企业 IT 运维中，最痛苦的不是技术难题，而是"同样的操作要做 1000 遍"。Python 的 WMI 和 COM 接口，就是解决这个问题的终极武器。
前言
如果你在管理 50 台以上的 Windows 终端，大概率遇到过这些场景：
- 领导说"把全公司电脑的 Office 从 2016 升到 365"
- 安全审计要求"统计所有电脑的杀毒软件版本和补丁更新情况"
- 新人入职需要"批量创建 AD 账号、分配权限、配置邮箱"
- 月底要交一份"全公司硬件资产清单"
手动一台台操作？可能加班到凌晨。用组策略？配置复杂，灵活性差。
这篇教你用 Python + WMI + COM 接口，写出能批量管理 Windows 终端的自动化脚本。不需要安装任何第三方 Agent，纯 Windows 原生能力。
基础概念：WMI 和 COM 到底是什么？
WMI（Windows Management Instrumentation）
WMI 是 Windows 内置的管理框架，几乎所有系统信息都可以通过 WMI 查询：
操作系统版本 → Win32_OperatingSystem
CPU 型号 → Win32_Processor
内存容量 → Win32_PhysicalMemory
磁盘分区 → Win32_LogicalDisk
已安装软件 → Win32_Product
运行中的服务 → Win32_ServiceCOM（Component Object Model）
COM 是 Windows 的组件通信协议，通过它可以操控任何支持 COM 接口的应用程序------包括 Office 套件、WMI 本身、Windows Shell 等。
python
import win32com.client
# 通过 COM 连接 WMI
wmi = win32com.client.Dispatch("WbemScripting.SWbemLocator")
service = wmi.ConnectServer(".", "root\\cimv2")实战一：批量收集硬件资产信息
这是 IT 运维最高频的需求------盘点硬件。
python
import wmi
import json
import socket
from datetime import datetime
def collect_hardware_info():
"""收集本机硬件信息"""
c = wmi.WMI()
hostname = socket.gethostname()
info = {
"hostname": hostname,
"collect_time": datetime.now().isoformat(),
"os": {},
"cpu": {},
"memory": {},
"disks": [],
"network": [],
"software": [],
}
# 操作系统信息
for os_info in c.Win32_OperatingSystem():
info["os"] = {
"name": os_info.Caption.strip(),
"version": os_info.Version,
"build": os_info.BuildNumber,
"install_date": os_info.InstallDate[:8] if os_info.InstallDate else "Unknown",
"last_boot": os_info.LastBootUpTime,
}
# CPU 信息
for cpu in c.Win32_Processor():
info["cpu"] = {
"name": cpu.Name.strip(),
"cores": cpu.NumberOfCores,
"threads": cpu.NumberOfLogicalProcessors,
"max_clock": f"{cpu.MaxClockSpeed / 1000:.1f} GHz",
}
break # 通常只需要第一个 CPU
# 内存信息
total_ram = 0
for mem in c.Win32_PhysicalMemory():
total_ram += int(mem.Capacity)
info["memory"] = {
"total_gb": round(total_ram / (1024 ** 3), 1),
"slots": len(list(c.Win32_PhysicalMemory())),
}
# 磁盘信息
for disk in c.Win32_LogicalDisk(DriveType=3): # 只取本地磁盘
free_pct = round(int(disk.FreeSpace) / int(disk.Size) * 100, 1)
info["disks"].append({
"letter": disk.DeviceID,
"total_gb": round(int(disk.Size) / (1024 ** 3), 1),
"free_gb": round(int(disk.FreeSpace) / (1024 ** 3), 1),
"free_percent": free_pct,
"filesystem": disk.FileSystem,
})
# 网卡信息（只取启用的）
for nic in c.Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration(IPEnabled=True):
info["network"].append({
"description": nic.Description,
"mac": nic.MACAddress,
"ip": nic.IPAddress[0] if nic.IPAddress else "N/A",
})
return info
if __name__ == "__main__":
info = collect_hardware_info()
print(json.dumps(info, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))输出示例：
json
{
"hostname": "SH-IT-042",
"collect_time": "2026-05-06T15:00:00",
"os": {
"name": "Microsoft Windows 11 Enterprise",
"version": "10.0.22631",
"build": "22631"
},
"cpu": {
"name": "Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700",
"cores": 16,
"threads": 24,
"max_clock": "5.4 GHz"
},
"memory": {
"total_gb": 32.0,
"slots": 2
},
"disks": [
{"letter": "C:", "total_gb": 512.0, "free_gb": 187.3, "free_percent": 36.6}
]
}实战二：远程查询多台电脑（无需安装 Agent）
WMI 支持远程连接，只要目标电脑开启了 WMI 服务（默认开启）和 RPC 端口。
python
import wmi
import socket
def remote_hardware_info(ip, username, password, domain=""):
"""远程查询指定电脑的硬件信息"""
try:
# 构造连接字符串
if domain:
target = f"{domain}\\{username}"
else:
target = username
# 连接远程 WMI
c = wmi.WMI(
computer=ip,
user=target,
password=password,
)
result = {"ip": ip, "status": "online"}
# 快速获取关键信息
for os_info in c.Win32_OperatingSystem():
result["os"] = os_info.Caption.strip()
result["ram_gb"] = round(int(os_info.TotalVisibleMemorySize) / (1024 ** 2), 1)
break
for cpu in c.Win32_Processor():
result["cpu"] = cpu.Name.strip()
break
return result
except wmi.x_wmi as e:
if "RPC" in str(e) or "access" in str(e).lower():
return {"ip": ip, "status": "access_denied", "error": str(e)}
return {"ip": ip, "status": "offline", "error": str(e)}
except socket.timeout:
return {"ip": ip, "status": "timeout"}
except Exception as e:
return {"ip": ip, "status": "error", "error": str(e)}
def batch_query(ip_list, username, password, domain="", max_workers=10):
"""批量查询多台电脑"""
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
results = []
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers) as executor:
futures = {
executor.submit(remote_hardware_info, ip, username, password, domain): ip
for ip in ip_list
}
for future in as_completed(futures):
result = future.result()
results.append(result)
status_icon = "OK" if result["status"] == "online" else "FAIL"
print(f" [{status_icon}] {result['ip']} - {result.get('status', 'unknown')}")
return results
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 从文件读取 IP 列表
with open("ip_list.txt") as f:
ips = [line.strip() for line in f if line.strip()]
print(f"开始扫描 {len(ips)} 台电脑...")
results = batch_query(ips, "admin", "password123", domain="CORP")
# 输出汇总
online = [r for r in results if r["status"] == "online"]
print(f"\n结果: {len(online)}/{len(ips)} 台在线")经验： 远程 WMI 需要目标电脑的防火墙放行 135 端口（RPC）和 WMI 动态端口范围。如果扫描失败，先检查防火墙规则。
实战三：用 COM 自动化操作 Office
WMI 负责读取系统信息，COM 负责操控应用程序。运维中最常见的 COM 应用是 Office 自动化。
批量转换 Excel 为 PDF
python
import win32com.client
import os
from pathlib import Path
def excel_to_pdf(excel_path, pdf_path=None):
"""将 Excel 文件转换为 PDF"""
if pdf_path is None:
pdf_path = str(Path(excel_path).with_suffix(".pdf"))
excel = win32com.client.Dispatch("Excel.Application")
excel.Visible = False
excel.DisplayAlerts = False
try:
workbook = excel.Workbooks.Open(os.path.abspath(excel_path))
# 导出为 PDF（0 = xlTypePDF）
workbook.ExportAsFixedFormat(0, os.path.abspath(pdf_path))
workbook.Close(False)
print(f"转换成功: {excel_path} -> {pdf_path}")
return pdf_path
except Exception as e:
print(f"转换失败: {excel_path} - {e}")
return None
finally:
excel.Quit()
def batch_excel_to_pdf(folder, pattern="*.xlsx"):
"""批量转换文件夹中的所有 Excel 文件"""
folder = Path(folder)
files = list(folder.glob(pattern))
print(f"找到 {len(files)} 个 Excel 文件")
for f in files:
excel_to_pdf(str(f))
print("批量转换完成")
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
batch_excel_to_pdf(r"C:\Reports\Monthly")通过 COM 发送 Outlook 邮件（带附件）
python
import win32com.client
def send_outlook_email(
to_addr: str,
subject: str,
body: str,
attachments: list[str] | None = None,
cc: list[str] | None = None,
):
"""通过 Outlook COM 接口发送邮件"""
outlook = win32com.client.Dispatch("Outlook.Application")
mail = outlook.CreateItem(0) # 0 = olMailItem
mail.To = to_addr
mail.Subject = subject
mail.BodyFormat = 1 # 1 = olFormatPlain
# HTML 正文
mail.HTMLBody = f"""
<html>
<body>
<p>{body.replace(chr(10), '<br>')}</p>
<hr>
<p style="color:gray;font-size:11px">
此邮件由 IT 自动化系统发送，请勿直接回复。
</p>
</body>
</html>
"""
if cc:
mail.CC = ";".join(cc)
if attachments:
for att in attachments:
mail.Attachments.Add(att)
# mail.Send() # 直接发送
mail.Display() # 预览模式（推荐先预览）
# 使用示例：发送硬件盘点报告
if __name__ == "__main__":
send_outlook_email(
to_addr="manager@company.com",
subject="2026年5月 硬件资产盘点报告",
body="请查收附件中的本月硬件盘点报告。\n如有问题请联系 IT 部门。",
attachments=[r"C:\Reports\hardware_inventory.xlsx"],
)实战四：批量管理 Windows 服务
结合第一篇讲过的服务管理，加上远程能力：
python
import wmi
def check_remote_service(ip, username, password, service_name):
"""远程检查服务状态"""
c = wmi.WMI(computer=ip, user=username, password=password)
for svc in c.Win32_Service(Name=service_name):
return {
"name": svc.Name,
"display_name": svc.DisplayName,
"state": svc.State,
"start_mode": svc.StartMode,
"process_id": svc.ProcessId,
}
return None
def batch_check_service(ip_list, username, password, service_name):
"""批量检查多台电脑的服务状态"""
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def check_one(ip):
try:
result = check_remote_service(ip, username, password, service_name)
if result:
return {"ip": ip, "status": "ok", **result}
return {"ip": ip, "status": "service_not_found"}
except Exception as e:
return {"ip": ip, "status": "error", "error": str(e)}
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=20) as executor:
results = list(executor.map(check_one, ip_list))
# 汇总
running = [r for r in results if r.get("state") == "Running"]
stopped = [r for r in results if r.get("state") == "Stopped"]
failed = [r for r in results if r["status"] not in ("ok", "service_not_found")]
print(f"服务 '{service_name}' 检查结果:")
print(f" 运行中: {len(running)} 台")
print(f" 已停止: {len(stopped)} 台")
print(f" 检查失败: {len(failed)} 台")
if stopped:
print("\n已停止的电脑:")
for r in stopped:
print(f" {r['ip']}")
return results
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
ips = ["192.168.1.101", "192.168.1.102", "192.168.1.103"]
batch_check_service(ips, "admin", "password", "TermService") # 检查远程桌面服务写在最后
WMI + COM 是 Windows 运维自动化的基石，它有两个巨大优势：
- 零部署成本 ------ Windows 自带，不需要在目标电脑上安装任何东西
- 能力全覆盖 ------ 从硬件信息、系统配置到 Office 自动化，几乎无所不能
三个实用建议：
- 远程操作前先测试连通性 ------
ping+telnet 135确认 RPC 端口可达 - 用线程池并发 ------ 单线程扫描 1000 台电脑要几小时，20 线程只要几分钟
- 结果存文件，不要只打印 ------ 导出为 CSV/Excel，方便后续分析和汇报
上一篇讲了 Windows 运维的 5 个基础坑，这一篇进阶到批量管理。如果你觉得有用，收藏本系列，后续会更新更多 Windows 运维实战内容。
有 Windows 自动化运维需求可以私信交流。