| 单词/短语 | 词性(英文缩写)& 中文释义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 & 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Custom | n.(不可数,此处表抽象概念) 风俗;习俗;惯例 | custom of (......的风俗), social custom (社会习俗), custom and tradition(风俗与传统) | 同:tradition, convention, practice, habit 反:novelty(新奇事物) |
| has | aux. v.(助动词,构成现在完成时) 已经 | have/has + 过去分词 | --- |
| not | adv. 不,没有(否定助动词) | not ... at all(一点也不), not yet(尚未) | 反:indeed, certainly(表肯定) |
| commonly | adv. 通常地;普遍地(修饰 been regarded) |
commonly regarded(普遍认为), commonly used(常用), commonly known(众所周知) | 同:usually, generally, widely, ordinarily 反:rarely, seldom, uncommonly |
| been | v.(系动词过去分词) 被(构成被动语态) | been + 过去分词(被动) | --- |
| regarded | v. 过去分词 被认为;被看作(被动语态) | regard...as (把......看作), regard...with (以......看待), highly regarded(备受推崇) | 同:considered, viewed, seen, deemed 反:ignored, dismissed |
| as | prep. 作为(与 regarded 固定搭配,引出补足语) |
regarded as(被看作), considered as(被认为是) | 同:for(当作),like(像) |
| a subject | 名词短语 一个主题;一个学科;一个研究对象 | subject of (......的主题), subject for (......的题材), change the subject(换话题) | 同:topic, theme, matter 反:object(物体,相对义) |
| of | prep. ......的(表属性或所属,引出修饰 subject 的定语) |
a man of great wisdom(极有智慧的人), a matter of importance(重要的事情) | --- |
| great | adj. 巨大的;重大的(修饰 moment) |
great importance(非常重要), great significance(重大意义) | 同:considerable, substantial, immense 反:slight, little, minor |
| moment | n.(此处为不可数,表抽象意义) 重要性;重大;紧要(熟词僻义) | of great moment(极为重要), of little moment(无关紧要), a matter of moment(重要的事情) | 同:importance, significance, consequence, weight 反:triviality, insignificance |
| 固定短语 | 结构分析 | 中文释义 | 同义表达 |
|---|---|---|---|
| has not commonly been regarded as | 现在完成时 + 被动语态 + 否定 + 程度副词 + as 补语 | 通常不被看作...... | has not usually been considered as |
| a subject of great moment | 名词短语 + of + 抽象名词(表属性) | 一个极为重要的主题/课题 | a topic of great importance / a matter of great significance |
| be regarded as | 被动语态 + as 介词短语(固定搭配) | 被看作...... | be considered as / be viewed as / be seen as |
| 易考点 / 易错点 | 说明 |
|---|---|
moment 的熟词僻义(高频考点) |
此处 moment = importance / significance (重要性),而非"时刻"。of great moment = very important。这是新概念四和考研英语中的经典考点。 |
of + 抽象名词 结构作定语 |
of great moment 相当于形容词 momentous(重大的),这种 of + 抽象名词 结构常用来替代形容词,使表达更正式。如 of importance = important,of value = valuable。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语/整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| custom | 名词 (Noun):习俗,风俗 | local customs (当地习俗) | tradition, convention | 本文的核心探讨对象 |
| commonly | 副词 (Adv):普遍地,通常 | commonly known as (通常被称为) | generally, widely | 修饰动词,表示普遍情况 |
| regard | 动词 (Verb):看待,认为 | regard... as... (把...看作) | consider, view | 核心动词搭配 |
| moment | 名词 (Noun):重要性,重大 | a matter of great moment (极其重要的事情) | importance, significance | 熟词僻义:此处非"时刻",而是"重要性" |
副词 commonly 的位置与语气:
- 考点: 放在
has not和been regarded之间,修饰整个被动动作,表示"普遍地、通常"。 - 易错点: 翻译时要体现出这种"一般情况下的普遍认知",而不是绝对化的"从未被看作"。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(英文缩写)& 中文释义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 & 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The | det.(定冠词)这些(特指) | the + 名词 | 同:this/that 反:a/an |
| inner | adj. 内部的;内在的 | inner world(内心世界), inner voice(内心的声音) | 同:internal, interior, inward 反:outer, external, exterior |
| workings | n.(复数) 运作方式;工作机制 | the workings of the mind(大脑的运作), internal workings(内部机制) | 同:mechanisms, operations, functions 反:--- |
| of | prep. ......的(表所属) | the color of, the workings of | --- |
| our | det. 我们的 | our own brains(我们自己的大脑) | 同:my, your, their |
| own | adj. 自己的(强调所属) | my own(我自己的), of one's own(属于某人自己的) | 同:personal, individual 反:others'(别人的) |
| brains | n.(复数) 大脑(此处理智/思维能力的象征) | human brain(人脑), brain power(脑力) | 同:minds, intellects 反:--- |
| we | pron.(主格) 我们(作主语,位于宾语之后,因宾语前置) | we feel, we think | 同:us(宾格), our(所有格) |
| feel | v.(及物,感知动词) 觉得;认为 | feel sth to be (觉得某物是......), feel that(认为) | 同:think, believe, consider, deem 反:--- |
| to | 不定式标志(构成不定式短语,作宾语补足语) | to be(是) | --- |
| be | v.(系动词原形) 是(构成不定式补语) | be + adj. | --- |
| uniquely | adv. 独特地;唯一地(修饰 worthy) |
uniquely qualified(独一无二地胜任), uniquely positioned(处于独特地位) | 同:distinctively, exceptionally, solely 反:commonly, ordinarily |
| worthy | adj. 值得......的;有价值的 | be worthy of (值得......), worthy cause(崇高的事业) | 同:deserving, meritorious 反:unworthy, undeserving |
| of | prep. ......的(与 worthy 固定搭配,后接名词/动名词) |
worthy of praise(值得赞扬), worthy of investigation(值得研究) | 同:--- |
| investigation | n. 调查;研究(不可数/可数) | scientific investigation(科学研究), under investigation(在调查中) | 同:research, inquiry, examination 反:--- |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(英文缩写)& 中文释义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 & 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| but | conj. 但是(表对比转折) | ...but... | 同:however, yet 反:and, so |
| custom | n.(不可数/可数) 风俗;习俗 | social custom(社会习俗), custom of(......的风俗) | 同:tradition, convention, practice 反:novelty(新奇事物) |
| we | pron. 我们(插入语的主语) | we have, we think | --- |
| have | v.(及物) 有(此处表"持有/怀有") | have a way of(有一种......的方式), have a habit of(有......的习惯) | 同:possess, hold 反:lack |
| a | det. 一种 | a way of(一种......的方式) | --- |
| way | n. 方式;方法 | way of doing (做某事的方式), way to do(做某事的方法) | 同:method, approach, manner 反:--- |
| of | prep. ......的(表内容或方式) | way of thinking(思维方式) | --- |
| thinking | v.-ing(动名词) 思考;思维 | way of thinking(思维方式), critical thinking(批判性思维) | 同:reasoning, reflection 反:--- |
| is | v.(系动词) 是 | is + n./adj. | 同:remains, constitutes |
| behaviour | n.(不可数,英式拼写) 行为;举止 | human behaviour(人类行为), social behaviour(社会行为) | 同:conduct, actions, manners 反:--- |
| at | prep. 在......状态/水平上 | at its best(处于最佳状态), at its worst(处于最糟状态), at its most commonplace(在其最普通的形态下) | 同:in, on |
| its | det. 它的(指代 behaviour) |
at its most commonplace | --- |
| most | adv. 最(构成最高级) | most beautiful(最美), most commonplace(最普通) | 同:--- 反:least |
| commonplace | adj. 平凡的;普通的;司空见惯的(此处作名词性表语,at its most + adj. 表"处于其最......的状态") |
a commonplace occurrence(司空见惯的事), commonplace ideas(平庸的想法) | 同:ordinary, mundane, everyday 反:extraordinary, exceptional, unique |
| 固定短语 | 结构分析 | 中文释义 | 同义表达 |
|---|---|---|---|
| the inner workings of our own brains | 名词短语(中心词 + 多层定语) | 我们自己大脑的内部运作方式 | the internal mechanisms of our minds |
| feel...to be | 感知动词 + 宾语 + 不定式补语(复合宾语结构) | 觉得......是...... | consider...to be / think...to be / deem...to be |
| worthy of investigation | 形容词 + of + 名词(固定搭配) | 值得研究 | deserving of research / worth studying |
| have a way of thinking | 动词短语 + of + 动名词 | 有一种思维方式(往往暗指"习惯性地认为") | be inclined to think / tend to think |
| at its most commonplace | 介词短语(at + 物主代词 + 最高级 + 形容词) | 处于其最平凡的形态/在最普通的状态下 | in its most ordinary form / at its most mundane |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语/整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inner workings | 名词短语 (Noun Phrase):内部运作机制 | the inner workings of a machine (机器的内部运作) | mechanisms, operations | 常用于指代大脑或复杂系统的内部运行 |
| uniquely | 副词 (Adv):独特地,唯一地 | uniquely suited (独特地适合) | distinctively, exceptionally | 强调"大脑"在人类眼中的特殊地位 |
| worthy | 形容词 (Adj):值得的 | worthy of investigation (值得调查) | deserving, valuable | 核心考点:be worthy of sth. (值得...) |
| commonplace | 形容词/名词 (Adj/Noun):平凡的,寻常的 | a commonplace truth (老生常谈的真理) | ordinary, mundane | 与前面的 uniquely 形成强烈反义对比 |
| we have a way of thinking | 插入语 (Parenthesis):按照我们的思维方式 | have a way of doing sth. (有做某事的习惯/倾向) | as we tend to think | 表达一种普遍存在但未必正确的心理惯性 |
这是一个由 but 连接的并列复合句,且前后分句都使用了宾语前置的倒装结构,这是高级英语写作中为了强调对比而常用的修辞手法:
-
前半句(宾语前置): The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation...
- 正常语序: We feel the inner workings of our own brains to be uniquely worthy of investigation.
- 结构:
feel + 宾语 + to be + 宾补。作者将宾语The inner workings of our own brains提到了句首,是为了与后半句的主语custom形成直接的对比。
-
后半句(宾语前置 + 插入语): ...but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.
- 插入语:
we have a way of thinking作为插入语,打断了主谓结构,增加了句子的节奏感,并带有一种"反思人类固有偏见"的意味。 - 主干:
custom is behaviour。 - 后置定语/状语:
at its most commonplace修饰behaviour,表示"处于最平凡/最寻常状态的行为"。
- 插入语:
-
宾语前置的修辞作用(核心考点):
- 考点: 为什么作者不写
We feel the inner workings...而是把宾语提前? - 易错点: 在翻译或理解时,必须还原为正常语序。这种倒装纯粹是为了修辞,强调"大脑的内部运作"和"习俗"这两个概念的对比。
- 考点: 为什么作者不写
-
worthy of的用法:- 考点:
worthy后面必须接of + 名词/动名词。worthy of investigation意为"值得被调查/研究"。 - 易错点: 不要与
worth混淆。worth直接加名词或动名词(如worth investigating),而worthy必须加of。
- 考点:
-
at its most commonplace的表达:- 考点:
at its most + 形容词是一种高级表达,意为"处于最...的状态"。behaviour at its most commonplace即"最寻常不过的行为"
- 考点:
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语/整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| as a matter of fact | 介词短语 (Phrase):事实上,其实 | 句首作过渡词 | actually, in reality | 经典的学术转折/强调短语 |
| the other way around | 习语 (Idiom):恰恰相反,正好颠倒过来 | 表示情况完全反转 | vice versa, the reverse | 逻辑反转的核心表达 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(英文缩写)& 中文释义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 & 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| As a matter of fact | 介词短语(固定短语,作状语) 事实上;实际上(用于引出事实或纠正前文) | as a matter of fact(事实上), in point of fact(实际上) | 同:in fact, actually, in reality 反:in theory, supposedly(理论上/据称) |
| it | pron.(主格,指代前文所述观点或逻辑关系) 它;这件事 | it is..., it means... | 同:that, this, the situation 反:--- |
| is | v.(系动词) 是 | is + n./adj./介词短语 | --- |
| the other way around | 名词短语(作表语) 相反的情况;颠倒过来;恰恰相反 | the other way around(反过来), the other way round(英式同义), go the other way around(走另一条路) | 同:vice versa, conversely, the opposite 反:the same way(同样的方式) |
| 固定短语 | 结构分析 | 中文释义 | 同义表达 |
|---|---|---|---|
| As a matter of fact | 介词短语(固定习语,作插入状语) | 事实上 | in fact / actually / in reality |
| the other way around | 名词短语作表语 | 恰恰相反 / 反过来才对 | the opposite / vice versa / conversely |
| It is the other way around. | 主系表结构(简洁判断句) | 事实恰恰相反。 | The opposite is true. / It is the reverse |
-
the other way around的准确理解(核心考点):- 考点: 这是一个极其高频的英语习语,表示"情况正好相反"或"次序颠倒"。
- 易错点: 不能按字面意思翻译成"另一种方式"。在这里,它的意思是:事实恰恰相反(即:不是大脑运作比习俗重要,而是习俗对人类行为的影响远比我们想象的要大得多)。
-
As a matter of fact的语用功能:- 考点: 在考研阅读中,这类短语(如 in fact, actually, as a matter of fact )后面紧跟的句子往往是作者的真实观点 或文章的主旨句。
- 易错点: 阅读时一旦看到这类词,必须立刻打起精神,因为出题人极喜欢在这些转折词之后设置"主旨题"或"态度题"。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional | adj. 传统的 | traditional values (传统价值观), traditional culture (传统文化) | Syn: conventional, orthodox Ant: modern, novel, innovative |
| custom | n. 习俗,惯例(社会层面) | social custom (社会习俗), ancient custom (古代习俗), local custom (当地风俗) | Syn: tradition, practice, convention Ant: innovation, trend |
| taken | v. (take的过去分词) 被看待/被置于;此处表被动 | take it for granted (想当然), take place (发生), be taken as (被视为) | Syn: considered, regarded Ant: ignored, overlooked |
| the world over | adv. 短语 全世界(用作后置状语) | (同左) 例: People love music the world over. | Syn: all over the world, worldwide, globally Ant: locally, regionally |
| a mass of | quantifier (量词) 一大片,一大堆(修饰不可数名词) | a mass of evidence (大量证据), masses of people (大量人群,复数) | Syn: a body of, a multitude of Ant: a bit of, a speck of |
| detailed | adj. 细致的,精细入微的 | detailed analysis (详细分析), detailed instructions (详细说明) | Syn: elaborate, meticulous, intricate Ant: vague, sketchy, general |
| behaviour | n. (英式) 行为(总称,不可数) | human behaviour (人类行为), social behaviour (社会行为) | Syn: conduct, actions, manner Ant: (无直接反义词,表"不作为"为 inaction) |
| astonishing | adj. 令人震惊的,极其惊人的 | astonishing achievement (惊人的成就), astonishing speed (惊人的速度) | Syn: amazing, astounding, staggering Ant: ordinary, mundane, unremarkable |
| than | conj./prep. 比(引导比较状语从句) | more...than (比...更), rather than (而不是) | Syn: (无) Ant: (无) |
| evolve | v. 逐步发展,逐渐形成(尤指从简单到复杂) | evolve into (演变成), evolve from (从...进化而来), evolve a plan (逐步制定计划) | Syn: develop, generate, devise Ant: regress, stagnate, cease |
| individual | adj. 个人的,个体的(强调单一个体) | individual rights (个人权利), individual effort (个人努力) | Syn: personal, private, single Ant: collective, communal, shared |
| actions | n. (复数) 具体的行为动作 | take action (采取行动), actions speak louder than words (事实胜于雄辩) | Syn: deeds, acts, moves Ant: inaction, passivity |
| no matter how | conj. 固定连词 无论多么......(引导让步状语从句) | no matter what (无论什么), no matter when (无论何时), no matter who (无论谁) | Syn: regardless of how, however Ant: (无) |
| aberrant | adj. 异常的,偏离常规的,离经叛道的(常含贬义或病理学意味) | aberrant behaviour (异常行为), aberrant psychology (变态心理) | Syn: deviant, abnormal, anomalous Ant: normal, standard, orthodox |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| taken the world over | 过去分词短语作后置定语(修饰 custom) | 纵观全世界 / 在全球范围内来看 | This belief, taken the world over, varies greatly. |
| no matter how aberrant | 让步状语从句的省略结构(省略主语和系动词) | 无论(其行为)多么异常 / 离经叛道 | He insists on his plan, no matter how unrealistic. |
比较级逻辑的识别(重点)
- 避坑指南 :很多学生容易把
more astonishing误认为是修饰traditional custom的,但实际上它修饰的是前面的核心表语a mass of detailed behaviour。作者是在拿"传统习俗的庞大细节"与"个人行为的极限"进行比较。
2. 高级词汇 aberrant 的积累
- 阅读技巧 :
aberrant是雅思和GRE等高级英语考试中的高频词。在阅读中,当你看到no matter how + adj.的结构时,通常是为了把条件推向极端,以此来衬托主句观点的绝对性。
3. Taken the world over 的句法功能
- 写作借鉴 :在英文写作中,使用过去分词短语作插入语(用逗号隔开)是非常高级且简洁的表达方式。它能有效避免使用冗长的定语从句(如 which is taken the world over),使句子更加紧凑有力。
no matter how 与 however 的互换
此处 no matter how aberrant 可以替换为 however aberrant。但在名词性从句(如引导主语从句)时只能用 however(例:However hard he tried, he failed. = No matter how hard he tried...)。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yet | conj./adv. 然而,但是(表转折,承接上文) | yet again (再一次), as yet (到目前为止), and yet (可尽管如此) | Syn: however, nevertheless, but Ant: therefore, consequently |
| that | pron. 那(指代上文提到的"传统习俗细节繁多"这一观点) | that is (那就是), that being said (话虽如此) | Syn: (无,指示代词) Ant: (无) |
| rather | adv. 相当,颇(修饰形容词,弱化或强化程度) | rather than (而不是), rather good (相当好), a rather big problem (一个相当大的问题) | Syn: fairly, quite, somewhat Ant: extremely, utterly (程度弱于它们) |
| trivial | adj. 微不足道的,琐碎的,不重要的 | trivial matter (小事), trivial details (细枝末节), trivial pursuit (琐碎的追求) | Syn: insignificant, petty, minor Ant: significant, vital, crucial, paramount |
| aspect | n. 方面,层面 | in many aspects (在许多方面), key aspect (关键方面), aspect of life (生活的方面) | Syn: facet, dimension, angle Ant: whole, entirety |
| matter | n. 事情,问题,议题(此处指讨论的主题) | a matter of (...的问题), as a matter of fact (事实上), subject matter (主题内容) | Syn: issue, affair, subject Ant: (无直接反义词) |
| fact | n. 事实,真相 | as a matter of fact (事实上), fact of the matter (事情真相), in fact (实际上) | Syn: reality, truth, certainty Ant: fiction, fallacy, illusion |
| first-rate | adj. 第一流的,头等的,极好的(修饰importance) | first-rate quality (一流质量), first-rate service (一流服务) | Syn: top-notch, excellent, prime Ant: second-rate, inferior, poor |
| importance | n. 重要性,重大 | of great importance (非常重要), attach importance to (重视), vital importance (至关重要性) | Syn: significance, consequence, gravity Ant: triviality, insignificance |
| predominant | adj. 占主导地位的,显著的,压倒性的 | predominant role (主导作用), predominant feature (显著特征), predominant position (主导地位) | Syn: dominant, prevailing, primary Ant: subordinate, minor, negligible |
| role | n. 角色,作用,职能 | play a role in (在...中起作用), leading role (领导角色/主角), key role (关键作用) | Syn: function, part, capacity Ant: (无) |
| plays | v. (play的三单) 扮演,发挥,起(作用) | play a part (扮演角色/起作用), play an important role (起重要作用) | Syn: performs, acts, fulfills Ant: (无,表"不起作用"为 plays no role) |
| custom | n. 习俗,惯例(重复出现的词) | (同前表) | (同前表) |
| experience | n. 经验,经历(此处为不可数,指人生体验) | life experience (生活经验), practical experience (实践经验), learn from experience (从经验中学习) | Syn: practice, exposure, background Ant: inexperience, naivety |
| belief | n. 信念,信仰,看法 | religious belief (宗教信仰), firm belief (坚定信念), beyond belief (难以置信) | Syn: faith, conviction, creed Ant: doubt, disbelief, skepticism |
| very great | adj. 短语 极大的,非常巨大的(very 修饰 great,加强语气) | (同左) 例:very great importance (极大的重要性) | Syn: enormous, immense, tremendous Ant: very small, tiny |
| varieties | n. (复数) 种类,多样性,变体 | a variety of (各种各样的), new varieties (新品种), great varieties (多种多样) | Syn: kinds, sorts, types, diversities Ant: uniformity, sameness |
| it | pron. 它(指代前文中的 custom) |
(无特殊搭配) | (无) |
| may | modal v. 可能,也许(表可能性) | may be (可能是), may as well (不妨), may or may not (可能也可能不) | Syn: might, could, possibly Ant: must, certainly (表确定) |
| manifest | v. 显现,显示,表明(及物动词) | manifest itself (显现出来), manifest in (表现在...中), manifest symptoms (表现出症状) | Syn: display, demonstrate, reveal Ant: conceal, hide, disguise |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| a rather trivial aspect of the matter | 名词短语,作表语 | 这个问题中相当微不足道的一个方面 | This is only a rather trivial aspect of the overall plan. |
| of first-rate importance | 介词短语,作后置定语(修饰 the fact) | 头等重要的 / 至关重要的 | This issue is of first-rate importance to our project. |
| play the predominant role in... | 动词短语,作谓语核心 | 在...中起主导作用 | Technology plays a predominant role in modern education. |
| in experience and in belief | 并列介词短语,作状语 | 在经验和信念(信仰)方面 | These principles are rooted in experience and in belief. |
| manifest (great) varieties | 动宾短语 | 展现出(极大的)多样性 | The culture manifests great varieties across regions. |
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| No | det. / adv. 没有(用于名词前作限定词,表完全否定) | no way (没门), no one (没人), no doubt (毫无疑问) | Syn: not any, not a Ant: some, every, any (在肯定句中) |
| man | n. 人,人类(此处为单数泛指全人类,常作不可数或单数集合概念) | mankind (人类), man and nature (人与自然), every man (人人) | Syn: human being, person, individual Ant: (无,若性別对应则为 woman,但此处泛指) |
| ever | adv. 曾经(用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中加强语气) | ever since (自...以来), hardly ever (几乎从不), forever (永远) | Syn: at any time, at all Ant: never (在肯定句中使用时,但不互为直接反义) |
| looks at | v. phr. (有意识地)看,观察,审视(强调目光投向目标) | look at the problem (看待问题), look at the facts (审视事实) | Syn: observes, gazes at, views Ant: ignores, overlooks, glances past (瞥过不看) |
| the world | n. phr. 世界,世间万物,客观现实 | the outside world (外部世界), the natural world (自然界), world view (世界观) | Syn: the universe, reality, existence Ant: (无,表"内心世界"可对应 inner self) |
| with | prep. 用,以(表示使用某种工具、方式或伴随状态) | with great care (非常小心地), with ease (轻易地), compared with (与...相比) | Syn: by means of, using Ant: without |
| pristine | adj. 原始的,纯净的,未受污染的,未被触碰过的(源自拉丁语 pristinus,意为"先前的、原始的") | pristine condition (原始状态), pristine beaches (未开发的海滩), pristine innocence (纯真无邪) | Syn: untouched, unspoiled, pure, virgin Ant: contaminated, polluted, corrupted, tainted |
| eyes | n. (复数) 眼睛;引申义:眼光,视角,认知框架(这里更侧重后者) | see with one's own eyes (亲眼所见), in the eyes of (在...看来), open one's eyes to (使某人看清) | Syn: sight, vision, perspective Ant: blindness (引申为"视而不见") |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| No man ever ... | 否定陈述结构,等同于 Never does any man... |
从来没有人(曾)...(强调全称否定) | No man ever achieves greatness without effort. |
| look at the world | 动宾短语,后接方式状语 | 看待世界 / 观察世界 | We tend to look at the world through our own cultural lens. |
| with pristine eyes | 介词短语作方式状语 | 用未被污染的原始眼光 / 不带任何先入之见地 | She approached the experiment with pristine eyes, free from bias. |
Pristine (adj.)
- 含义 :原始的、未受污染的、崭新的。
pristine eyes字面意思是"原始的眼睛",在这里是一个绝妙的隐喻,指代"不带任何先入为主的观念、未被世俗文化过滤过的纯粹目光"。 - 同义/近义表达:untouched, uncorrupted, pure, unconditioned.
2. Look at the world with... eyes (phrase)
- 含义:以......的眼光看待世界。这是一个非常经典的英语表达框架。
- 同义/近义表达:view the world through the lens of..., perceive the world with...
隐喻(Metaphor)的翻译与理解(重点)
- 避坑指南 :千万不要将
pristine eyes机械地直译为"原始的眼睛"或"干净的眼睛"。在翻译和理解时,必须将其意译为"纯粹的目光"、"不带任何偏见/先入为主的眼光"或"未经文化洗礼的双眼"。
2. 哲学语境下的逻辑连贯
- 阅读技巧:结合前文,作者的核心观点是"习俗(custom)塑造了人的经验和信仰"。这句话正是该观点的延伸:因为每个人都在特定的习俗中长大,所以我们看待世界时,必然戴着"习俗的滤镜"。因此,没有人能做到真正的"客观"和"纯粹"。
3. 高级写作句型借鉴
- 写作应用 :
No [noun] ever [verb] with [adjective] [noun]是一个非常有气势的绝对否定句型。在雅思写作中,当你想要表达某种普遍的人性弱点或客观规律时,可以直接套用。例如:- No scientist ever conducts research with unbiased eyes. (没有任何科学家能完全不带偏见地进行研究。)
- No parent ever looks at their child with indifferent eyes. (没有任何父母会用冷漠的眼光看待自己的孩子。)
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| He | pron. 他(此处泛指前句的 No man / 任何人) |
he who... (凡...者), he himself (他自己) | Syn: one, a person Ant: (无,性别对应为 she,但此处泛指) |
| sees | v. (see 的三单) 看,看待,认知(此处非生理视觉,而是心智层面的理解) | see as (视为), see through (看穿), see to it (确保) | Syn: views, perceives, observes Ant: overlooks, ignores |
| it | pron. 它(指代前文的 the world / 世界) |
(无特殊搭配) | (无) |
| edited | v. (edit 的过去分词) 被编辑,被加工,被筛选,被重塑(此处为比喻,指文化对原始信息的剪裁) | edit out (删去), edit into (编辑成), heavily edited (大幅删改) | Syn: modified, adapted, shaped, filtered Ant: preserved intact, unaltered |
| by | prep. 被,由(引出动作的施动者) | by means of (通过), by and large (大体上) | Syn: through, via Ant: (无) |
| a definite set of | quantifier (量词) 一套确定的,一组特定的(强调边界清晰、明确) | a set of rules (一套规则), a definite set of criteria (一套明确的标准) | Syn: a specific group of, a fixed collection of Ant: an indefinite/amorphous group of |
| customs | n. (复数) 习俗,惯例(社会层面的行为规范) | local customs (当地风俗), ancient customs (古老习俗) | Syn: traditions, conventions, practices Ant: innovations, novelties |
| institutions | n. (复数) 制度,社会机构(此处更侧重"社会制度/建制",如家庭、法律、教育体系) | social institutions (社会制度), financial institutions (金融机构), institutional framework (制度框架) | Syn: systems, establishments, structures Ant: (无直接反义词,表"混乱"为 anarchy) |
| ways of thinking | n. phr. (复数) 思维方式,思想方法(即认知框架) | new ways of thinking (新思维方式), conventional ways of thinking (传统的思维方式) | Syn: mindsets, perspectives, cognitive frameworks Ant: (无,表"思维僵化"可用 mental rigidity) |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| see + sth. + edited by... | 感官动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词作宾补 | 看到某事物被......所加工/塑造 | We often see historical events edited by political narratives. |
| a definite set of... | 名词量词短语,作 by 的宾语 |
一套特定的...... / 一组明确的...... | Every culture imposes a definite set of rules upon its members. |
| ways of thinking | 固定名词短语 | 思维方式 | Different eras have entirely different ways of thinking. |
Edit (v.)
- 含义:编辑、剪辑、删改。在这里,作者使用了极具画面感的隐喻,指我们的认知并不是对现实世界的"原片直出",而是经过了习俗和文化的"剪辑、过滤和修饰"。
- 同义/近义表达:filter, modify, shape, interpret.
2. A definite set of (phrase)
- 含义:一套特定的、明确的。强调每个人所处的文化环境都有其固定且清晰的规则。
- 同义/近义表达:a specific set of, a particular group of.
3. Institutions (n.)
- 含义:制度、机构、社会习俗。在这里不仅仅指具体的机构,更多是指社会中约定俗成的体制和规范(如婚姻制度、教育体系等)。
- 同义/近义表达:established systems, social norms, conventions.
-
易错点 1:
edited的修辞含义而非字面含义初学者容易译为"被编辑",但在哲学语境中,本尼迪克特指的是**"被加工/被剪裁/被过滤"** 。文化像一位编辑,把无限的原始感官材料筛选、删减、重组后,才呈现给个体。考题常问
edited在此处最接近的意思,答案是shaped/filtered(被塑造/被筛选),而非printed或written。 -
易错点 2:
see + 宾语 + 过去分词与see + 宾语 + 现在分词的区别-
see it edited:强调"看到它被(别人)编辑过了"(被动、完成状态)。 -
see it editing:错误用法,editing作主动进行时,除非it自己能编辑(此处主语是He,it是the world,不能自己编辑自己)。此为语法填空或改错题的高频考点。
-
-
易错点 3:三重并列结构中的
and识别customs and institutions and ways of thinking------ 许多学生会误以为是customs和institutions and ways两层,实际上三者是平行并列。在翻译或分析时,必须把三者分开罗列,缺一不可。 -
易错点 4:
definite的准确翻译a definite set不是"确定的"那么简单,此处强调**"有着明确边界的、特定的"**一套体系。文化相对论强调每个文化都有其独特的、可辨识的这套"编辑工具",而非杂乱无章。 -
易错点 5:
institutions在文化语境中的词义选择在普通英语中常译为"机构"(如 universities, banks),但在人类学和社会学语境中,此处应优先译为**"制度"**(如婚姻制度、教育制度、法律制度),即社会运行的底层架构。若译为"机构",则过于狭隘。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Even | adv. 即使,甚至(用于加强语气,引出极端情况) | even if (即使), even though (尽管), even so (即便如此) | Syn: indeed, actually (表强调) Ant: (无直接反义) |
| philosophical | adj. 哲学的;基于理性思辨的 | philosophical inquiry (哲学探究), philosophical reflection (哲学反思) | Syn: theoretical, abstract, rational Ant: empirical, practical, mundane |
| probing | n. 探索,深入探究,刨根问底(动名词作名词) | scientific probing (科学探索), deep probing (深度探查) | Syn: investigation, inquiry, examination Ant: superficial glance, cursory look |
| cannot | modal v. (否定) 不能,无法(= can not) | cannot help doing (忍不住), cannot but (不得不) | Syn: be unable to, be incapable of Ant: can, be able to |
| go behind | v. phr. 探究......的背后,穿透,超越(表面对本质/底层的追问) | go behind the scenes (到幕后), go behind the evidence (深究证据背后) | Syn: penetrate, transcend, get beyond, see through Ant: accept at face value, stop at, remain within |
| stereotypes | n. (复数) 刻板印象,陈规,一成不变的模式(源于印刷术的"铅板"比喻) | cultural stereotypes (文化刻板印象), break down stereotypes (打破陈规) | Syn: clichés, conventions, fixed patterns, prejudices Ant: originality, fresh insights, open-mindedness |
| very | adj. (强调词) 正是那个,本身,甚至(用于加强名词语气,并非"非常") | the very thing (正是那个东西), his very own (他自己的), at the very moment (就在那一刻) | Syn: exact, precise, sheer, mere Ant: (无,表弱化可用 approximate) |
| concepts | n. (复数) 概念,观念,认知框架 | basic concepts (基本概念), abstract concepts (抽象概念), concept of time (时间观念) | Syn: notions, ideas, perceptions, constructs Ant: misconceptions (部分反义), facts (若视作客观) |
| the true and the false | n. phr. (名词化形容词) 真与假,正确与错误(抽象集合概念) | distinguish between the true and the false (辨别真伪), the good and the evil (善与恶) | Syn: truth and falsehood, right and wrong Ant: (无,表"不确定"可为 gray area) |
| will still | modal + adv. 仍然会(表示未来或习惯性的必然结果) | still have (仍然有), still do (仍然做) | Syn: shall continue to, nevertheless Ant: will no longer, will not |
| have reference to | v. phr. 参照,涉及,与......相关,以......为依据 | in reference to (关于,涉及), have no reference to (与......无关) | Syn: refer to, relate to, pertain to, be contingent upon, be tied to Ant: be independent of, be irrelevant to, be detached from |
| particular | adj. 特定的,独特的,特殊的(强调与普遍性相对) | particular case (特定情况), particular culture (特定文化), in particular (尤其) | Syn: specific, distinct, certain Ant: general, universal, common |
| traditional customs | n. phr. 传统习俗(承接全文核心词) | (同前表) | (同前表) |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| in his philosophical probing | 介词短语,作让步状语 | 在他的哲学探究过程中 | Even in his scientific research, he cannot escape bias. |
| go behind these stereotypes | 动宾短语 | 超越这些陈规陋习 / 穿透这些固有模式 | True art aims to go behind the stereotypes of its era. |
| the true and the false | 名词化形容词短语,作介词 of 的宾语 |
真与假(的观念) | Our definitions of the true and the false shift across history. |
| have reference to | 固定动词短语,作谓语核心 | 参照于......,依赖于......,与......挂钩 | All moral judgments have reference to social context. |
| his particular traditional customs | 名词短语,作介词 to 的宾语 |
他自己特定的传统习俗 | Every individual is shaped by his particular traditional customs. |
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| John Dewey | n. 约翰·杜威(美国著名哲学家、教育家,实用主义代表) | Dewey's philosophy (杜威哲学), Deweyan pragmatism (杜威式实用主义) | Syn: (专有名词,无) Ant: (无) |
| has said | v. (现在完成时) 曾说过(强调言论对现在仍有影响) | as has been said (正如已说过的), have said before (以前说过) | Syn: has stated, has declared, has asserted Ant: (无,表"未说"为 has not said) |
| in all seriousness | adv. phr. 极其严肃地,郑重其事地(非开玩笑) | take in all seriousness (严肃对待), speak in all seriousness (郑重发言) | Syn: earnestly, gravely, solemnly Ant: jokingly, facetiously, in jest |
| the part | n. 作用,角色(= the role) | play a part (起作用), take part in (参与) | Syn: the role, the function, the share Ant: (无) |
| played by | v. 过去分词短语 由......所扮演/所起(作后置定语,表被动) | play a role in (在...中起作用), played by custom (由习俗扮演) | Syn: performed by, exercised by Ant: (无) |
| custom | n. 习俗(贯穿全文的核心词) | (同前表) | (同前表) |
| in shaping | prep. + v-ing 在塑造......方面(作方面状语) | shape one's character (塑造性格), shape the future (塑造未来) | Syn: in molding, in forming, in determining Ant: in destroying, in undermining |
| behaviour | n. (英式) 行为(不可数) | (同前表) | (同前表) |
| the individual | n. 个体,个人(单数集合概念) | rights of the individual (个体权利), individual differences (个体差异) | Syn: the person, the self Ant: the collective, the society, the group |
| as against | prep. phr. 与......相对比,相对于(表对照、权衡) | as against last year (与去年相比), as against his brother (与他兄弟相比) | Syn: in contrast to, as compared with, versus Ant: (无,表"同样"为 as well as) |
| any way | n. 任何方式/途径(后接定语从句) | in any way (无论如何), any way you like (你喜欢怎样都行) | Syn: any means, any method Ant: no way |
| in which | 关系代词 介词+which引导定语从句,表"以......方式" | the way in which (...的方式), the manner in which (...的方式) | Syn: whereby, by which Ant: (无) |
| he | pron. 他(指代 the individual / 任何人) | (无特殊搭配) | (无) |
| can affect | modal v. + v. 能够影响 | affect change (促成改变), affect outcome (影响结果) | Syn: can influence, can alter, can modify Ant: cannot preserve (保留原状) |
| traditional custom | n. phr. 传统习俗(单数集合) | (同前表) | (同前表) |
| is as | v. + conj. 如同,等于(此处引导比较表语) | A is to B as C is to D (A比B等于C比D,经典比例结构) | Syn: is equivalent to, is analogous to Ant: is unlike, is different from |
| the proportion | n. 比例,比率(此处指数量级的悬殊差距) | a large proportion of (很大一部分), in proportion to (与...成比例) | Syn: the ratio, the comparative number, the balance Ant: (无) |
| total vocabulary | n. phr. 全部词汇,总词汇量(喻指庞大的文化母体) | total vocabulary of a language (一门语言的总词汇量), basic vocabulary (基础词汇) | Syn: entire lexicon, full word-stock Ant: limited vocabulary, core vocabulary (在数量上相对) |
| mother tongue | n. phr. 母语,本族语(喻指个体出生时浸染其中的文化) | native language (母语), first language (第一语言) | Syn: native language, first language Ant: foreign language, second language |
| against | prep. 与......相对比,对仗(此处再次出现,与前面的 as against 呼应,表比较关系) | against this background (在此背景下), count against (不利于) | Syn: compared with, in contrast to Ant: (无) |
| those words | pron. + n. 那些词语(指示代词 + 名词,指代被吸纳的少量词语) | (无特殊搭配) | Syn: the ones, that set of words Ant: (无) |
| of his own | prep. phr. 属于他自己的(强调所有格,表归属) | of his own choice (他自己选择的), of his own making (他自己造成的) | Syn: belonging to him personally Ant: of others, borrowed from others |
| baby talk | n. phr. 儿语,婴儿牙牙学语时的幼稚词语(喻指个体微弱的、不成体系的尝试) | (固定搭配) | Syn: infant speech, childish babble Ant: adult discourse, standard speech |
| that are taken up into | 定语从句(被动) 被采纳进入......的(强调被文化母体主动筛选和收编) | take up a hobby (开始培养爱好), take up space (占据空间), be taken up into society (被社会接纳) | Syn: absorbed into, adopted into, incorporated into Ant: rejected by, excluded from, filtered out of |
| vernacular | n. 日常用语,白话,本地话(与标准语相对;此处指家庭内部流通的"小文化"语境) | local vernacular (地方方言), vernacular language (白话文), in the vernacular (用本地话) | Syn: dialect, colloquial speech, everyday language Ant: formal language, literary language, standard written language |
| of his family | prep. phr. 他的家庭的(作后置定语,修饰 vernacular) | family tradition (家族传统), family circle (家庭圈子) | Syn: belonging to his household Ant: outside the family |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| has said in all seriousness that... | 引述动词短语 + 宾语从句 | 曾郑重其事地指出...... | The professor said in all seriousness that the experiment must be repeated. |
| the part played by ... in ... | 名词短语作主语核心 | ......在......方面所起的作用 | The part played by education in social development is crucial. |
| as against any way in which... | 介词短语作插入比较状语(修饰前面的作用) | 相对于......的任何方式而言 | The benefits of teamwork are huge, as against individual efforts in complex tasks. |
| is as the proportion of A against B | 比较表语结构(A与B的对比) | 如同 A 与 B 之间的比例关系 | The ratio of teachers to students is as the proportion of adults against children in this community. |
| taken up into the vernacular | 过去分词短语作后置定语(修饰 words) | 被吸纳进入日常用语中 | Many technical terms have been taken up into the vernacular over time. |
-
易错点 1:
as against的双重出现与逻辑混淆句中出现了两次比较关系:一次是
as against(第一次,表"相对于个体影响方式"),另一次是is as the proportion of A **against** B(第二次,表"A与B的比例")。初学者极易将二者混淆,误以为是在做同一个比较 。正确理解是:第一次as against插入修饰主语,第二次against构成比例结构内部的对仗。 -
易错点 2:
is as the proportion of...中的as不是连词而是介词此处
is as是一个整体比较结构,等于is like或is analogous to,而非引导方式状语从句。后面接名词短语作宾语。语法填空题可能设空考as与like的辨析(此处只能用as,因为它带了完整的介词短语结构)。 -
易错点 3:
part played by custom与any way in which he can affect...的平行比较对象注意比较的是 "习俗对个体的作用大小" 与 "个体对习俗的作用大小" 之间的比值 ,而不是二者本身。如果考阅读理解中的细节题,选项若说"杜威认为习俗的作用等于语言的作用"则是偷换概念,应为"二者的力量比例关系相当于词汇量的比例关系"。
-
易错点 4:
those words ... that are taken up定语从句中that的指代that引导的定语从句修饰those words,而非baby talk。虽然baby talk离that更近,但从句谓语are taken up(复数)与those words(复数)一致,与baby talk(单数概念)不一致,因此可清晰判断指代对象。此为语法题中关系代词指代陷阱。 -
易错点 5:
taken up into的动词搭配与被动语态此处是
take up into的被动结构,意为"被吸收进入......"。常见错误是漏掉into或将up误以为是"向上"。固定搭配中take up本身有"占据、拿起、采纳"之意,此处与into连用表"被采纳并融入"。 -
易错点 6:
vernacular of his family与mother tongue的区别-
mother tongue:个人出生的整个语言体系(如英语、汉语),喻指宏大的文化母体。 -
vernacular of his family:家庭内部的具体口语习惯(如家庭俚语、特殊用词),喻指微观的、经过筛选的文化子集 。二者并非同一层级,杜威用 "被家庭吸纳的儿语" 来强调:个体创新的词语,只有当它被周围小文化圈(家庭)接受时,才算真正"生效",而绝大多数婴儿自创词语都会被淘汰。这与"个体行为被习俗塑造"形成完美类比。
-
In all seriousness (phrase)
- 含义:极其严肃地、一本正经地。强调这个比喻并非玩笑,而是深思熟虑后的严谨论断。
- 同义/近义表达:seriously, earnestly.
2. As against (phrase)
- 含义:与......相比、对比。这是一个非常正式且高级的书面表达,用于引出两个事物的比较。
- 同义/近义表达:in comparison with, compared to, versus.
3. Affect (v.)
- 含义:影响、改变。在这里指个人试图去改变或影响传统习俗的微弱力量。
- 同义/近义表达:influence, alter, modify.
4. Baby talk (n.)
- 含义:儿语、婴儿咿呀学语。在这里隐喻个人在庞大文化面前那微不足道、不成体系的个体力量。
5. Vernacular (n.)
- 含义:本国语、方言、本地话。在这里指代成熟、系统化的传统习俗体系。
- 同义/近义表达:native language, local dialect.
这是一个结构极其庞大且复杂的长难句,其核心骨架是一个比例类比句型 :A is as the proportion of B against C(A的比例,就如同B与C的比例一样)。
-
主干部分 :John Dewey has said in all seriousness that...
that引导了一个长长的宾语从句,作为said的内容。
-
宾语从句的主语 :the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual
the part是核心主语。played by custom是过去分词短语作后置定语(习俗所扮演的角色);in shaping...是介词短语作状语(在塑造个人行为方面)。
-
插入语(比较对象1) :as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom
- 这部分插在从句的主语和系动词之间,用逗号隔开,用来与前面的
the part played by custom形成对比。意思是"与个人能够影响传统习俗的任何方式相比"。
- 这部分插在从句的主语和系动词之间,用逗号隔开,用来与前面的
-
宾语从句的系表结构 :is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.
is as the proportion of A against B:系动词 + 表语,表示"A与B的比例"。- A (代表习俗的力量) :
the total vocabulary of his mother tongue(母语的全部词汇量)。 - B (代表个人的力量) :
those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family(他自己那些被家庭方言吸收的儿语)。其中that are taken up...是定语从句,修饰those words。
. 拆解超长比例类比(重点)
- 避坑指南 :阅读这种句子时,最容易被
as against前后的修饰语淹没。你需要像剥洋葱一样找到核心:The part played by custom... is as the proportion of the total vocabulary... against those words...(习俗的作用... 就如同母语总词汇量... 与个别儿语... 的比例)。 - 逻辑内核:母语总词汇量(成千上万) VS 婴儿偶尔蹦出并被大人学去的几个词(寥寥无几)。杜威通过这个悬殊的比例,完美具象化了"习俗对个人的绝对支配地位"。
2. 高级对比句型 as against
- 写作借鉴 :在雅思写作或学术论文中,当你需要对比两种悬殊的力量或数量时,使用
as against比普通的compared to更具学术严谨感。例如:The government's investment in renewable energy, as against its continued subsidies for fossil fuels, remains inadequate.(政府对可再生能源的投资,与其对化石燃料的持续补贴相比,依然不足。)
3. 跨学科阅读的降维打击
- 阅读技巧:新四的文章经常涉及人类学、社会学和哲学。遇到这种带有学术思辨色彩的类比,不要害怕。作者已经用非常生活化的意象(母语词汇 vs 婴儿儿语)把抽象的哲学概念解释清楚了。掌握这种"化抽象为具象"的写作手法,是突破雅思写作7分瓶颈的关键。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| When | conj. 当......时(引导时间状语从句) | even when (即使当), when it comes to (当谈及) | Syn: as, while, whenever Ant: until, before (在时间关系上相对) |
| one | pron. 任何人,人们(泛指,正式书面语,相当于 we/you 的第三人称单数) | one another (彼此), one who (......者) | Syn: a person, an individual, you (非正式) Ant: (无) |
| seriously | adv. 认真地,严肃地(强调态度严谨、非轻率) | take seriously (认真对待), seriously consider (认真考虑) | Syn: earnestly, gravely, thoughtfully Ant: casually, frivolously, lightheartedly |
| studies | v. (study 的三单) 研究,考察,审视 | case study (案例研究), study hard (努力学习) | Syn: examines, investigates, analyzes, surveys Ant: overlooks, neglects, skims |
| social orders | n. phr. (复数) 社会秩序;社会形态(人类学术语,指特定社会的组织结构和运行模式) | established social order (既定社会秩序), new social order (新社会秩序) | Syn: social systems, societal structures, regimes Ant: social chaos, anarchy, disorder |
| that | rel. pron. 关系代词(引导定语从句,指代 social orders,在从句中作主语) |
(无特殊搭配) | Syn: which (非限制性时), who (指人) Ant: (无) |
| have had | v. (现在完成时) 曾经拥有(强调截止目前的经验或状态) | have had enough (受够了), have had the chance (曾经有机会) | Syn: have experienced, have possessed Ant: have lacked, have missed |
| opportunity | n. 机会,契机(后常接不定式或 of doing) | opportunity to do (做某事的机会), seize the opportunity (抓住机会) | Syn: chance, occasion, opening Ant: obstacle, barrier, hindrance |
| develop | v. 发展,演进,发育(此处为不及物,表自身成长) | develop into (发展成), develop over time (随时间发展) | Syn: evolve, grow, advance, progress Ant: stagnate, regress, decline |
| autonomously | adv. 自主地,独立地(未经外部强制或干涉) | develop autonomously (自主发展), function autonomously (自主运作) | Syn: independently, self-sufficiently, freely Ant: dependently, under external influence, coercively |
| the figure | n. 此比喻 / 此数字比例(回指前文杜威所构建的那个类比/比例关系) | figure out (算出/理解), political figure (政治人物), in round figures (以整数计) | Syn: the analogy, the comparison, the ratio, the statistic Ant: (无) |
| becomes | v. (become 的三单) 变成,成为(系动词,后接表语) | become known as (被称为), become of (遭遇,发生) | Syn: turns into, changes to, transforms into Ant: remains, stays (保持不变) |
| no more than | adv. phr. 只不过,仅仅是(强调数量少或程度低,带有"不多于"的语义) | no more than a child (不过是个孩子), no more than three days (至多三天) | Syn: merely, only, nothing more than, at most Ant: much more than, far beyond, at least (表数量差异) |
| exact | adj. 精确的,准确的(不容置疑的) | exact opposite (恰恰相反), exact time (确切时间), to be exact (确切地说) | Syn: precise, accurate, meticulous Ant: vague, approximate, imprecise |
| matter-of-fact | adj. 实事求是的;就事论事的;不带感情色彩的(连字符固定合成词) | matter-of-fact tone (平实的语气), matter-of-fact description (客观描述) | Syn: factual, pragmatic, unemotional, down-to-earth Ant: emotional, imaginative, speculative, dramatic |
| observation | n. 观察;观察所得结论(可数名词) | make an observation (提出观察意见), scientific observation (科学观察), under observation (在观察中) | Syn: finding, remark, comment, note Ant: speculation, conjecture, assumption |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| When one seriously studies... | 时间状语从句,修饰主句 | 当一个人认真研究......时 | When one seriously examines the evidence, the conclusion becomes clear. |
| have the opportunity to do | 动词短语,表"有机会做某事" | 曾经有机会去...... | Many ancient societies never had the opportunity to develop autonomously. |
| develop autonomously | 动词短语,表"自主发展" | 自主地演进 / 独立发展 | Only isolated civilizations can develop autonomously without outside interference. |
| no more than | 固定短语,作表语限定语 | 只不过,仅仅是 | This discovery is no more than a confirmation of earlier theories. |
| exact and matter-of-fact observation | 并列形容词 + 名词,作表语核心 | 精确而实事求是的观察结论 | His report was an exact and matter-of-fact observation of the events. |
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性(标准缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The | det. 这个/那个(定冠词,特指某个特定个体) | (无特殊搭配) | Syn: this, that Ant: a/an(不定指) |
| life history | n. phr. 生命历程;生活史(人类学术语,指个体从出生到死亡完整的文化与社会轨迹,非单纯"历史") | life history of an individual(个体的生命历程), natural life history(自然生命史) | Syn: life course, life cycle, personal trajectory, biography Ant: (无) |
| of the individual | prep. phr. 个体的(作后置定语,限定生命历程的主体) | rights of the individual(个体权利), development of the individual(个体发展) | Syn: belonging to the person, pertaining to the self Ant: of the collective, of society(社会的) |
| is | v. 是(系动词,表语连接) | (无特殊搭配) | Syn: represents, constitutes Ant: (无) |
| first and foremost | adv. phr. 首先且首要地,重中之重(强调排序中的绝对第一位置,非单纯时间上的"首先") | first and foremost responsibility(首要责任), first and foremost concern(首要关切) | Syn: primarily, above all, chiefly, in the first place Ant: last and least, secondarily, incidentally |
| an accommodation | n. 一种适应,一种顺应(此处绝非"住宿";在社会学/心理学中指个体调整自身以符合外部环境要求的过程) | accommodation to new rules(对新规则的适应), make accommodation for(为......作出调整/妥协) | Syn: adaptation, adjustment, compliance, conformity Ant: resistance, opposition, nonconformity, rebellion |
| to | prep. 对,朝向(引出适应的对象/目标) | (无特殊搭配,与 accommodation 固定搭配) | Syn: towards, regarding Ant: against(表对抗) |
| the patterns | n. (复数) 模式,范型(指文化中固定的、可重复的行为或思维模板,即"文化模式"中的"模式") | cultural patterns(文化模式------本书书名核心词), behavioral patterns(行为模式), social patterns(社会范型) | Syn: models, templates, designs, frameworks Ant: anomalies, exceptions, irregularities |
| standards | n. (复数) 标准,准则(指社会公认的评价尺度,用以判断何为"对/错、好/坏、正常/异常") | moral standards(道德标准), living standards(生活水平), social standards(社会准则) | Syn: norms, criteria, benchmarks, yardsticks Ant: (无,若表"无标准"为 anomie/失范) |
| traditionally | adv. 传统上地,历来地(强调在时间维度上的长期延续性,非一时兴起) | traditionally held beliefs(传统持有的信念), traditionally passed down(历代相传) | Syn: conventionally, customarily, historically Ant: innovatively, newly, radically |
| handed down | v. 过去分词短语 被传承下来,被流传下来(强调代际之间的垂直传递,是一种被动的文化继承) | hand down from generation to generation(代代相传), handed-down wisdom(传承下来的智慧) | Syn: transmitted, passed down, bequeathed, inherited Ant: abandoned, discontinued, lost, suppressed |
| in | prep. 在......之中(表物理或抽象范围) | in the community(在社区中), in society(在社会中) | Syn: within, inside Ant: outside, beyond |
| his | pron. 他的(物主代词,限定社区归属) | (无特殊搭配) | Syn: belonging to him Ant: her, their, others' |
| community | n. 社区,共同体(强调地理或文化上有边界的人群集合,比抽象的"society"更具体、更具约束力) | local community(本地社区), ethnic community(族群共同体), community standards(社群标准) | Syn: society, group, populace, collective Ant: (无,表"外界"可作 outside world) |
| 整体固定短语 | 词性/作用 | 中文释义 | 例句仿写 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The life history of the individual | 名词短语,作主语 | 个体的生命历程 | The life history of the artist is often reflected in his works. |
| first and foremost | 固定副词短语,作评注性状语(修饰整个表语) | 首先且首要地,重中之重 | Education is first and foremost a means of social reproduction. |
| an accommodation to... | 介词短语,作表语中的核心部分 | 对......的适应/顺应 | His behavior is an accommodation to the expectations of his peers. |
| patterns and standards | 并列名词短语 | 模式与标准 | Every society imposes its patterns and standards upon its members. |
| traditionally handed down in his community | 过去分词短语,作后置定语(修饰 patterns and standards) | 在其社区中传统传承下来的 | The rituals traditionally handed down in this tribe are strictly observed. |
Life history (phrase)
- 含义:生命历程、个人经历、一生。在这里,它不仅仅指个人的传记,更指一个人从出生到死亡所经历的各个社会阶段(如成年礼、婚姻、职业等)。
- 同义/近义表达:life course, personal trajectory, biography.
2. Hand down (phrase)
- 含义:世代相传、传下来。这是一个非常经典的动词短语,常用于描述文化、传统、习俗等抽象事物的传承。
- 同义/近义表达:pass on, transmit, bequeath.
3. Community (n.)
- 含义:社区、社会群体。在这里指代个体所处的特定文化或社会环境。
- 同义/近义表达:society, social group.
First and foremost (phrase)
- 含义:首要地、最重要的是。用来强调后面所述内容是最核心、最根本的属性。
- 同义/近义表达:primarily, above all, most importantly.
2. Accommodation (n.)
- 含义:适应、顺应、妥协。这是一个非常高级且精准的学术词汇。在这里,它指个人为了融入社会,不得不调整自己的行为去"迎合"或"适应"既定的社会规范。注意:这个词在日常英语中常指"住处",但在社会学和生物学语境下,专指"适应、调节"。
- 同义/近义表达:adaptation, adjustment, conformity.
熟词生义 Accommodation(重点)
- 避坑指南 :绝大多数考生对
accommodation的第一反应是"住宿、膳宿"。但在阅读高级学术文章或雅思考试时,必须立刻切换到它的另一个核心含义------"适应、顺应"。作者用这个词,精妙地传达了个人在社会规范面前的"被动性"和"妥协感"。
2. 篇章逻辑的升华
- 阅读技巧:结合前文,作者一步步剥去了人类"自由意志"的外衣。从"没有纯粹的目光",到"世界被文化剪辑",再到"哲学思考受制于习俗",最后落脚到这句:个人的整个人生,不过是对传统标准的"accommodation"。这种冷峻、客观的学术视角,展现了极强的思辨魅力。
3. 高级写作句型借鉴
- 写作应用 :
A is first and foremost an accommodation to B是一个极其漂亮的定义句型。在雅思写作中,当你需要给某个复杂的社会现象下定义时,可以直接套用。例如:- Modern education is first and foremost an accommodation to the demands of the job market. (现代教育首要地是对就业市场需求的适应。)
- Urban planning is essentially an accommodation to the growing population. (城市规划本质上是对不断增长的人口的适应。)
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| talk | v. 说话;交谈 | talk to/with (与...交谈) talk about (谈论) baby talk (儿语) | Syn: speak, converse Ant: listen, remain silent |
| creature | n. 生物;人(尤指具有某种特征的人) | a creature of habit (习惯的奴隶) living creature (生物) fellow creatures (同类) | Syn: being, individual, animal Ant: (无直接反义词,相对) spirit, ghost |
| culture | n. 文化;文明;教养 | pop culture (流行文化) cultural background (文化背景) a culture of... (...的风气) | Syn: civilization, society, tradition Ant: nature (天性,相对概念) |
| grown | adj. (作表语或定语) 成年的;长大的 (此处为过去分词作形容词) | fully grown (完全长成的) grown-up (成年的,名词/形容词) home-grown (本土的) | Syn: adult, mature, developed Ant: immature, young, undeveloped |
| able | adj. 能够的;有能力的 | be able to do (能够做某事) able-bodied (体格健全的) able seaman (一等水手) | Syn: capable, competent, skilled Ant: unable, incapable, incompetent |
| take part in | v.短语 参加;参与 | take an active part in (积极参与) take part in sports/activities (参加运动/活动) | Syn: participate in, join in, engage in Ant: abstain from, stay out of, withdraw from |
| activities | n. (常用复数) 活动;行为 | daily activities (日常活动) extracurricular activities (课外活动) leisure activities (休闲活动) | Syn: actions, pursuits, events Ant: inactivity, idleness, rest |
| habits | n. 习惯;习性 | habit of doing (做...的习惯) force of habit (习惯使然) break/kick a habit (戒掉习惯) | Syn: customs, routines, practices Ant: deviations, novelties (新奇事物) |
| beliefs | n. 信念;信仰;看法 | religious/political beliefs (宗教/政治信仰) firmly held beliefs (坚信的看法) beyond belief (难以置信) | Syn: convictions, doctrines, faiths Ant: doubts, skepticism, disbeliefs |
| impossibilities | n. (常用复数) 不可能的事;无法做到的事 | physical/logical impossibility (物理/逻辑上的不可能) face impossibilities (面对不可能之事) | Syn: unattainability, unfeasibility Ant: possibilities, certainties, probabilities |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| By the time | Conj. 到...的时候 | by the time + 从句 (表将来/过去) | Syn: When, Once, As soon as | By the time he can talk (到他学会说话时) |
| creature | N. 生物,人,造物 | a creature of habit (墨守成规的人) | Syn: Being, Creation, Individual | creature of his culture (他所在文化的产物) |
| grown | Adj. 成年的,成熟的 | grown-up (成年人), fully grown | Syn: Adult, Mature / Ant: Young, Immature | by the time he is grown (到他成年时) |
| take part in | Phrase 参与,参加 | take an active part in (积极参加) | Syn: Participate in, Join in / Ant: Abstain from | take part in its activities (参与其活动) |
| habits | N. 习惯,习性 | bad/good habits, creature of habit | Syn: Customs, Routines, Practices | its habits are his habits (它的习惯即他的习惯) |
| beliefs | N. 信仰,信念 | core beliefs, religious beliefs | Syn: Convictions, Faith, Views / Ant: Doubts | its beliefs his beliefs (它的信仰即他的信仰) |
| impossibilities | N. 不可能的事,禁区 | beyond impossibility, list of impossibilities | Syn: Unthinkables, Taboos / Ant: Possibilities | its impossibilities his impossibilities (它认为不可能的,他也认为不可能) |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| By the time (+ 从句) | 到......时候为止 | 引导时间状语从句,主句常用完成时或一般时(此处表普遍真理,用一般现在时)。 |
| of his culture | 属于他(所处)文化的 | 介词短语作定语,修饰 creature。 |
| grown and able to take part in | 长大并且能够参与 | 两个形容词(grown 和 able)并列作表语,后接 to take part in 不定式短语。 |
| take part in its activities | 参与其(文化)的活动 | 固定动词短语,its 指代前文的 culture。 |
| its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities | 它的习惯就是他的习惯, 它的信仰就是他的信仰, 它的不可能之事就是他的不可能之事。 | 平行结构(Parallelism) + 省略(Gapping) :后两个分句省略了系动词 are,完整形式应为 its beliefs are his beliefs, its impossibilities are his impossibilities。 |
时态一致性: By the time 引导的从句如果表示将来或一般规律,通常用一般现在时 表将来/条件(如 he can talk , he is grown),主句用一般现在时或将来时。这里描述的是一种普遍的社会学/人类学规律,所以全句使用一般现在时。
词义理解: creature 在这里不是 指"怪物"或"动物",而是指"受...支配的人/产物"(a person shaped by a particular influence)。impossibilities 不是物理上的"不可能",而是文化心理上的"禁忌/不可想象之事"。
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| be born into | Phrase 出生于(家庭/阶层/群体) | be born into a wealthy family (生于富裕家庭) | Syn: enter the world in | born into his group (出生于他的群体中) |
| share | V. 分享,共有,分担 | share sth. with sb. (与某人分享某物) | Syn: Participate in, Partake in / Ant: Keep to oneself | share them with him (与他共同拥有这些) |
| opposite | Adj. 相反的,对面的 | on the opposite side (在对面) | Syn: Contrary, Reverse / Ant: Same, Identical | opposite side of the globe (地球的另一端) |
| achieve | V. 获得,达到,实现 | achieve success/goals (获得成功/目标) | Syn: Attain, Accomplish, Reach / Ant: Fail, Lose | achieve the thousandth part (获得其千分之一的程度) |
| thousandth | Num. 第一千,千分之一 | a thousandth of a second (千分之一秒) | Syn: Fraction, Portion | the thousandth part (极小的一部分/千分之一) |
| can ever | Phrase 能够(在任何时候) | can never ever (永远不能) | Syn: possibly, at any time | can ever achieve (能够取得...的) |
and no child [born into one on the opposite side of the globe] can ever achieve the thousandth part
- no child: 主语(否定词,决定了后半句的否定含义)。
- born into one on the opposite side of the globe : 过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰
child。这里的one是代词,指代前面的group。 - can ever achieve : 谓语。
ever在这里起强调作用,配合no表示"永远无法"。 - the thousandth part : 宾语。这是一种**夸张(Hyperbole)**修辞,并非严格的数学千分之一,而是极言其少,表示"连一点点皮毛都达不到"。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| child | n. 孩子;儿童 | child abuse (虐待儿童) only child (独生子) childhood (童年) | Syn: kid, infant, offspring Ant: adult, parent |
| born | adj. (作表语或后置定语) 出生的;天生的 | be born into (出生在...之中) born in (出生于...地方) born with (天生具有) | Syn: delivered, brought into the world Ant: unborn, dead (语境反义) |
| group | n. 群体;团体;族群 | ethnic group (族群) age group (年龄组) group work (小组活动) | Syn: community, society, clan Ant: individual |
| share | v. 分享;共有;分担 | share with (与...分享) share in (参与,分担) share a common view (有共同看法) | Syn: divide, distribute, partake Ant: withhold, keep to oneself |
| achieve | v. 实现;获得;达到 | achieve success/goals (取得成功/目标) achieve an effect (达成效果) | Syn: attain, accomplish, realize Ant: fail, miss, abandon |
| thousandth | adj./n. 千分之一的;第一千个 | the thousandth part (千分之一) one thousandth of (...的千分之一) | Syn: (无直接同义,数字表达) Ant: thousandfold (千倍的) |
| opposite | adj. 对面的;相反的 | the opposite side (对面) opposite to (与...相反) opposite sex (异性) | Syn: contrary, reverse, facing Ant: same, identical |
| globe | n. 地球;球体;全球 | around the globe (全球) global (全球的) the globe (地球) | Syn: earth, world, planet Ant: (无) |
| ever | adv. 曾经;在任何时候(常用于否定句或疑问句加强语气) | ever since (自从) hardly ever (几乎从不) ever so (非常) | Syn: at any time, always (肯定句中) Ant: never (否定对应) |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| born into (+ 群体) | 出生在......之中;生来就属于 | 过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰 child,相当于 who is born into。 |
| share them with him | 与"他"共享它们(那些文化特性) | share A with B 表示"与B分享A";them 指前句中的习惯、信仰等;him 指前句中的那个孩子/个人。 |
| on the opposite side of the globe | 在地球的另一端 | 介词短语作定语,修饰 one(即 group),表示地理位置的对立。 |
| can ever achieve | 在任何时候能够达到 | ever 用于否定句(no child... can ever)中起强调作用,相当于"从来/无论如何都(不)"。 |
| the thousandth part | 千分之一(此处比喻"极微小的一部分") | 并非精确数学比例,而是修辞,强调差异之大------连千分之一都达不到。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| social | Adj. 社会的 | social problem (社会问题), social media | Syn: Societal, Communal | social problem (社会问题) |
| incumbent | Adj. 义不容辞的,有责任的 | it is incumbent upon/on sb. to do sth. | Syn: Obligatory, Necessary, Binding | incumbent upon us (我们义不容辞的责任) |
| upon | Prep. 在...之上,加于... | look upon (看待), depend upon (依赖) | Syn: On, Over | incumbent upon (对...是强制性的/有责任的) |
| understand | V. 理解,明白 | fully understand (充分理解) | Syn: Comprehend, Grasp / Ant: Misunderstand | understand the role of... (理解...的作用) |
| role | N. 角色,作用,职能 | play a role in (在...中起作用) | Syn: Function, Part, Capacity | role of custom (习俗的作用) |
| than | Conj./Prep. 比 | more... than... (比...更...) | - | more... than this of... (比...更甚) |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| social | adj. 社会的;社交的 | social problem (社会问题) social media (社交媒体) social welfare (社会福利) | Syn: societal, communal, public Ant: individual, personal, private |
| problem | n. 问题;难题 | solve a problem (解决问题) pose a problem (构成问题) no problem (没问题) | Syn: issue, difficulty, dilemma Ant: solution, answer |
| incumbent | adj. (正式用语)有责任的;义不容辞的;在职的(作名词时) | be incumbent upon/on sb (对某人有责任/义务) incumbent duty (应尽的责任) incumbent president (现任总统) | Syn: obligatory, binding, compulsory Ant: optional, voluntary, nonobligatory |
| understand | v. 理解;明白;了解 | understand the importance (理解重要性) make oneself understood (表达清楚自己) as I understand it (据我所知) | Syn: comprehend, grasp, perceive Ant: misunderstand, misinterpret |
| role | n. 作用;角色;职能 | play a role in (在...中起作用) role model (榜样) leading role (主角/领导作用) | Syn: function, part, position Ant: (无直接反义) |
| custom | n. 习俗;风俗;惯例 | local custom (当地习俗) custom of doing (做...的习俗) custom and tradition (风俗与传统) | Syn: tradition, convention, practice Ant: novelty, innovation |
| this | pron. 这个;这个问题(此处作代词,指代前文提到的"问题") | this one / this of + 名词 (这个......的) | Syn: the latter, the former (根据语境) Ant: that (远指) |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| There is no... | 没有......(存在句型) | 存在句的否定形式,引出"不存在任何......"的语境。 |
| it is incumbent upon us to understand | 我们(作为责任)必须去理解 | It 是形式主语,真正主语是 to understand;incumbent upon us 表示"对我们的义务"。 |
| more... than... | 比......更...... | 比较结构,此处比较的对象是两个社会问题。 |
| this of the role of custom | "习俗作用"这个问题 | this 指代 this social problem;of the role of custom 作后置定语,修饰 this,即"关于习俗作用(的问题)"。 |
这句话的骨架是:There is no A + more + Adj. + to do + than B. (没有比B更...的A了)。
The social problem of the role of custom is the most incumbent upon us to understand.
(关于习俗作用的社会问题,是我们最应该去理解的。)
这句话的翻译非常讲究,因为它使用了 There is no... more... than... 这种表达最高级含义的句型。
直译:
没有哪个社会问题比这个关于习俗作用的社会问题,更让我们觉得义不容辞去理解了。
简化类比理解:
This is the homework (that) it is necessary for you to finish. (这是你必须去完成的那份作业。)
| 单词/短语 | 句子成分 | 词性 | 语法功能与解析 |
|---|---|---|---|
| There | 引导词 | 副词 (Adv.) | 引导 There be 存在句型,本身不作主语。 |
| is | 谓语 | 动词 (V.) | 句子的核心谓语动词,单数形式。 |
| no | 定语 | 限定词 (Det.) | 否定限定词,修饰名词 social problem。 |
| social | 定语 | 形容词 (Adj.) | 前置定语,修饰名词 problem。 |
| problem | 主语 | 名词 (N.) | There be 句型的真正主语(逻辑主语)。 |
| that | 引导词 | 关系代词 (Pron.) | 引导定语从句,修饰 problem。因在从句中作宾语而被省略。 |
| it | 形式主语 | 代词 (Pron.) | 在定语从句中作形式主语,指代后面的不定式。 |
| is | 从句谓语 | 动词 (V.) | 定语从句中的系动词。 |
| more | 状语 | 副词 (Adv.) | 修饰形容词 incumbent,构成比较级。 |
| incumbent | 表语 | 形容词 (Adj.) | 定语从句中的表语,意为"义不容辞的"。 |
| upon us | 状语 | 介词短语 (Prep. Phr.) | 作状语,修饰 incumbent,表示责任的对象。 |
| to understand | 真正主语 | 不定式 (Inf.) | 在定语从句中作真正的主语(逻辑主语)。 |
| than | 连词/介词 | 连词/介词 (Conj./Prep.) | 引导比较状语,表示"比......"。 |
| this | 比较宾语 | 代词 (Pron.) | 作 than 的宾语,指代前面的 social problem。 |
| of the role | 后置定语 | 介词短语 (Prep. Phr.) | 修饰代词 this,说明是"关于......作用"的问题。 |
| of custom | 后置定语 | 介词短语 (Prep. Phr.) | 修饰名词 role,说明是"习俗的"作用。 |
在英语中,当真正的主语是一个不定式短语 (to do sth.)、动名词 (doing sth.)或从句 (that...)时,为了避免句子"头重脚轻",我们通常会用 it 放在句首占位,而把真正的主语挪到句子后面去。
在这个句子的定语从句中:
- 形式主语 :
it(仅仅是一个语法占位符,没有实际意思) - 真正的主语 :
to understand(去理解)
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| until | Conj. 直到...才 | until now (直到现在) | Syn: Till, Up to the point that | Until we are intelligent... (直到我们弄懂了...) |
| intelligent | Adj. 明白的,了解的 | intelligent about/as to sth. | Syn: Knowledgeable, Informed / Ant: Ignorant | be intelligent as to (对...有透彻的了解/明白) |
| laws | N. 规律,法则 | natural laws, laws of physics | Syn: Rules, Principles, Regulations | laws and varieties (规律与多样性) |
| varieties | N. 种类,多样性 | a wide variety of (各种各样的) | Syn: Types, Kinds, Variations | laws and varieties (规律与多样性) |
| complicating | Adj. 使复杂的,起干扰作用的 | complicating factor (复杂因素) | Syn: Confusing, Perplexing / Ant: Simplifying | complicating facts (使问题复杂化的事实) |
| unintelligible | Adj. 难以理解的,晦涩的 | completely unintelligible (完全无法理解) | Syn: Incomprehensible, Obscure / Ant: Intelligible, Clear | remain unintelligible (依然是难以理解的) |
- 词义的特殊性(intelligent): 这是最大的考点。在这里
intelligent绝对不能 翻译成"聪明的"。在学术英语中,be intelligent as to/about sth.意思是"对某事有深入了解/明白某事"。 - Until 的逻辑翻译:
Until引导的从句如果配合主句的否定或消极含义(如这里的 unintelligible),中文通常翻译为"直到......才...... "或"如果不......就......"。 - 代词指代:
its laws and varieties中的its结合上下文,毫无疑问指代的是 custom(习俗)。 - 分词作定语:
complicating facts中,complicating是主动意味的现在分词,表示"(这些事实)使人类生活变得复杂"。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| until | conj./prep. 直到......(为止) | until now (直到现在) not... until (直到......才) until then (到那时为止) | Syn: till, up to Ant: after, since |
| intelligent | adj. 此处意为**"明晓的、了解的、通晓的"**(并非"聪明的"),强调认知上的清晰 | be intelligent about (对...很了解) intelligent as to (关于...是清楚的) intelligent decision (明智的决定,另一种含义) | Syn: informed, knowledgeable, aware Ant: ignorant, unaware, uninformed |
| as to | prep.短语 关于;至于 | as to your question (关于你的问题) as to whether (关于是否) inquiries as to (关于...的询问) | Syn: regarding, concerning, about, with respect to |
| laws | n. (复数) 规律;法则(此处非"法律") | laws of nature (自然规律) economic laws (经济规律) law and order (法律与秩序,另一义项) | Syn: rules, principles, canons Ant: anomalies, exceptions |
| varieties | n. (复数) 多样性;种种变化形式;变体 | varieties of (各种各样的) infinite varieties (无数的变化) linguistic varieties (语言变体) | Syn: forms, types, kinds, diversities Ant: uniformity, sameness |
| complicating | adj. (现在分词作定语) 使复杂化的;起复杂化作用的 | complicating factors (复杂化因素) complicating circumstances (复杂化情况) | Syn: aggravating, exacerbating, intricate Ant: simplifying, clarifying |
| facts | n. 事实;实际情况 | hard facts (确凿的事实) facts and figures (事实和数据) as a matter of fact (事实上) | Syn: realities, truths, data Ant: fictions, lies, opinions |
| remain | v. 系动词 (linking verb) 仍然是;保持(后接形容词/名词作表语) | remain calm (保持冷静) remain a mystery (仍然是个谜) remain unchanged (保持不变) | Syn: stay, keep, continue to be Ant: become, turn, change |
| unintelligible | adj. 无法理解的;晦涩难懂的 | unintelligible to sb (对某人来说无法理解) unintelligible jargon (难以理解的行话) | Syn: incomprehensible, obscure, baffling Ant: intelligible, clear, comprehensible, lucid |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Until we are intelligent as to... | 直到我们对......了解清楚为止 | until 引导时间状语从句,从句中 are intelligent 是系表结构,as to... 作状语修饰 intelligent。 |
| intelligent as to its laws and varieties | 通晓其(习俗的)规律和种种变化形式 | as to 表示"关于",介词短语整体作方面状语,说明在哪些方面是"明晓的"。 |
| the main complicating facts | 主要的、起复杂化作用的事实 | complicating 是现在分词作定语,修饰 facts,强调这些事实本身具有"使事物复杂化"的特性。 |
| must remain unintelligible | 必定仍然无法被理解 | must 表必然性推测;remain 是系动词,后接形容词 unintelligible 作表语。 |
| 易错点 | 详细说明 |
|---|---|
1. intelligent 的语境含义 |
此处 不是 "聪明的",而是 "明晓的、了解的、认知清晰的" (相当于 knowledgeable / informed)。这是考研、专八等高级英语阅读中的高频熟词僻义。误译为"聪明"会导致整句逻辑不通。 |
2. as to 的识别 |
as to 是复合介词,意为"关于"。不要拆开看成 as + to + its...,它是一个整体。常见于正式书面语。 |
3. its 的指代 |
its 指代前文的 custom(习俗) ,而不是 social problem 或 human life。需联系前文语境,这是指代填空题的常考点。 |
4. laws 的含义 |
此处是 "规律、法则" (自然规律意义上的 law),而不是"法律"。法律通常用复数 laws 也可能,但在此语境中与文化习俗搭配,必是"规律/法则"。 |
5. varieties 的复数含义 |
用复数表示 "各种各样的变化形式/表现形态",而不是抽象的"多样性"(不可数)。强调习俗在实践中呈现出多种不同样貌。 |
6. remain 是系动词 |
remain 在此处是 系动词 ,后接形容词 unintelligible 作表语,意为"保持/仍然是......",而非实义动词"留下"。若要改成实义动词,需说 remain in a state of...,结构不同。 |
7. complicating 与 complicated 的区别 |
complicating facts = "使(其他事物)变得复杂化的事实"(强调动态作用);complicated facts = "本身就很复杂的事实"(强调静态特征)。此处选 complicating,说明这些事实加剧了人类生活的复杂性,而非仅仅描述自身复杂。这是形容词辨析的高频考点。 |
8. unintelligible 的拼写 |
容易错拼为 unintelligable(错误)或 inintelligible(漏掉 un)。正确为 un + intelligible ,词根 intelligible 来自 intelligere(理解)。 |
9. until 的否定逻辑 |
Until X, Y 表示"在 X 发生之前,Y 一直成立"。这里 X = 我们了解习俗,Y = 复杂事实无法理解。隐含的意思是:一旦我们了解,它们就能被理解。这种"条件性"逻辑是阅读理解中推断作者态度的关键。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| study | N. 研究,学习 | conduct a study (进行研究) | Syn: Research, Investigation / Ant: Neglect | The study of custom (对习俗的研究) |
| custom | N. 习俗,风俗 | local customs (当地风俗) | Syn: Tradition, Convention / Ant: Novelty | The study of custom (对习俗的研究) |
| profitable | Adj. 有益的,有收获的 | highly profitable (极其有益的) | Syn: Beneficial, Rewarding / Ant: Unprofitable, Futile | can be profitable (能带来益处/有收获) |
| only after | Conj. 只有在...之后才 | only after the meeting (只有在会后) | Syn: Not until / Ant: Before | only after... have been accepted (只有在...被接受之后才能) |
| preliminary | Adj. 初步的,预备的 | preliminary investigation (初步调查) | Syn: Initial, Introductory / Ant: Final, Concluding | preliminary propositions (初步的命题/前提) |
| proposition | N. 命题,主张,论点 | state a proposition (陈述一个命题) | Syn: Premise, Thesis, Argument / Ant: Conclusion | preliminary propositions (初步的命题/前提) |
| accept | V. 接受,认可 | accept an idea (接受一个观点) | Syn: Embrace, Acknowledge / Ant: Reject, Deny | have been accepted (被接受) |
| violently | Adv. 激烈地,猛烈地 | violently disagree (激烈地反对) | Syn: Fiercely, Strongly / Ant: Mildly, Gently | violently opposed (遭到猛烈的反对) |
| oppose | V. 反对,抵制 | strongly oppose (强烈反对) | Syn: Resist, Object to / Ant: Support, Favor | have been violently opposed (曾遭到猛烈的反对) |
- 词义引申(profitable): 这是最大的考点。
profitable在日常中多指"赚钱的、盈利的",但在学术和抽象语境中,必须翻译为**"有收获的、有益的、有价值的"**。 - 逻辑关联词(only after):
only after放在句中时,强调绝对的先决条件。翻译时通常处理为"只有在......之后,才...... "或"要想......,就必须先......"。 - 时态与语态(have been + done): 句中两次使用了现在完成时的被动语态(have been accepted / have been opposed)。这强调了过去的动作对现在产生的影响,即这些命题"已经被接受"或"已经被反对"的状态。
- 副词修饰(violently):
violently本意是"暴力地",但在思想、学术争论的语境中,属于熟词生义,应翻译为**"激烈地、猛烈地"**,绝不能翻译成"用暴力反对"
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| study | n. 研究;学问 | make a study of (对...进行研究) the study of history (历史研究) case study (案例研究) | Syn: examination, inquiry, analysis Ant: ignorance, neglect |
| custom | n. 习俗;风俗;惯例 | local custom (当地习俗) social custom (社会习俗) customs and traditions (风俗传统) | Syn: tradition, practice, convention Ant: novelty, innovation |
| profitable | adj. 有益的;有收益的;有用的 | profitable experience (有益的经历) profitable investment (有利可图的投资) prove profitable (证明有益) | Syn: beneficial, advantageous, fruitful Ant: unprofitable, useless, detrimental |
| preliminary | adj. 初步的;预备的;前提性的(此处强调"事先必须接受的") | preliminary steps (初步步骤) preliminary results (初步结果) preliminary agreement (初步协议) | Syn: initial, prior, preparatory Ant: final, conclusive, subsequent |
| propositions | n. (主张的)命题;提议;观点(此处指作为论证基础的"前提命题") | accept a proposition (接受一个命题) proposition of fact (事实命题) business proposition (商业提议) | Syn: proposal, assertion, thesis Ant: denial, rejection |
| accepted | v./adj. 被接受;公认的(过去分词作表语) | widely accepted (被广泛接受的) generally accepted (公认的) accept an invitation (接受邀请) | Syn: approved, acknowledged, embraced Ant: rejected, denied, refused |
| violently | adv. 猛烈地;激烈地;强烈地(此处修饰"opposed",强调反对程度之强) | violently oppose (强烈反对) violently angry (暴怒) react violently (激烈反应) | Syn: fiercely, intensely, vehemently Ant: mildly, gently, moderately |
| opposed | v./adj. 被反对;相反的(过去分词作表语) | be opposed to (反对...) strongly oppose (强烈反对) as opposed to (与...相对) | Syn: resisted, challenged, objected to Ant: supported, accepted, embraced |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The study of custom | 对习俗的研究 | 介词短语作后置定语修饰 study,即"关于习俗的研究"。 |
| can be profitable | 可能是有益的/能产生价值的 | 情态动词 + 系表结构,表示可能性。 |
| only after (+ 从句) | 只有在......之后才...... | 引导条件状语从句 (强调"唯一条件")。此处 only after 未引起主句倒装,因为 only 修饰的是状语从句而不是主句本身(如果 only 放在句首修饰整个状语从句,主句才需要倒装,但这里 only 在句中,故不倒装)。 |
| certain preliminary propositions have been accepted | 某些初步的命题已经被接受 | 现在完成时的被动语态,表示"先被接受"这个动作发生在主句动作之前(先接受,之后研究才有益)。 |
| some of these propositions have been violently opposed | 其中有些命题遭到过激烈反对 | 同样现在完成时被动,与前面 accepted 形成对比,强调这些命题的命运并不一致。 |
在这个语境下,certain 可以等同于:
- some(某些)
- specific(特定的)
- particular(特定的)
总结 :在这句话里,你直接把 certain preliminary propositions 理解为**"某些初步的命题"**即可。
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in the first place | 短语. 首先,第一点 | in the second place (其次) | Syn: First of all, Initially / Ant: Finally | In the first place (首先) |
| scientific study | N. 科学研究 | conduct a scientific study (开展科学研究) | Syn: Academic research / Ant: Unscientific guess | any scientific study (任何科学研究) |
| require | V. 要求,需要 | require that... (要求...) | Syn: Demand, Necessitate / Ant: Allow, Permit | requires that... (要求......) |
| preferential | Adj. 偏爱的,优待的 | preferential treatment (优待) | Syn: Biased, Favored / Ant: Impartial, Objective | preferential weighting (优先的权重/偏见) |
| weighting | N. 权重,加权 | give weighting to... (给...赋予权重) | Syn: Emphasis, Importance / Ant: De-emphasis | preferential weighting (优先的权重/偏见) |
| series | N. 一系列,序列 | a series of items (一系列事物) | Syn: Sequence, Array / Ant: Single item | items in the series (系列中的各项) |
| consideration | N. 考察,考虑 | take into consideration (纳入考虑) | Syn: Examination, Study / Ant: Disregard | for its consideration (供其考察/研究) |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| scientific | adj. 科学的;系统的 | scientific research (科学研究) scientific method (科学方法) scientific community (科学界) | Syn: systematic, empirical, analytical Ant: unscientific, anecdotal |
| requires | v. 要求;需要(此处接虚拟语气) | require that + (should) do (要求...) require sb to do (要求某人做) require doing (需要被做) | Syn: demand, necessitate, call for Ant: reject, refuse, dismiss |
| preferential | adj. 优先的;偏袒的;优待的 | preferential treatment (优待) preferential policy (优惠政策) preferential weighting (偏向性加权) | Syn: privileged, favorable, biased Ant: impartial, neutral, equal |
| weighting | n. 权重;加权;偏重(此处指"给予额外分量") | give weighting to (给...加权) weighting factor (权重因子) social weighting (社会权重) | Syn: emphasis, bias, inclination Ant: equalization, neutrality |
| items | n. (列举的)项目;条目;对象 | items on a list (清单上的项目) data items (数据项) first item (第一项) | Syn: elements, entries, components Ant: whole, entirety |
| series | n. 系列;序列;一连串 | a series of (一系列) in series (连续地;串联地) time series (时间序列) | Syn: sequence, chain, succession Ant: single, individual |
| selects | v. 选择;挑选 | select for (为...而选择) select from (从...中挑选) select committee (专门委员会) | Syn: chooses, picks, opts for Ant: rejects, excludes, omits |
| consideration | n. 考虑;思考;考察 | take into consideration (考虑到) under consideration (在考虑中) for consideration (以供考量) | Syn: examination, scrutiny, deliberation Ant: disregard, neglect, ignorance |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| In the first place | 首先;第一点 | 固定搭配,用于列举论点时的"第一",比 firstly 更正式。 |
| scientific study | 科学研究 | 抽象名词,表"科学研究这一活动/领域"。 |
| requires that there be... | 要求存在......情况 | 虚拟语气 结构:require that + 从句用 (should) + 动词原形。此处 there be 是 there is 的虚拟形式。 |
| no preferential weighting of... | 对......没有偏向性的加权 | weighting of 表示"对...的加权/偏重",preferential 修饰 weighting。 |
| one or another | 某一个(不确定的) | 固定短语,表示"这一个或那一个",即"任意一个/某些"。 |
| the items in the series | 该系列中的各个项目 | 介词短语作定语,修饰 items,表示"在这个序列中的各个条目"。 |
| it selects for its consideration | 它(指科学研究)选择出来以作考察的 | 定语从句(省略关系代词 that/which),修饰 the series。it 指代 scientific study。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| controversial | adj. 有争议的;引起争论的 | controversial issue (有争议的问题) highly controversial (极具争议的) | Syn: disputed, contentious, debatable Ant: uncontroversial, undisputed, certain |
| field | n. 领域;学科;场地 | in the field of (在...领域) field study (实地研究) field of view (视野) | Syn: domain, area, discipline Ant: (无) |
| cacti | n. (复数) 仙人掌(单数:cactus) | (常用于生物学/植物学语境) | Syn: succulents (多肉植物) |
| termites | n. (复数) 白蚁 | termite damage (白蚁损害) termite control (白蚁防治) | Syn: wood ants, white ants (非正式) |
| nebulae | n. (复数) 星云(单数:nebula) | planetary nebula (行星状星云) Orion Nebula (猎户座星云) | Syn: gas clouds, interstellar clouds |
| necessary | adj. 必要的;必需的 | if necessary (如有必要) necessary condition (必要条件) | Syn: required, essential, indispensable Ant: unnecessary, optional |
| method | n. 方法;方式 | method of study (研究方法) teaching method (教学方法) scientific method (科学方法) | Syn: approach, technique, procedure |
| relevant | adj. 相关的;切题的 | relevant to (与...相关) relevant information (相关信息) | Syn: pertinent, applicable, connected Ant: irrelevant, unrelated |
| material | n. 材料;资料;素材 | raw material (原材料) reading material (阅读材料) collect material (收集资料) | Syn: data, substance, evidence |
| variant | adj. 不同的;变异的; n. 变体;变种 | variant forms (变体形式) variant spelling (变异拼写) language variant (语言变体) | Syn: different, diverse, alternative Ant: identical, uniform, standard |
| take note of | v.短语 注意;留意;记录 | take note of details (注意细节) worthy of note (值得注意) | Syn: observe, pay attention to, record Ant: ignore, disregard, overlook |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| In all the less controversial fields | 在所有争议较少的领域中 | 介词短语作范围状语,修饰整个句子。 |
| like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae | 如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云本质的研究 | like 作介词,表示"例如"。后面接三个并列的名词短语,形成排比举例。 |
| the necessary method of study | 必要的研究方法 | of study 作后置定语修饰 method。 |
| is to group the relevant material | 是整理/归类相关材料 | 不定式作表语,说明方法的具体内容。 |
| and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions | 并留意所有可能的变体形式和条件 | 另一个不定式作并列表语 ,与 to group... 并列。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| less controversial | Adj. 争议较少的 | highly controversial (极具争议的) | Syn: Undisputed, Unquestionable / Ant: Disputed, Debated | less controversial fields (争议较少的领域) |
| nebulae | N. 星云 (nebula的复数) | observe nebulae (观测星云) | Syn: Galaxies, Star clusters | the nature of nebulae (星云的性质) |
| necessary | Adj. 必要的,必需的 | absolutely necessary (绝对必要的) | Syn: Essential, Required / Ant: Unnecessary | necessary method (必要的方法) |
| group | V. 分组,归类 | group the data (对数据进行分组) | Syn: Categorize, Classify / Ant: Separate, Divide | group the relevant material (对相关材料进行分类/分组) |
| take note of | 短语. 记录,注意到 | take note of the changes (记录下变化) | Syn: Record, Observe, Note down / Ant: Ignore, Overlook | take note of all possible... (记录下所有可能的...) |
| variant | Adj./N. 变异的,变体 | genetic variant (基因变异) | Syn: Diverse, Variable / Ant: Constant, Identical | variant forms and conditions (变异的形式和条件) |
take note of = "注意、留意、重视" (强调心理上的关注);take notes of = "做笔记记录"(强调书写动作)。本句应取前者。考试中常考这一短语辨析。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| In this way | adv.短语 通过这种方式;用这种方法 | in a similar way (以类似方式) in the same way (同样地) by this means (通过这种方式) | Syn: thus, thereby, accordingly Ant: in that way, conversely (语境相对) |
| learned | v. (learn的过去分词) 学到;获悉;了解 | learn from (从...学习) learn about (了解) learn of (获悉) | Syn: acquired, obtained, discovered Ant: forgot, ignored, missed |
| all | pron. 一切;全部(此处作先行词) | all that (一切...的) all of (...的全部) above all (首先,最重要的是) | Syn: everything, the whole Ant: nothing, none |
| know of | v.短语 知道关于......;听说过;了解 | know about (了解) know of sb/sth (听说过某人/某物) as far as I know (据我所知) | Syn: be aware of, be familiar with Ant: be ignorant of, be unaware of |
| laws | n. (此处) 规律;法则(非法律) | laws of nature (自然规律) scientific laws (科学定律) universal laws (普遍规律) | Syn: rules, principles, theorems Ant: anomalies, exceptions |
| astronomy | n. 天文学 | radio astronomy (射电天文学) astronomy and astrophysics (天文学与天体物理学) | Syn: (无直接) |
| habits | n. 习性;习惯(此处指动物的行为模式) | feeding habits (觅食习性) breeding habits (繁殖习性) habit of doing (做...的习惯) | Syn: behaviors, patterns, customs Ant: (无) |
| social insects | n.短语 群居昆虫;社会性昆虫 | social insects like ants and bees (如蚂蚁和蜜蜂等群居昆虫) insect society (昆虫社会) | Syn: eusocial insects (真社会性昆虫) Ant: solitary insects (独居昆虫) |
| let us say | 插入语 比方说;譬如;假设 | say (插入语,意为"大约/例如") let's say (口语中,假设) | Syn: for example, for instance, suppose |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| In this way | 通过这种方式 | 指代前文提到的"归类材料、记录变体"的科学方法,是句间的逻辑连接词。 |
| have learned all | 学到了(关于...的)一切 | all 是不定代词,作 learned 的宾语。 |
| that we know of... | 我们所知道的关于......的 | 定语从句修饰 all。that 是关系代词,作 know of 的宾语。 |
| the laws of astronomy | 天文学的规律 | 介词短语作后置定语,修饰 laws。 |
| the habits of the social insects | 群居昆虫的习性 | 与 the laws of astronomy 并列,共同作 know of 的宾语。 |
| let us say | 比方说;譬如 | 作为插入语放在句末,使举例的语气更随意、谦逊,暗示这只是信手拈来的例子。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in this way | 短语. 通过这种方式 | in this way, we can... (通过这种方式,我们可以...) | Syn: Thus, By this method / Ant: Otherwise | In this way (正是通过这种方法) |
| astronomy | N. 天文学 | observational astronomy (观测天文学) | Syn: Astrophysics, Cosmology | laws of astronomy (天文学定律) |
| social insects | N. 社会性昆虫 | behavior of social insects (社会性昆虫的行为) | Ant: Solitary insects (独居昆虫) | habits of the social insects (社会性昆虫的习性) |
| let us say | 短语. 让我们说,比如说 | let us say, for example (比如说) | Syn: For instance, Say / Ant: - | let us say (或者说/比如说) |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| substitute | V. 替代,取代 | substitute A for B (用A替代B) | Syn: Replace, Take the place of / Ant: Retain | substitute the study of... (用...的研究来替代) |
| local variation | N. 局部变异,地方变体 | local variation of a species (物种的局部变异) | Syn: Regional difference / Ant: Universal norm | one local variation (一种局部变异) |
| Western civilization | N. 西方文明 | the rise of Western civilization (西方文明的崛起) | Syn: Western culture | that of Western civilization (即西方文明) |
| social sciences | N. 社会科学 | major social sciences (主要社会科学) | Syn: Sociology, Anthropology | the major social sciences (主要的社会科学) |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| study | n. 研究;学科 | the study of (对...的研究) social study (社会研究) case study (案例研究) | Syn: inquiry, examination, analysis Ant: ignorance, neglect |
| man | n. 人类(此处为单数抽象概念,不加冠词) | the study of man (对人类的研究) man and nature (人与自然) the history of man (人类历史) | Syn: mankind, humanity, humankind Ant: animal, beast |
| himself | pron. 他自己(此处反身代词用于强调"man") | by himself (独自地) for himself (为了他自己) man himself (人类本身) | Syn: (强调用法,无直接同义) |
| major | adj. 主要的;主流的;重要的 | major problem (主要问题) major cities (主要城市) major social sciences (主流社会科学) | Syn: main, principal, primary Ant: minor, lesser, subordinate |
| social sciences | n. 社会科学(总称) | social science research (社会科学研究) academy of social sciences (社会科学院) | Syn: behavioral sciences, human sciences Ant: natural sciences, physical sciences |
| substituted | v. (substitute的过去分词) 替代;替换;以...取代 | substitute A for B (用A替代B) substitute with (用...替代) as a substitute (作为替代) | Syn: replaced, exchanged, swapped Ant: retained, preserved, kept |
| local | adj. 局部的;地方的;特定的 | local custom (当地习俗) local variation (局部变体) local government (地方政府) | Syn: regional, particular, specific Ant: global, universal, general |
| variation | n. 变体;变异;变化形式 | genetic variation (基因变异) linguistic variation (语言变体) local variation (局部变体) | Syn: variant, deviation, modification Ant: standard, uniformity, constancy |
| civilization | n. 文明;文化 | Western civilization (西方文明) ancient civilization (古代文明) modern civilization (现代文明) | Syn: culture, society, way of life Ant: barbarism (相对) |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| It is ... that ... | 正是......(强调句型) | 强调句(Cleft Sentence) ,强调状语 only in the study of man himself。 |
| only in the study of man himself | 恰恰/仅仅在对人类本身的研究中 | only 的强调意味在强调句中被进一步放大,暗示"唯独在这个领域,却出了问题"。 |
| the major social sciences | 主流社会科学 | 这里带有批判性,指那些占据主导地位的社会学、人类学等学科。 |
| have substituted A (for B) | 用A代替了(B) | 此处 substituted 接了直接宾语 the study of one local variation,虽然没有明写 for the study of man,但隐含对比:本应研究"人类全体",却替换成了"局部变体"。 |
| that of Western civilization | 即对西方文明的研究 | that 指代 the study,是 one local variation 的同位语,进一步说明这个"局部变体"就是西方文明。 |
- 强调句型的识别与翻译(It is... that...) :
- 考点:判断句子是否为强调句。
- 易错点 :如果去掉
It is... that...,句子变成Only in the study of man himself the major social sciences have substituted...,语法依然成立。翻译时,必须把强调的语气("恰恰是......"、"仅仅在......")表达出来。
- 核心搭配(substitute A for B) :
- 考点 :
substitute的用法。 - 易错点 :在原句中,结构被稍微变形了,变成了
substitute A(替代了B),因为B(对全人类的研究)在语境中被省略了。在翻译时,需要把隐藏的B(全人类/所有文化)补充出来,逻辑才通顺。
- 考点 :
- 代词指代(that of...) :
- 考点 :
that的指代对象。 - 易错点 :在学术英语中,
that of是非常高频的表达,用来避免重复前面的名词。这里that指代local variation,翻译为"即西方文明"。
- 考点 :
|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| local variation 的学术含义 | 这不是日常的"本地变化",而是人类学/社会学中的术语 ,指"一种局部的、非普遍的文化变体"。作者用 local 来贬低西方文明------它只是全人类众多文化中的一个局部样本,却被当成普遍规律。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| by definition | 短语. 按定义来说,本质上 | true by definition (按定义即为真) | Syn: Inherently, Intrinsically / Ant: Accidentally | impossible by definition (按定义来说是不可能的/根本不可能的) |
| distinctions | N. 区别,差异 | draw a distinction (划清界限) | Syn: Differences, Divisions / Ant: Similarities | distinctions between A and B (A与B之间的区别) |
| primitive | N./Adj. 原始人/原始的 | primitive society (原始社会) | Syn: Early humans, Prehistoric / Ant: Modern, Civilized | ourselves and the primitive (我们与原始人) |
| barbarian | N. 野蛮人 | treat as a barbarian (当作野蛮人对待) | Syn: Savage, Uncivilized person / Ant: Civilized person | ourselves and the barbarian (我们与野蛮人) |
| pagan | N./Adj. 异教徒/多神教徒 | pagan beliefs (异教信仰) | Syn: Heathen, Non-believer / Ant: Believer, Christian | ourselves and the pagan (我们与异教徒) |
| hold sway | 短语. 占据主导,支配,盛行 | hold sway over the market (主导市场) | Syn: Dominate, Prevail, Rule / Ant: Yield, Submit | held sway over people's minds (在人们心中占据主导地位) |
条件状语从句 :...as long as these distinctions... held sway over people's minds.
as long as:引导条件状语从句,意为"只要......"。as long as在这里引导的是条件,而不是时间("当......的时候")。these distinctions:从句的主语。between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan:介词短语作后置定语,修饰distinctions。这里使用了排比结构,列举了三种典型的"西方中心主义"偏见。held sway over people's minds:从句的谓语部分(过去时,与主句时态一致)
- 固定搭配(hold sway):
- 考点 :
hold sway (over)是一个极具文学色彩的高级表达,意为"支配、统治、占据主导"。 - 易错点:不要将其拆解为"保持摇摆"。在学术和政论文章中,它常用来形容某种思想、观念或权力对大众的控制力。
- 考点 :
- 排比修辞与文化内涵(ourselves and the...):
- 考点 :连续三个
ourselves and the...构成了强烈的排比。 - 易错点 :理解其背后的文化批判意味。
ourselves代表自诩文明的西方人,而primitive, barbarian, pagan则是西方历史上对其他文化的贬义标签。作者借此批判了这种**"非我族类,其心必异"**的傲慢心态。
- 考点 :连续三个
- 副词短语(by definition):
- 考点 :理解
by definition的强调作用。 - 易错点:它的意思是"因为人类学的本质就是研究全人类的,如果你连其他文化都看不起,那这门学科就失去了存在的意义"。翻译时可处理为"从根本上来说"或"按定义而言"
- 考点 :理解
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arrive at | V. 达到,得出 | arrive at a conclusion (得出结论) | Syn: Reach, Attain / Ant: Depart from | arrive at that degree (达到那种程度) |
| sophistication | N. 成熟,老练,复杂 | a high degree of sophistication (高度成熟) | Syn: Maturity, Refinement / Ant: Naivety, Simplicity | degree of sophistication (成熟的程度/思想境界) |
| set A over against B | 短语. 将A与B对立,使A与B形成对比 | set facts over against rumors (将事实与谣言对立) | Syn: Contrast, Oppose, Juxtapose / Ant: Equate, Align | set our own belief over against... (把我们的信仰与...对立起来) |
| superstition | N. 迷信 | blind superstition (盲目迷信) | Syn: Myth, Fallacy / Ant: Fact, Truth | neighbour's superstition (邻居/他人的迷信) |
- 高级短语(set A over against B):
- 考点:这是一个极具画面感和学术色彩的固定搭配。
- 易错点 :不要将其拆解为"把A放在B上面"。
over against在这里的意思是**"与......相对立"、"与......形成鲜明对比"**。作者用它来生动地刻画了西方人那种"唯我独尊"的傲慢态度:把自己的信仰当成真理,把别人的信仰贬低为迷信。
- 关系副词的用法(where):
- 考点 :
where引导定语从句修饰degree。 - 易错点 :很多学生看到
degree会习惯性地想用which或that。但在这里,从句we no longer set...结构是完整的,不缺主语或宾语,缺的是一个状语(即"在这种程度下"),所以必须用where(相当于at which)。
- 考点 :
- 词义引申(sophistication):
- 考点 :
sophistication的语境含义。 - 易错点 :这个词在日常中常指"(机器、系统)复杂的、精密的"或"(人)世故的、懂行的"。但在本句中,它指的是**"思想境界的成熟"、"摆脱了幼稚和偏见的理智状态"**。
- 考点 :
- 代词的泛指(our neighbour's):
- 考点 :
neighbour的引申义。 - 易错点 :这里的
neighbour并不是指物理意义上的"隔壁邻居",而是泛指**"其他文化、其他民族、非西方世界"**。
- 考点 :
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| necessary | adj. 必要的;必需的 | if necessary (如果有必要) necessary condition (必要条件) | Syn: essential, required, indispensable Ant: unnecessary, optional |
| arrive at | v.短语 到达;达到(某种状态/结论) | arrive at a conclusion (得出结论) arrive at an agreement (达成协议) arrive at a decision (做出决定) | Syn: reach, attain, achieve Ant: depart from, abandon |
| degree | n. 程度;等级;学位 | to a certain degree (在一定程度上) a high degree of (高度的...) degree of sophistication (成熟程度) | Syn: level, stage, extent |
| sophistication | n. 成熟;老练;精妙;(此处指思想上的)成熟与开明 | political sophistication (政治上的成熟) cultural sophistication (文化上的精深) | Syn: refinement, maturity, worldliness Ant: naivety, simplicity, provincialism |
| no longer | adv.短语 不再 | no more (不再) not any longer (不再) | Syn: not anymore, ceased to Ant: still, yet |
| set... over against... | v.短语 将......与......对立/对比(常带有"抬高一方、贬低另一方"的意味) | set theory against practice (将理论与实践对立) set one's interests against another's (将自己的利益与他人的对立) | Syn: contrast with, oppose to, pit against Ant: align with, equate with |
| belief | n. 信仰;信念;看法 | religious belief (宗教信仰) firm belief (坚定信念) beyond belief (难以置信) | Syn: faith, conviction, creed Ant: disbelief, doubt, skepticism |
| superstition | n. 迷信;盲从 | superstitious belief (迷信观念) old superstitions (古老的迷信) | Syn: myth, fallacy, old wives' tale Ant: science, reason, fact |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| It was necessary first to... | 首先有必要...... | It 是形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式 to arrive...。 |
| arrive at that degree of sophistication | 达到那种成熟的程度 | that degree 带有指示性,指"那种(特定的)成熟度",为后面的定语从句做铺垫。 |
| where we no longer set... | 在那种状态下,我们不再...... | 关系副词 where 引导定语从句,修饰 degree(抽象意义上的"境界/状态")。 |
| set our own belief over against our neighbour's superstition | 把我们自己的信仰与邻人的迷信对立起来 | set A over against B = 把 A 和 B 放在对立面,且通常暗含"用A来衡量/贬低B"。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(缩写)及中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| recognize | v. 承认;认识到;辨别出 | recognize that... (认识到...) recognize the importance (认识到重要性) | Syn: acknowledge, realize, admit Ant: ignore, deny, overlook |
| institutions | n. (此处) 习俗;制度;惯例(非"机构") | social institutions (社会习俗/制度) political institutions (政治制度) the institution of marriage (婚姻制度) | Syn: customs, practices, traditions Ant: (无) |
| based on | v.短语 基于;以......为基础 | based on facts (基于事实) based on the premise (基于该前提) | Syn: founded on, grounded in Ant: independent of |
| premises | n. (复数) 前提;假设(单数:premise) | basic premise (基本前提) on the premise that (在...前提下) | Syn: assumptions, foundations, presuppositions Ant: conclusions |
| supernatural | n./adj. 超自然(的事物/力量) | belief in the supernatural (相信超自然) supernatural powers (超自然力量) | Syn: mystical, paranormal, divine Ant: natural, physical |
| considered together | v.短语 被放在一起考虑;被同等对待 | consider A together with B (把A与B一起考虑) taken together (统观来看) | Syn: examined jointly, treated equally Ant: treated separately, distinguished |
| our own among the rest | 独立主格结构 我们自己的(制度)也在其中 | among the rest (在其中/在其余之中) | Syn: our own included, ours as well |
| 固定短语搭配 | 中文释义 | 结构/语法说明 |
|---|---|---|
| It was necessary to recognize that... | 有必要认识到...... | 形式主语结构,it 作形式主语,to recognize... 是真正主语。 |
| which are based on the same premises | 基于相同前提的(制度) | 定语从句 ,修饰 institutions。 |
| let us say the supernatural | 比方说,超自然 | 插入语 ,对 premises 进行举例,语气委婉、举例随意。 |
| must be considered together | 必须被放在一起考察 | 宾语从句中的谓语部分,情态动词 must 表示"必然/必须"。 |
| our own among the rest | 我们自己的(制度)也在其余(制度)之中 | 独立主格/绝对结构,作补充状语,强调"不例外"。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性与中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 | 固定短语与整体表达 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| recognize | V. 认识到,承认 | recognize the truth (认清事实) | Syn: Acknowledge, Admit / Ant: Deny, Ignore | It was necessary to recognize that... (有必要认识到......) |
| institution | N. 制度,机构 | social institutions (社会制度) | Syn: System, Establishment / Ant: Individual | these institutions (这些社会制度) |
| premise | N. 前提,基础 | on the premise that... (在...的前提下) | Syn: Assumption, Basis / Ant: Conclusion | based on the same premises (建立在相同的前提/基础上) |
| supernatural | N./Adj. 超自然事物/的 | supernatural powers (超自然力量) | Syn: Divine, Paranormal / Ant: Natural, Scientific | the supernatural (超自然事物) |
| consider | V. 考虑,看待 | consider A as B (把A看作B) | Syn: Evaluate, Regard / Ant: Disregard | be considered together (被放在一起考量/研究) |
| among the rest | 短语. 在其余的...之中 | stand out among the rest (在其余中脱颖而出) | Syn: Along with others / Ant: Apart from | our own among the rest (我们自己的制度也在其余之中) |
- 核心短语(among the rest):
- 考点:这是整句话的"点睛之笔"。
- 易错点 :不要将其简单翻译为"在休息中"。
the rest在这里指代"其他所有的文化制度"。our own among the rest传达了一种极其强烈的平等观:西方文明并不高人一等,它只是众多人类文化样本中的一个(one among the rest)。
- 代词指代(which...) :
- 考点:定语从句的修饰对象。
- 易错点 :
which指代的是institutions(制度),而不是premises。在人类学语境中,institutions通常指婚姻、宗教、政治等社会制度。
- 插入语的语气(let us say):
- 考点 :理解
let us say的作用。 - 易错点 :它在这里相当于
for example或say,用来举一个具体的例子(超自然事物)来具象化抽象的"前提(premises)"。翻译时处理为"比如说"、"例如"即可。
- 考点 :理解
- 被动语态的翻译(must be considered):
- 考点:学术英语中大量使用被动语态以强调客观性。
- 易错点:中文翻译时通常需要转换为主动语态,或者加上泛指的主语,译为"必须将它们放在一起考量"。