【学习笔记】Windows GDI绘图(十一)Graphics详解(下)

文章目录

• Graphics的方法
• • Graphics.FromImage
  • SetClip设置裁切区域
  • IntersectClip更新为相交裁切区域
  • TranslateClip平移裁切区域
  • IsVisible判断点或矩形是否在裁切区域内
  • MeasureCharacterRanges测量字符区域
  • MeasureString测量文本大小
  • MultiplyTransform矩阵变换

Graphics的方法

Graphics.FromImage

原型：

public static System.Drawing.Graphics FromImage (System.Drawing.Image image);

作用：从图像创建Graphics对象，后续可以在该对象上绘制图形等内容。

using (var image = Image.FromFile("AIWoman.png"))
{
    using (var newGraphics = Graphics.FromImage(image))
    {
        newGraphics.FillEllipse(Brushes.LightGreen, new Rectangle(50, 50, 200, 200));
        e.Graphics.DrawImage(image, 50, 50, 600, 600);
    }
}

1、从图像文件创建Image对象

2、从Image对象创建Graphics对象

3、在Graphics对象上绘制圆形

4、将上面的内容绘制到当前Graphics上。

注意，不能从如下索引色图像创建Graphics对象：Format1bppIndexed、Format4bppIndexed、Format8bppIndexed，对索引色图像可使用Image.Save保存为其他格式。也不能从以下图像格式创建Graphics对象：Undefined、DontCare、Format16bppArgb1555和Format16bppGrayScale。

切记，在使用FromImage创建的Graphics对象后，要调用Dispose()方法。

SetClip设置裁切区域

原型：

public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Region region, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.CombineMode combineMode);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.RectangleF rect, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.CombineMode combineMode);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Rectangle rect, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.CombineMode combineMode);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Graphics g, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.CombineMode combineMode);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.RectangleF rect);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Rectangle rect);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Graphics g);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Drawing2D.GraphicsPath path);
public void SetClip (System.Drawing.Drawing2D.GraphicsPath path, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.CombineMode combineMode);

CombineMode枚举

值	说明
Complement	现有区域被排除在新区域之外
Exclude	新区域被排除在现有区域之外
Intersect	两个区域的相交部分
Replace	新区域替换现有区域
Union	两个区域的合集
Xor	取只属性某一区域的合并部分

var values = Enum.GetValues(typeof(CombineMode)) as CombineMode[];
CombineModeIndex= (CombineModeIndex+1) % values.Length;

//原裁切区域
var originRect = new Rectangle(100, 100, 200, 100);
//另一裁切区域
var newRect = new Rectangle(250, 150, 200, 100);
e.Graphics.SetClip(originRect);

Region clipRegion = new Region(newRect);
e.Graphics.SetClip(clipRegion, values[CombineModeIndex]);

//查看组合后的裁切区域（亮绿色部分）
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.LightGreen,e.Graphics.VisibleClipBounds);

// 重置裁切区域
e.Graphics.ResetClip();

// 区域两个区域的矩形
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Black), originRect);
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red), newRect);
e.Graphics.DrawString($"CombineMode:{values[CombineModeIndex]}，亮绿区域：SetClip组合的效果", 
    Font, Brushes.Red, new PointF(20, 20));

e.Graphics.DrawString($"黑色框:原裁切区域", Font, Brushes.Black, originRect.X, originRect.Y - 20);
e.Graphics.DrawString($"红色框：另一裁切区域", Font, Brushes.Red, newRect.X, newRect.Bottom + 10);

1、获取CombineMode的各枚举值

2、定义两个矩形，一个设为当前裁切区域，另一个为组合区域，测试不同CombineMode的值的效果

3、在重置裁切区域，将两个区域的矩形绘制显示，方便观察效果。

IntersectClip更新为相交裁切区域

原型：

public void IntersectClip (System.Drawing.Rectangle rect);
public void IntersectClip (System.Drawing.RectangleF rect);
public void IntersectClip (System.Drawing.Region region);

作用：将当前裁切区域更新为与指定区域的交集。

TranslateClip平移裁切区域

原型：

public void TranslateClip (int dx, int dy);
public void TranslateClip (float dx, float dy);

作用：平移裁切区域

//原裁切区域
var originRect = new Rectangle(100, 100, 200, 100);
//另一裁切区域
var newRect = new Rectangle(250, 150, 200, 100);
e.Graphics.SetClip(originRect);

Region clipRegion = new Region(newRect);
e.Graphics.IntersectClip(clipRegion);

//查看组合后的裁切区域（亮绿色部分）
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.LightGreen, e.Graphics.VisibleClipBounds);
//平移裁切区域亮蓝部分）
e.Graphics.TranslateClip(50, 50);
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.LightBlue, e.Graphics.VisibleClipBounds);
// 重置裁切区域
e.Graphics.ResetClip();

// 区域两个区域的矩形
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Black), originRect);
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red), newRect);

e.Graphics.DrawString($"IntersectClip方法,与SetClip的Intersect相同，亮绿部分", Font, Brushes.Red, new PointF(20, 20));
e.Graphics.DrawString($"平移后裁切区域，亮蓝部分", Font, Brushes.Red, new PointF(20, 35));
e.Graphics.DrawString($"黑色框:原裁切区域", Font, Brushes.Black, originRect.X, originRect.Y - 20);
e.Graphics.DrawString($"红色框：另一裁切区域", Font, Brushes.Red, newRect.X, newRect.Bottom + 10);

IntersectClip等同于SetClip方法的参数为CombineMode.Intersect时的效果。

IsVisible判断点或矩形是否在裁切区域内

原型：

public bool IsVisible (System.Drawing.Point point);
public bool IsVisible (System.Drawing.PointF point);
public bool IsVisible (System.Drawing.Rectangle rect);
public bool IsVisible (System.Drawing.RectangleF rect);
public bool IsVisible (int x, int y);
public bool IsVisible (float x, float y);
public bool IsVisible (int x, int y, int width, int height);
public bool IsVisible (float x, float y, float width, float height);

作用：判断一个点或一个矩形是否在裁切区域内（相交也算在区域内）

[System.ComponentModel.Description("Graphics的IsVisible方法")]
public void Demo11_04(PaintEventArgs e)
{
    //原裁切区域
    var clipRect = new Rectangle(100, 100, 200, 200);
    e.Graphics.SetClip(clipRect);

    e.Graphics.FillRectangle(Brushes.LightGreen, e.Graphics.VisibleClipBounds);
    //注意，这里的宽、高要减1
    e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Red, clipRect.X, clipRect.Y, clipRect.Width - 1, clipRect.Height - 1);

    //区域外
    var ptA = new Point(80, 80);
    var isPtAVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(ptA);
    //区域内
    var ptB = new Point(120, 120);
    var isPtBVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(ptB);
    //边上，也算区域内
    var ptC = new Point(100, 100);
    var isPtCVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(ptC);

    //另一边要减1，所以这里不算
    var ptD = new Point(clipRect.X + clipRect.Width, clipRect.Y + clipRect.Height);
    var isPtDVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(ptD);


    var rectA = new Rectangle(320, 80, 50, 50);

    var isRectAVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(rectA);

    var rectB = new Rectangle(180, 180, 50, 50);

    var isRectBVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(rectB);

    var rectC = new Rectangle(280, 280, 50, 50);

    var isRectCVisiable = e.Graphics.IsVisible(rectC);


    var clipBounds = e.Graphics.ClipBounds;
    e.Graphics.ResetClip();
    DrawPointIsVisiable(e, ptA, isPtAVisiable);
    DrawPointIsVisiable(e, ptB, isPtBVisiable);
    DrawPointIsVisiable(e, ptC, isPtCVisiable);
    DrawPointIsVisiable(e, ptD, isPtDVisiable);

    DrawRectIsVisiable(e, rectA, isRectAVisiable);
    DrawRectIsVisiable(e, rectB, isRectBVisiable);
    DrawRectIsVisiable(e, rectC, isRectCVisiable);

    e.Graphics.DrawString($"有效裁切区域:({clipBounds.X},{clipBounds.Y},{clipBounds.Width},{clipBounds.Height})", 
        Font, Brushes.Red, new Point(20, 20));           
}

//显示点是否可见
private void DrawPointIsVisiable(PaintEventArgs e, Point pt, bool isVisable)
{
    e.Graphics.FillEllipse(Brushes.Red, pt.X - 3, pt.Y - 3, 6, 6);
    e.Graphics.DrawString($"Pt({pt.X},{pt.Y})，是否可见：{isVisable}", Font, Brushes.Red, pt.X + 10, pt.Y);
}

//显示矩形是否可见
private void DrawRectIsVisiable(PaintEventArgs e,Rectangle rect,bool isVisable)
{
    e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.Blue, rect);
    e.Graphics.DrawString($"Rect({rect.X},{rect.Y},{rect.Width},{rect.Height})，是否可见：{isVisable}", 
        Font, Brushes.Blue, rect.Right + 10, rect.Y);
}

1、分别测试点在区域外、区域边缘、区域内的情况

2、分别测试矩形在区域外、区域相交、区域内的情况

MeasureCharacterRanges测量字符区域

原型：

public System.Drawing.Region[] MeasureCharacterRanges (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.RectangleF layoutRect, System.Drawing.StringFormat stringFormat);

作用：给定一个文字绘制布局（需够长足以绘制文字），测量相应的文字的绘制范围。

// 设置一段文字
string measureString = "Hello,这是一段测试范围的文字";
using (Font stringFont = new Font("宋体", 16.0F))
{
    // 设置"Hello","测试范围"的字符范围
    CharacterRange[] characterRanges = { new CharacterRange(0, 5), new CharacterRange(10, 4) };

    // Create rectangle for layout.
    float x = 50.0F;
    float y = 50.0F;
    float width = 75.0F;
    float height = 500.0F;
    //注意，这个范围要能完整含文字在
    RectangleF layoutRect = new RectangleF(x, y, width, height);
    e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(Pens.LightGreen, Rectangle.Round(layoutRect));

    // 设置文字格式
    StringFormat stringFormat = new StringFormat();
    stringFormat.FormatFlags = StringFormatFlags.DirectionVertical;
    stringFormat.SetMeasurableCharacterRanges(characterRanges);

    // 绘制文字
    e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, x, y, stringFormat);

    // 绘制两个文字的区域
    Region[] stringRegions = e.Graphics.MeasureCharacterRanges(measureString,stringFont, layoutRect, stringFormat);

    // 绘制第一个文字区域
    RectangleF measureRect1 = stringRegions[0].GetBounds(e.Graphics);
    e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), Rectangle.Round(measureRect1));

    // 绘制第二个文字区域
    RectangleF measureRect2 = stringRegions[1].GetBounds(e.Graphics);
    e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Blue, 1), Rectangle.Round(measureRect2));
}  

1、定义一段要测量的文字"Hello,这是一段测试范围的文字"，其中要测试"Hello"与"测试范围"两个字符串区域

2、定义文字绘制矩形布局

3、绘制文字

4、测量文字的范围

5、将测量范围用两个矩形框绘制到文字处。

MeasureString测量文本大小

原型：

public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.SizeF layoutArea);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, int width);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.PointF origin, System.Drawing.StringFormat stringFormat);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.SizeF layoutArea, System.Drawing.StringFormat stringFormat);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, int width, System.Drawing.StringFormat format);
public System.Drawing.SizeF MeasureString (string text, System.Drawing.Font font, System.Drawing.SizeF layoutArea, System.Drawing.StringFormat stringFormat, out int charactersFitted, out int linesFilled);

作用：测量文本的范围，或限制宽度时，可自动计算行换后的高度，也统计字符个数，行数。

//设置文本和字体‌
string measureString = "待测试的文字还包含English";
Font stringFont = new Font("宋体", 16);

//测量文本大小
var stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(measureString, stringFont);
var insertPt = new PointF(20, 20);
//绘制文本大小的矩形
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), insertPt.X, insertPt.Y, stringSize.Width, stringSize.Height);
//绘制文本
e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, insertPt);


e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(100, 100);
// Set point for upper-left corner of string.
float x = 50.0F;
float y = 50.0F;
PointF ulCorner = new PointF(x, y);

// Set string format.
StringFormat newStringFormat = new StringFormat();
newStringFormat.FormatFlags = StringFormatFlags.DirectionVertical;

// Measure string.
stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(measureString, stringFont, ulCorner, newStringFormat);

// Draw rectangle representing size of string.
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), x, y, stringSize.Width, stringSize.Height);

// Draw string to screen.
e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, ulCorner, newStringFormat);

e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(100, 0);

// Set maximum layout size.
var layoutSize = new SizeF(100.0F, 300.0F);

// Set string format.
newStringFormat.FormatFlags = StringFormatFlags.DirectionVertical;

// Measure string.
stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(measureString, stringFont, layoutSize, newStringFormat);

// Draw rectangle representing size of string.
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), 0.0F, 0.0F, stringSize.Width, stringSize.Height);

// Draw string to screen.
e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, new PointF(0, 0), newStringFormat);


e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(100, 0);

// Set maximum width of string.
int stringWidth = 100;

// Set string format.
newStringFormat.FormatFlags = StringFormatFlags.DirectionVertical;

// Measure string.
stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(measureString, stringFont, stringWidth, newStringFormat);

// Draw rectangle representing size of string.
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), 0.0F, 0.0F, stringSize.Width, stringSize.Height);

// Draw string to screen.
e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, new PointF(0, 0), newStringFormat);


//============
e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(100, 0);
// Set maximum layout size.
layoutSize = new SizeF(100.0F, 300.0F);

// Set string format.
newStringFormat.FormatFlags = StringFormatFlags.DirectionVertical;

// Measure string.
int charactersFitted;
int linesFilled;
stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(measureString, stringFont, layoutSize, newStringFormat, out charactersFitted, out linesFilled);

// Draw rectangle representing size of string.
e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.Red, 1), 0.0F, 0.0F, stringSize.Width, stringSize.Height);

// Draw string to screen.
e.Graphics.DrawString(measureString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, new PointF(0, 0), newStringFormat);

// Draw output parameters to screen.
string outString = "chars " + charactersFitted + ", lines " + linesFilled;
e.Graphics.DrawString(outString, stringFont, Brushes.Black, new PointF(100, 0));

测试不同参数下测量文本区域的结果。

MultiplyTransform矩阵变换

原型：

public void MultiplyTransform (System.Drawing.Drawing2D.Matrix matrix);//默认是MatrixOrder.Prepend
public void MultiplyTransform (System.Drawing.Drawing2D.Matrix matrix, System.Drawing.Drawing2D.MatrixOrder order);

作用：将世界变换矩阵与该矩形相乘。

var rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, 200, 100);
var pt1 = new Point(0, 0);
var pt2 = new Point(200, 100);
// Create transform matrix.
using (Matrix transformMatrix = new Matrix())
{
    //平移(200,100)
    transformMatrix.Translate(200.0F, 100.0F);
    //世界坐标顺时旋转30度
    e.Graphics.RotateTransform(30.0F);
    e.Graphics.DrawLine(Pens.Red, pt1, pt2);
    e.Graphics.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Color.Blue, 3), rect);
    //先平移，再旋转
    e.Graphics.MultiplyTransform(transformMatrix);//默认是 MatrixOrder.Prepend在
    e.Graphics.DrawLine(Pens.Blue, pt1, pt2);
    // Draw rotated, translated ellipse.
    e.Graphics.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Color.Blue, 3), rect);

    e.Graphics.ResetTransform();
    //世界坐标顺时旋转30度
    e.Graphics.RotateTransform(30.0F);
    
    //先旋转，再平移
    e.Graphics.MultiplyTransform(transformMatrix, MatrixOrder.Append);
    e.Graphics.DrawLine(Pens.Red, pt1, pt2);
    e.Graphics.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Color.Red, 3), rect);
}

分别测试应用矩阵顺序不同，导致的结果不同。