Directions: Explain the following terms using the information given in the textbook.
Originated by Claude Code @sssTNT
1. Cultural Empathy（文化共情）
"Cultural empathy refers to the ability to adopt the values and norms of a culture as if they were one's own."
--- Unit 1, Phase Six (lines 1366-1367)
2. Intellectual Understanding（理性理解）
"Stage Four: Greater Intellectual Understanding. At this stage, the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the people in the culture, yet there is still little emotional empathy; the person cannot 'feel what it is like' to be a member of the culture."
--- Unit 1, Text A, Para. 10 (lines 991-994)
3. Cultural Fusion（文化融合）
"Cultural fusion is defined as the process or result of joining two or more cultures together to form one."
--- Unit 1, Enhancing Glocal Mindset (lines 1820-1821)
4. Multiculturalism（多元文化主义）
"Multiculturalism is defined as the practice of giving importance to all cultures in a society."
--- Unit 1, Enhancing Glocal Mindset (lines 1862)
5. Ethnocentrism（族裔中心主义）
"Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own cultural group---usually equated with one's nationality---is superior to all other cultural groups."
--- Unit 2, Text A, Para. 1 (lines 2097-2098)
6. Stereotyping（刻板印象）
"Stereotypes 'are widely-held beliefs about a group of people' and are a form of generalization. ... generalizations become potentially harmful stereotypes when they are held rigidly."
--- Unit 2, Text A, Paras. 4-5 (lines 2133-2139)
7. Prejudice（偏见）
"Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a cultural group based on little or no experience. Whereas stereotypes tell us what a group is like, prejudice tells us how we are likely to feel about that group."
--- Unit 2, Text A, Para. 8 (lines 2158-2160)
8. Discrimination（歧视）
"The behavior that results from stereotyping or prejudice, namely overt actions to exclude, avoid, or distance oneself from other groups---is called discrimination."
--- Unit 2, Text A, Para. 11 (lines 2189-2190)
9. Low-context Communication（低语境沟通）
"Low-context culture is one in which the exact and full message of a communication is stated clearly and explicitly, without depending on the context of the communication situation."
--- Unit 3, Enhancing Glocal Mindset (lines 3835-3836)
10. Explicit Communication Style（显性沟通风格）
"Speakers and writers are supposed to make their points clear, meaning that they are supposed to say or write explicitly the idea or piece of information they wish to convey."
--- Unit 6, Text A, Para. 2 (lines 7210-7211)
11. High-context Communication（高语境沟通）
"High-context culture is one in which the exact and full message of a communication is found in the situation and in the relationships of the communicators or is internalized in the communicators' beliefs, values, and norms."
--- Unit 3, Enhancing Glocal Mindset (lines 3831-3833)
12. Task-oriented Communication（任务导向型沟通）
"In some countries like the U.S., people view conversations as an opportunity to exchange information. Participants expect each other to get down to business fairly quickly."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 3 (lines 3325-3327)
13. Relationship-oriented Communication（关系导向型沟通）
"In countries such as Mexico, conversations are first and foremost an opportunity to enhance the relationship. Here, participants expect that most of the interaction will center on the subjective goal of cultivating goodwill and reinforcing feelings of interdependence and mutual obligation."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 4 (lines 3333-3336)
14. Direct Communication（直接沟通）
"In countries like Germany, it is a sign of respect and professionalism to speak clearly and leave no room for misinterpretation---especially in a difficult conversation."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 6 (lines 3359-3361)
15. Indirect Communication（间接沟通）
"In countries like Japan, people prefer to communicate indirectly, especially when it comes to a sensitive topic. To avoid inadvertently damaging a relationship or causing someone to lose face, people approach problems through subtle hints, vague references, or general statements."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 7 (lines 3366-3369)
16. Informality Communication（非正式/随意型沟通）
"In some countries, such as Australia, where people are generally casual and laid back, they may try to diffuse any tension by approaching the conversation without too much fuss."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 12 (lines 3407-3410)
17. Formality Communication（正式/庄重型沟通）
"In other countries, like Poland, people expect the degree of ceremony to match the gravity of the topic being discussed. Meeting in a formal office with some observance of protocol would be expected, as it conveys respect and shows a seriousness of purpose."
--- Unit 3, Text A, Para. 13 (lines 3414-3417)
18. Culture Shock（文化冲击）
"Culture shock is the sense of dislocation and the problems, psychological and even physical, that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture."
--- Unit 4, Text A, Para. 2 (lines 4631-4633)
19. Power Distance（权力距离）
"A culture that gives great deference to a person of authority is a high power distance culture, and a culture that values the equal treatment of everyone is a low power distance culture."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 2 (lines 8505-8507)
20. Uncertainty Avoidance（不确定性规避）
"This dimension reflects the degree to which a culture embraces the uncertainty of the future. ... Those cultures which have a high level of uncertainty avoidance tend to rely very strongly on their set rules and ways of doing things."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 3 (lines 8521-8528)
21. Individualism vs. Collectivism（个人主义 vs. 集体主义）
"Some societies, such as the U.S., strongly value the individual. ... There are other cultures that put much more emphasis on the group. The decisions one makes are made with the group in mind."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 4 (lines 8537-8544)
22. Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation（长期 vs. 短期导向）
"Long-term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole short-term orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of 'face', and fulfilling social obligations."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 6 (lines 8576-8581)
23. Indulgence vs. Restraint（放纵 vs. 克制）
"An indulgent society is one which values the satisfaction of human needs and desires; a restrained society sees the value in curbing one's desires and withholding pleasures to align more with societal norms."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 7 (lines 8595-8598)
24. Masculinity vs. Femininity（男性气质 vs. 女性气质）
"Masculinity refers to traits associated with assertiveness and femininity refers to traits associated with nurture."
--- Unit 7, Text A, Para. 5 (lines 8563-8565)