = None
def _load_js():
global getAttribute_js
global isDisplayed_js
_pkg = ".".join(__name__.split(".")[:-1])
getAttribute_js = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "getAttribute.js").decode("utf8")
isDisplayed_js = pkgutil.get_data(_pkg, "isDisplayed.js").decode("utf8")
class BaseWebElement(metaclass=ABCMeta):
"""Abstract Base Class for WebElement.
ABC's will allow custom types to be registered as a WebElement to
pass type checks.
"""
pass
class WebElement(BaseWebElement):
"""Represents a DOM element.
Generally, all interesting operations that interact with a document will be
performed through this interface.
All method calls will do a freshness check to ensure that the element
reference is still valid. This essentially determines whether the
element is still attached to the DOM. If this test fails, then an
``StaleElementReferenceException`` is thrown, and all future calls to this
instance will fail.
"""
def __init__(self, parent, id_) -> None:
self._parent = parent
self._id = id_
def __repr__(self):
return f'<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__} (session="{self._parent.session_id}", element="{self._id}")>'
@property
def tag_name(self) -> str:
"""This element's ``tagName`` property."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME)["value"]
@property
def text(self) -> str:
"""The text of the element."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT)["value"]
def click(self) -> None:
"""Clicks the element."""
self._execute(Command.CLICK_ELEMENT)
def submit(self):
"""Submits a form."""
script = (
"/* submitForm */var form = arguments[0];\n"
'while (form.nodeName != "FORM" && form.parentNode) {\n'
" form = form.parentNode;\n"
"}\n"
"if (!form) { throw Error('Unable to find containing form element'); }\n"
"if (!form.ownerDocument) { throw Error('Unable to find owning document'); }\n"
"var e = form.ownerDocument.createEvent('Event');\n"
"e.initEvent('submit', true, true);\n"
"if (form.dispatchEvent(e)) { HTMLFormElement.prototype.submit.call(form) }\n"
)
try:
self._parent.execute_script(script, self)
except JavascriptException as exc:
raise WebDriverException("To submit an element, it must be nested inside a form element") from exc
def clear(self) -> None:
"""Clears the text if it's a text entry element."""
self._execute(Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT)
def get_property(self, name) -> str | bool | WebElement | dict:
"""Gets the given property of the element.
:Args:
- name - Name of the property to retrieve.
:Usage:
::
text_length = target_element.get_property("text_length")
"""
try:
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY, {"name": name})["value"]
except WebDriverException:
# if we hit an end point that doesn't understand getElementProperty lets fake it
return self.parent.execute_script("return arguments[0][arguments[1]]", self, name)
def get_dom_attribute(self, name) -> str:
"""Gets the given attribute of the element. Unlike
:func:`~selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_attribute`, this
method only returns attributes declared in the element's HTML markup.
:Args:
- name - Name of the attribute to retrieve.
:Usage:
::
text_length = target_element.get_dom_attribute("class")
"""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE, {"name": name})["value"]
def get_attribute(self, name) -> str | None:
"""Gets the given attribute or property of the element.
This method will first try to return the value of a property with the
given name. If a property with that name doesn't exist, it returns the
value of the attribute with the same name. If there's no attribute with
that name, ``None`` is returned.
Values which are considered truthy, that is equals "true" or "false",
are returned as booleans. All other non-``None`` values are returned
as strings. For attributes or properties which do not exist, ``None``
is returned.
To obtain the exact value of the attribute or property,
use :func:`~selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_dom_attribute` or
:func:`~selenium.webdriver.remote.BaseWebElement.get_property` methods respectively.
:Args:
- name - Name of the attribute/property to retrieve.
Example::
# Check if the "active" CSS class is applied to an element.
is_active = "active" in target_element.get_attribute("class")
"""
if getAttribute_js is None:
_load_js()
attribute_value = self.parent.execute_script(
f"/* getAttribute */return ({getAttribute_js}).apply(null, arguments);", self, name
)
return attribute_value
def is_selected(self) -> bool:
"""Returns whether the element is selected.
Can be used to check if a checkbox or radio button is selected.
"""
return self._execute(Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED)["value"]
def is_enabled(self) -> bool:
"""Returns whether the element is enabled."""
return self._execute(Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED)["value"]
def send_keys(self, *value) -> None:
"""Simulates typing into the element.
:Args:
- value - A string for typing, or setting form fields. For setting
file inputs, this could be a local file path.
Use this to send simple key events or to fill out form fields::
form_textfield = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'username')
form_textfield.send_keys("admin")
This can also be used to set file inputs.
::
file_input = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'profilePic')
file_input.send_keys("path/to/profilepic.gif")
# Generally it's better to wrap the file path in one of the methods
# in os.path to return the actual path to support cross OS testing.
# file_input.send_keys(os.path.abspath("path/to/profilepic.gif"))
"""
# transfer file to another machine only if remote driver is used
# the same behaviour as for java binding
if self.parent._is_remote:
local_files = list(
map(
lambda keys_to_send: self.parent.file_detector.is_local_file(str(keys_to_send)),
"".join(map(str, value)).split("\n"),
)
)
if None not in local_files:
remote_files = []
for file in local_files:
remote_files.append(self._upload(file))
value = "\n".join(remote_files)
self._execute(
Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT, {"text": "".join(keys_to_typing(value)), "value": keys_to_typing(value)}
)
@property
def shadow_root(self) -> ShadowRoot:
"""Returns a shadow root of the element if there is one or an error.
Only works from Chromium 96, Firefox 96, and Safari 16.4 onwards.
:Returns:
- ShadowRoot object or
- NoSuchShadowRoot - if no shadow root was attached to element
"""
return self._execute(Command.GET_SHADOW_ROOT)["value"]
# RenderedWebElement Items
def is_displayed(self) -> bool:
"""Whether the element is visible to a user."""
# Only go into this conditional for browsers that don't use the atom themselves
if isDisplayed_js is None:
_load_js()
return self.parent.execute_script(f"/* isDisplayed */return ({isDisplayed_js}).apply(null, arguments);", self)
@property
def location_once_scrolled_into_view(self) -> dict:
"""THIS PROPERTY MAY CHANGE WITHOUT WARNING. Use this to discover where
on the screen an element is so that we can click it. This method should
cause the element to be scrolled into view.
Returns the top lefthand corner location on the screen, or zero
coordinates if the element is not visible.
"""
old_loc = self._execute(
Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT,
{
"script": "arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true); return arguments[0].getBoundingClientRect()",
"args": [self],
},
)["value"]
return {"x": round(old_loc["x"]), "y": round(old_loc["y"])}
@property
def size(self) -> dict:
"""The size of the element."""
size = self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
new_size = {"height": size["height"], "width": size["width"]}
return new_size
def value_of_css_property(self, property_name) -> str:
"""The value of a CSS property."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY, {"propertyName": property_name})["value"]
@property
def location(self) -> dict:
"""The location of the element in the renderable canvas."""
old_loc = self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
new_loc = {"x": round(old_loc["x"]), "y": round(old_loc["y"])}
return new_loc
@property
def rect(self) -> dict:
"""A dictionary with the size and location of the element."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT)["value"]
@property
def aria_role(self) -> str:
"""Returns the ARIA role of the current web element."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_ROLE)["value"]
@property
def accessible_name(self) -> str:
"""Returns the ARIA Level of the current webelement."""
return self._execute(Command.GET_ELEMENT_ARIA_LABEL)["value"]
@property
def screenshot_as_base64(self) -> str:
"""Gets the screenshot of the current element as a base64 encoded
string.
:Usage:
::
img_b64 = element.screenshot_as_base64
"""
return self._execute(Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT)["value"]
@property
def screenshot_as_png(self) -> bytes:
"""Gets the screenshot of the current element as a binary data.
:Usage:
::
element_png = element.screenshot_as_png
"""
return b64decode(self.screenshot_as_base64.encode("ascii"))
def screenshot(self, filename) -> bool:
"""Saves a screenshot of the current element to a PNG image file.
Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full
paths in your filename.
:Args:
- filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This
should end with a `.png` extension.
:Usage:
::
element.screenshot('/Screenshots/foo.png')
"""
if not filename.lower().endswith(".png"):
warnings.warn(
"name used for saved screenshot does not match file type. It should end with a `.png` extension",
UserWarning,
)
png = self.screenshot_as_png
try:
with open(filename, "wb") as f:
f.write(png)
except OSError:
return False
finally:
del png
return True
@property
def parent(self):
"""Internal reference to the WebDriver instance this element was found
from."""
return self._parent
@property
def id(self) -> str:
"""Internal ID used by selenium.
This is mainly for internal use. Simple use cases such as checking if 2
webelements refer to the same element, can be done using ``==``::
if element1 == element2:
print("These 2 are equal")
"""
return self._id
def __eq__(self, element):
return hasattr(element, "id") and self._id == element.id
def __ne__(self, element):
return not self.__eq__(element)
# Private Methods
def _execute(self, command, params=None):
"""Executes a command against the underlying HTML element.
Args:
command: The name of the command to _execute as a string.
params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if not params:
params = {}
params["id"] = self._id
return self._parent.execute(command, params)
def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None) -> WebElement:
"""Find an element given a By strategy and locator.
:Usage:
::
element = element.find_element(By.ID, 'foo')
:rtype: WebElement
"""
if by == By.ID:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[id="{value}"]'
elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f".{value}"
elif by == By.NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[name="{value}"]'
return self._execute(Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None) -> List[WebElement]:
"""Find elements given a By strategy and locator.
:Usage:
::
element = element.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'foo')
:rtype: list of WebElement
"""
if by == By.ID:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[id="{value}"]'
elif by == By.CLASS_NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f".{value}"
elif by == By.NAME:
by = By.CSS_SELECTOR
value = f'[name="{value}"]'
return self._execute(Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS, {"using": by, "value": value})["value"]
def __hash__(self) -> int:
return int(md5_hash(self._id.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16)
def _upload(self, filename):
fp = BytesIO()
zipped = zipfile.ZipFile(fp, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
zipped.write(filename, os.path.split(filename)[1])
zipped.close()
content = encodebytes(fp.getvalue())
if not isinstance(content, str):
content = content.decode("utf-8")
try:
return self._execute(Command.UPLOAD_FILE, {"file": content})["value"]
except WebDriverException as e:
if "Unrecognized command: POST" in str(e):
return filename
if "Command not found: POST " in str(e):
return filename
if '{"status":405,"value":["GET","HEAD","DELETE"]}' in str(e):
return filename
raise这段代码主要是使用 Python 中的 Selenium WebDriver 库来实现网页交互操作，通过封装常见的用户操作，如点击、鼠标移动、键盘输入等。其中ActionChains 类可以实现更复杂的用户操作，如移动到元素、点击元素、双击、拖放等。 用户可以通过调用不同的方法来模拟在页面上进行各种操作，并通过 perform() 方法执行这些操作。这段代码为进行页面交互操作提供了一个基础框架，可根据具体需求进行扩展和定制。
ActionChains 类涉及到的主要方法和属性如下：
move_to_element(element)：将鼠标移动到指定元素上。
click()：模拟鼠标左键点击操作。
context_click()：模拟鼠标右键点击操作。
double_click()：模拟鼠标双击操作。
drag_and_drop(source, target)：模拟拖放操作，从源元素拖动到目标元素。
key_down(key)：按下指定的键。
key_up(key)：释放指定的键。
send_keys(keys)：向页面元素发送按键输入。
perform()：执行所有排队的操作。
属性：
actions：用于存储需要执行的操作序列。
这些方法和属性可以帮助用户实现各种复杂的页面交互操作，包括鼠标操作、键盘输入等。通过组合调用这些方法，可以模拟用户在页面上的各种操作行为。
python
"""The ActionChains implementation."""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
from typing import Union
from selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement import WebElement
from .actions.action_builder import ActionBuilder
from .actions.key_input import KeyInput
from .actions.pointer_input import PointerInput
from .actions.wheel_input import ScrollOrigin
from .actions.wheel_input import WheelInput
from .utils import keys_to_typing
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver
AnyDevice = Union[PointerInput, KeyInput, WheelInput]
class ActionChains:
"""ActionChains are a way to automate low level interactions such as mouse
movements, mouse button actions, key press, and context menu interactions.
This is useful for doing more complex actions like hover over and drag and
drop.
Generate user actions.
When you call methods for actions on the ActionChains object,
the actions are stored in a queue in the ActionChains object.
When you call perform(), the events are fired in the order they
are queued up.
ActionChains can be used in a chain pattern::
menu = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".nav #submenu1")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(menu).click(hidden_submenu).perform()
Or actions can be queued up one by one, then performed.::
menu = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".nav #submenu1")
actions = ActionChains(driver)
actions.move_to_element(menu)
actions.click(hidden_submenu)
actions.perform()
Either way, the actions are performed in the order they are called, one after
another.
"""
def __init__(self, driver: WebDriver, duration: int = 250, devices: list[AnyDevice] | None = None) -> None:
"""Creates a new ActionChains.
:Args:
- driver: The WebDriver instance which performs user actions.
- duration: override the default 250 msecs of DEFAULT_MOVE_DURATION in PointerInput
"""
self._driver = driver
mouse = None
keyboard = None
wheel = None
if devices is not None and isinstance(devices, list):
for device in devices:
if isinstance(device, PointerInput):
mouse = device
if isinstance(device, KeyInput):
keyboard = device
if isinstance(device, WheelInput):
wheel = device
self.w3c_actions = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=mouse, keyboard=keyboard, wheel=wheel, duration=duration)
def perform(self) -> None:
"""Performs all stored actions."""
self.w3c_actions.perform()
def reset_actions(self) -> None:
"""Clears actions that are already stored locally and on the remote
end."""
self.w3c_actions.clear_actions()
for device in self.w3c_actions.devices:
device.clear_actions()
def click(self, on_element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Clicks an element.
:Args:
- on_element: The element to click.
If None, clicks on current mouse position.
"""
if on_element:
self.move_to_element(on_element)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.click()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def click_and_hold(self, on_element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Holds down the left mouse button on an element.
:Args:
- on_element: The element to mouse down.
If None, clicks on current mouse position.
"""
if on_element:
self.move_to_element(on_element)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.click_and_hold()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def context_click(self, on_element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Performs a context-click (right click) on an element.
:Args:
- on_element: The element to context-click.
If None, clicks on current mouse position.
"""
if on_element:
self.move_to_element(on_element)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.context_click()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def double_click(self, on_element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Double-clicks an element.
:Args:
- on_element: The element to double-click.
If None, clicks on current mouse position.
"""
if on_element:
self.move_to_element(on_element)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.double_click()
for _ in range(4):
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def drag_and_drop(self, source: WebElement, target: WebElement) -> ActionChains:
"""Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves
to the target element and releases the mouse button.
:Args:
- source: The element to mouse down.
- target: The element to mouse up.
"""
self.click_and_hold(source)
self.release(target)
return self
def drag_and_drop_by_offset(self, source: WebElement, xoffset: int, yoffset: int) -> ActionChains:
"""Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves
to the target offset and releases the mouse button.
:Args:
- source: The element to mouse down.
- xoffset: X offset to move to.
- yoffset: Y offset to move to.
"""
self.click_and_hold(source)
self.move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset)
self.release()
return self
def key_down(self, value: str, element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Sends a key press only, without releasing it. Should only be used
with modifier keys (Control, Alt and Shift).
:Args:
- value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in `Keys` class.
- element: The element to send keys.
If None, sends a key to current focused element.
Example, pressing ctrl+c::
ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.CONTROL).perform()
"""
if element:
self.click(element)
self.w3c_actions.key_action.key_down(value)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.pause()
return self
def key_up(self, value: str, element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Releases a modifier key.
:Args:
- value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in Keys class.
- element: The element to send keys.
If None, sends a key to current focused element.
Example, pressing ctrl+c::
ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.CONTROL).perform()
"""
if element:
self.click(element)
self.w3c_actions.key_action.key_up(value)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.pause()
return self
def move_by_offset(self, xoffset: int, yoffset: int) -> ActionChains:
"""Moving the mouse to an offset from current mouse position.
:Args:
- xoffset: X offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
- yoffset: Y offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
"""
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.move_by(xoffset, yoffset)
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def move_to_element(self, to_element: WebElement) -> ActionChains:
"""Moving the mouse to the middle of an element.
:Args:
- to_element: The WebElement to move to.
"""
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.move_to(to_element)
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def move_to_element_with_offset(self, to_element: WebElement, xoffset: int, yoffset: int) -> ActionChains:
"""Move the mouse by an offset of the specified element. Offsets are
relative to the in-view center point of the element.
:Args:
- to_element: The WebElement to move to.
- xoffset: X offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
- yoffset: Y offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
"""
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.move_to(to_element, int(xoffset), int(yoffset))
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def pause(self, seconds: float | int) -> ActionChains:
"""Pause all inputs for the specified duration in seconds."""
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.pause(seconds)
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause(seconds)
return self
def release(self, on_element: WebElement | None = None) -> ActionChains:
"""Releasing a held mouse button on an element.
:Args:
- on_element: The element to mouse up.
If None, releases on current mouse position.
"""
if on_element:
self.move_to_element(on_element)
self.w3c_actions.pointer_action.release()
self.w3c_actions.key_action.pause()
return self
def send_keys(self, *keys_to_send: str) -> ActionChains:
"""Sends keys to current focused element.
:Args:
- keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the
'Keys' class.
"""
typing = keys_to_typing(keys_to_send)
for key in typing:
self.key_down(key)
self.key_up(key)
return self
def send_keys_to_element(self, element: WebElement, *keys_to_send: str) -> ActionChains:
"""Sends keys to an element.
:Args:
- element: The element to send keys.
- keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the
'Keys' class.
"""
self.click(element)
self.send_keys(*keys_to_send)
return self
def scroll_to_element(self, element: WebElement) -> ActionChains:
"""If the element is outside the viewport, scrolls the bottom of the
element to the bottom of the viewport.
:Args:
- element: Which element to scroll into the viewport.
"""
self.w3c_actions.wheel_action.scroll(origin=element)
return self
def scroll_by_amount(self, delta_x: int, delta_y: int) -> ActionChains:
"""Scrolls by provided amounts with the origin in the top left corner
of the viewport.
:Args:
- delta_x: Distance along X axis to scroll using the wheel. A negative value scrolls left.
- delta_y: Distance along Y axis to scroll using the wheel. A negative value scrolls up.
"""
self.w3c_actions.wheel_action.scroll(delta_x=delta_x, delta_y=delta_y)
return self
def scroll_from_origin(self, scroll_origin: ScrollOrigin, delta_x: int, delta_y: int) -> ActionChains:
"""Scrolls by provided amount based on a provided origin. The scroll
origin is either the center of an element or the upper left of the
viewport plus any offsets. If the origin is an element, and the element
is not in the viewport, the bottom of the element will first be
scrolled to the bottom of the viewport.
:Args:
- origin: Where scroll originates (viewport or element center) plus provided offsets.
- delta_x: Distance along X axis to scroll using the wheel. A negative value scrolls left.
- delta_y: Distance along Y axis to scroll using the wheel. A negative value scrolls up.
:Raises: If the origin with offset is outside the viewport.
- MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException - If the origin with offset is outside the viewport.
"""
if not isinstance(scroll_origin, ScrollOrigin):
raise TypeError(f"Expected object of type ScrollOrigin, got: {type(scroll_origin)}")
self.w3c_actions.wheel_action.scroll(
origin=scroll_origin.origin,
x=scroll_origin.x_offset,
y=scroll_origin.y_offset,
delta_x=delta_x,
delta_y=delta_y,
)
return self
# Context manager so ActionChains can be used in a 'with .. as' statements.
def __enter__(self) -> ActionChains:
return self # Return created instance of self.
def __exit__(self, _type, _value, _traceback) -> None:
pass # Do nothing, does not require additional cleanup.这是一段 Python 代码，它定义了一些用于 WebDriver 测试的**"预期条件"（Expected Conditions）**。预期条件是一种在测试中使用的断言，用于检查页面或元素的状态是否符合预期。
这段代码中定义了许多常用的预期条件函数，如检查页面标题、检查元素是否可见、检查元素是否存在、检查元素是否包含文本等。 你可以根据需要选择并使用这些预期条件函数来辅助你的测试。
这段代码还使用了 Selenium 提供的异常类，如 NoAlertPresentException、NoSuchElementException 等，用于处理在测试过程中可能出现的异常情况。
总之，这段代码提供了一些方便的方法来进行基于 WebDriver 的测试，并对页面和元素的状态进行验证。你可以根据自己的需求和场景使用这些预期条件函数。
这段代码涉及了一些 Selenium WebDriver 测试中常用的预期条件方法和属性，主要包括以下内容：
Expected Conditions 方法：
title_is(title)：检查页面标题是否等于给定的标题。
title_contains(title)：检查页面标题是否包含给定的字符串。
presence_of_element_located(locator)：检查是否存在满足定位器条件的元素。
visibility_of_element_located(locator)：检查满足定位器条件的元素是否可见。
visibility_of(element)：检查元素是否可见。
text_to_be_present_in_element(element, text_)：检查元素是否包含指定文本。
element_to_be_clickable(locator)：检查元素是否可点击。
Selenium 异常类：
NoSuchElementException：当找不到元素时抛出此异常。
TimeoutException：超时异常，用于处理等待超时的情况。
NoAlertPresentException：当尝试操作不存在的警报时抛出。
这些方法和属性能够帮助测试人员编写更健壮和可靠的测试脚本，用于验证页面和元素的状态是否符合预期。通过结合预期条件和异常处理，可以提高测试的稳定性和准确性。
python
import re
from collections.abc import Iterable
from typing import Any
from typing import Callable
from typing import List
from typing import Literal
from typing import Tuple
from typing import TypeVar
from typing import Union
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoAlertPresentException
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchFrameException
from selenium.common.exceptions import StaleElementReferenceException
from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
from selenium.webdriver.common.alert import Alert
from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver
from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebElement
"""
* Canned "Expected Conditions" which are generally useful within webdriver
* tests.
"""
D = TypeVar("D")
T = TypeVar("T")
WebDriverOrWebElement = Union[WebDriver, WebElement]
def title_is(title: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking the title of a page.
title is the expected title, which must be an exact match returns
True if the title matches, false otherwise.
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return driver.title == title
return _predicate
def title_contains(title: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking that the title contains a case-sensitive
substring.
title is the fragment of title expected returns True when the title
matches, False otherwise
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return title in driver.title
return _predicate
def presence_of_element_located(locator: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], WebElement]:
"""An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a
page. This does not necessarily mean that the element is visible.
locator - used to find the element
returns the WebElement once it is located
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
return driver.find_element(*locator)
return _predicate
def url_contains(url: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking that the current url contains a case-
sensitive substring.
url is the fragment of url expected, returns True when the url
matches, False otherwise
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return url in driver.current_url
return _predicate
def url_matches(pattern: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking the current url.
pattern is the expected pattern. This finds the first occurrence of
pattern in the current url and as such does not require an exact
full match.
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return re.search(pattern, driver.current_url) is not None
return _predicate
def url_to_be(url: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking the current url.
url is the expected url, which must be an exact match returns True
if the url matches, false otherwise.
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return url == driver.current_url
return _predicate
def url_changes(url: str) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking the current url.
url is the expected url, which must not be an exact match returns
True if the url is different, false otherwise.
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return url != driver.current_url
return _predicate
def visibility_of_element_located(
locator: Tuple[str, str]
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
"""An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a
page and visible. Visibility means that the element is not only displayed
but also has a height and width that is greater than 0.
locator - used to find the element
returns the WebElement once it is located and visible
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
return _element_if_visible(driver.find_element(*locator))
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def visibility_of(element: WebElement) -> Callable[[Any], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
"""An expectation for checking that an element, known to be present on the
DOM of a page, is visible.
Visibility means that the element is not only displayed but also has
a height and width that is greater than 0. element is the WebElement
returns the (same) WebElement once it is visible
"""
def _predicate(_):
return _element_if_visible(element)
return _predicate
def _element_if_visible(element: WebElement, visibility: bool = True) -> Union[Literal[False], WebElement]:
return element if element.is_displayed() == visibility else False
def presence_of_all_elements_located(locator: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], List[WebElement]]:
"""An expectation for checking that there is at least one element present
on a web page.
locator is used to find the element returns the list of WebElements
once they are located
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
return driver.find_elements(*locator)
return _predicate
def visibility_of_any_elements_located(locator: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], List[WebElement]]:
"""An expectation for checking that there is at least one element visible
on a web page.
locator is used to find the element returns the list of WebElements
once they are located
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
return [element for element in driver.find_elements(*locator) if _element_if_visible(element)]
return _predicate
def visibility_of_all_elements_located(
locator: Tuple[str, str]
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[List[WebElement], Literal[False]]]:
"""An expectation for checking that all elements are present on the DOM of
a page and visible. Visibility means that the elements are not only
displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0.
locator - used to find the elements
returns the list of WebElements once they are located and visible
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
elements = driver.find_elements(*locator)
for element in elements:
if _element_if_visible(element, visibility=False):
return False
return elements
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def text_to_be_present_in_element(locator: Tuple[str, str], text_: str) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the
specified element.
locator, text
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
element_text = driver.find_element(*locator).text
return text_ in element_text
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def text_to_be_present_in_element_value(
locator: Tuple[str, str], text_: str
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the
element's value.
locator, text
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
element_text = driver.find_element(*locator).get_attribute("value")
return text_ in element_text
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def text_to_be_present_in_element_attribute(
locator: Tuple[str, str], attribute_: str, text_: str
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the
element's attribute.
locator, attribute, text
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
element_text = driver.find_element(*locator).get_attribute(attribute_)
if element_text is None:
return False
return text_ in element_text
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it(locator: Union[Tuple[str, str], str]) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking whether the given frame is available to
switch to.
If the frame is available it switches the given driver to the
specified frame.
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
try:
if isinstance(locator, Iterable) and not isinstance(locator, str):
driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_element(*locator))
else:
driver.switch_to.frame(locator)
return True
except NoSuchFrameException:
return False
return _predicate
def invisibility_of_element_located(
locator: Union[WebElement, Tuple[str, str]]
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[WebElement, bool]]:
"""An Expectation for checking that an element is either invisible or not
present on the DOM.
locator used to find the element
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
target = locator
if not isinstance(target, WebElement):
target = driver.find_element(*target)
return _element_if_visible(target, visibility=False)
except (NoSuchElementException, StaleElementReferenceException):
# In the case of NoSuchElement, returns true because the element is
# not present in DOM. The try block checks if the element is present
# but is invisible.
# In the case of StaleElementReference, returns true because stale
# element reference implies that element is no longer visible.
return True
return _predicate
def invisibility_of_element(
element: Union[WebElement, Tuple[str, str]]
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[WebElement, bool]]:
"""An Expectation for checking that an element is either invisible or not
present on the DOM.
element is either a locator (text) or an WebElement
"""
return invisibility_of_element_located(element)
def element_to_be_clickable(
mark: Union[WebElement, Tuple[str, str]]
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], Union[Literal[False], WebElement]]:
"""An Expectation for checking an element is visible and enabled such that
you can click it.
element is either a locator (text) or an WebElement
"""
# renamed argument to 'mark', to indicate that both locator
# and WebElement args are valid
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
target = mark
if not isinstance(target, WebElement): # if given locator instead of WebElement
target = driver.find_element(*target) # grab element at locator
element = visibility_of(target)(driver)
if element and element.is_enabled():
return element
return False
return _predicate
def staleness_of(element: WebElement) -> Callable[[Any], bool]:
"""Wait until an element is no longer attached to the DOM.
element is the element to wait for. returns False if the element is
still attached to the DOM, true otherwise.
"""
def _predicate(_):
try:
# Calling any method forces a staleness check
element.is_enabled()
return False
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return True
return _predicate
def element_to_be_selected(element: WebElement) -> Callable[[Any], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking the selection is selected.
element is WebElement object
"""
def _predicate(_):
return element.is_selected()
return _predicate
def element_located_to_be_selected(locator: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation for the element to be located is selected.
locator is a tuple of (by, path)
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
return driver.find_element(*locator).is_selected()
return _predicate
def element_selection_state_to_be(element: WebElement, is_selected: bool) -> Callable[[Any], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking if the given element is selected.
element is WebElement object is_selected is a Boolean.
"""
def _predicate(_):
return element.is_selected() == is_selected
return _predicate
def element_located_selection_state_to_be(
locator: Tuple[str, str], is_selected: bool
) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation to locate an element and check if the selection state
specified is in that state.
locator is a tuple of (by, path) is_selected is a boolean
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
element = driver.find_element(*locator)
return element.is_selected() == is_selected
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def number_of_windows_to_be(num_windows: int) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation for the number of windows to be a certain value."""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return len(driver.window_handles) == num_windows
return _predicate
def new_window_is_opened(current_handles: List[str]) -> Callable[[WebDriver], bool]:
"""An expectation that a new window will be opened and have the number of
windows handles increase."""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
return len(driver.window_handles) > len(current_handles)
return _predicate
def alert_is_present() -> Callable[[WebDriver], Union[Alert, Literal[False]]]:
"""An expectation for checking if an alert is currently present and
switching to it."""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriver):
try:
return driver.switch_to.alert
except NoAlertPresentException:
return False
return _predicate
def element_attribute_to_include(locator: Tuple[str, str], attribute_: str) -> Callable[[WebDriverOrWebElement], bool]:
"""An expectation for checking if the given attribute is included in the
specified element.
locator, attribute
"""
def _predicate(driver: WebDriverOrWebElement):
try:
element_attribute = driver.find_element(*locator).get_attribute(attribute_)
return element_attribute is not None
except StaleElementReferenceException:
return False
return _predicate
def any_of(*expected_conditions: Callable[[D], T]) -> Callable[[D], Union[Literal[False], T]]:
"""An expectation that any of multiple expected conditions is true.
Equivalent to a logical 'OR'. Returns results of the first matching
condition, or False if none do.
"""
def any_of_condition(driver: D):
for expected_condition in expected_conditions:
try:
result = expected_condition(driver)
if result:
return result
except WebDriverException:
pass
return False
return any_of_condition
def all_of(
*expected_conditions: Callable[[D], Union[T, Literal[False]]]
) -> Callable[[D], Union[List[T], Literal[False]]]:
"""An expectation that all of multiple expected conditions is true.
Equivalent to a logical 'AND'.
Returns: When any ExpectedCondition is not met: False.
When all ExpectedConditions are met: A List with each ExpectedCondition's return value.
"""
def all_of_condition(driver: D):
results: List[T] = []
for expected_condition in expected_conditions:
try:
result = expected_condition(driver)
if not result:
return False
results.append(result)
except WebDriverException:
return False
return results
return all_of_condition
def none_of(*expected_conditions: Callable[[D], Any]) -> Callable[[D], bool]:
"""An expectation that none of 1 or multiple expected conditions is true.
Equivalent to a logical 'NOT-OR'. Returns a Boolean
"""
def none_of_condition(driver: D):
for expected_condition in expected_conditions:
try:
result = expected_condition(driver)
if result:
return False
except WebDriverException:
pass
return True
return none_of_condition