【1.1英语句子写作常见问题 Common Sentence Errors】

四种句型与常见错误解析

  • 学术写作基础:四种句型与常见错误解析
    • 一、引言
    • 二、英语四种句型
      • [1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)](#1. 简单句(Simple Sentence))
      • [2. 并列句(Compound Sentence)](#2. 并列句(Compound Sentence))
      • [3. 复合句(Complex Sentence)](#3. 复合句(Complex Sentence))
      • [4. 并列复合句(Compound-Complex Sentence)](#4. 并列复合句(Compound-Complex Sentence))
      • [❓ 师生问答](#❓ 师生问答)
    • 三、四种常见句子错误
      • [错误 1:逗号粘连(Comma Splice)](#错误 1:逗号粘连(Comma Splice))
      • [错误 2:句式糅合(Blending)](#错误 2:句式糅合(Blending))
      • [错误 3:悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifier)](#错误 3:悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifier))
      • [错误 4:句子片段(Sentence Fragment)](#错误 4:句子片段(Sentence Fragment))
    • 四、总结

学术写作基础:四种句型与常见错误解析

主讲人:孙红丽(北京航空航天大学)

单元:学术写作基础(Unit 1)

主题:英语句型分类与常见写作错误


一、引言

在学术写作中,写出好的论文需要先"写出糟糕的句子"来表达思想。对于中国学生而言,避免一些常见的句子错误能有效提升英文写作质量。但在讨论错误之前,我们首先要了解正确的句子长什么样------即英语的四种基本句型。


二、英语四种句型

1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)

  • 通常包含 一个主语 + 一个谓语动词,有时有复合主语或复合谓语,表达一个完整的意思。
  • 示例:
    • Michael went home.(单主单谓)
    • Michael and his friend Tony went home.(复合主语)
    • Michael went home and did his homework.(复合谓语)
  • 以上三个都是简单句。

2. 并列句(Compound Sentence)

  • 包含 两个或以上的简单句 ,通过以下三种方式连接:
    1. 逗号 + 并列连词 (and, but, so, for, nor, yet 等) 例:He studies hard, so he ranks the first in his class.
    2. 分号 (;) 例:He studies hard; he ranks the first in his class.
    3. 分号 + 连接副词 (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore 等) 例:He studies hard; therefore, he ranks the first in his class.

3. 复合句(Complex Sentence)

  • 包含 一个独立分句 + 至少一个从属分句,如同树干与树枝的关系。
  • 示例:When they found out the truth, they were overjoyed.
    • 独立分句:they were overjoyed
    • 从属分句:when they found out the truth

4. 并列复合句(Compound-Complex Sentence)

  • 包含 至少两个独立分句 + 至少一个从属分句,如同两棵或更多的树组合在一起。
  • 示例:When children watch television, they can be influenced by what they see; therefore, parents should talk with their children about the programs they watch.
    • 独立分句:they can be influenced / parents should talk
    • 从属分句:when children watch television / what they see / they watch
  • 这是最复杂的句型,阅读和写作时需要仔细分析。

❓ 师生问答

学生问 :学术写作中,是不是句子越复杂越好?

教授答:当然不是。任何写作中,都应该根据具体情况混合使用不同句型,否则文章会读起来别扭又乏味。


三、四种常见句子错误

错误 1:逗号粘连(Comma Splice)

定义:仅用逗号连接两个独立分句(即两个完整句子)。

示例 1(错误):

He studies hard, he ranks the first in his class.

修正方法

  • 加逗号和连词:He studies hard, so he ranks the first in his class.
  • 在学术写作中,so/but 使用有限,可改为从属连词:Because he studies hard, he ranks the first in his class.
  • 或用分号 + 连接副词:He studies hard; therefore, he ranks the first in his class.

示例 2(错误):

Testing more items would give a better measure of knowledge of academic vocabulary, however, more items could also lead to fatigue.增加测试题项可以更好地衡量学术词汇的掌握程度,然而,过多的题项也可能导致疲劳。
⚠️ 注意:howeverthereforemoreoverfurthermore 等是连接副词,不是连词!不能直接加逗号连接两个句子。

修正

  • 将逗号改为分号:... vocabulary; however, more items ...
  • 或改为两个句子:... vocabulary. However, more items ...

错误 2:句式糅合(Blending)

定义:把两种或多种句式结构混在一个句子里,导致没有完整的独立分句。

修正方法

  • 保留 as,去掉 that,并加逗号 ,使 As Newell mentioned 成为状语从句,后接主句:

    As Newell mentioned, hitting children with hands or objects such as belts is a common habit in most countries of the world.

  • 或去掉 as,保留 that ,使 Newell mentioned 成为主谓结构,that 引导宾语从句:

    Newell mentioned that hitting children with hands or objects such as belts is a common habit in most countries of the world.

示例 2(错误,常见于 There be 句型):

There are three feeding methods were used to describe the relationship between elasticity and temperature.

  • 糅合了 There are three feeding methodsthree methods were used,结构重复。

修正

  • 去掉 wereThere are three feeding methods used to describe ...
  • 或去掉 There areThree feeding methods were used to describe ...

错误 3:悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifier)

定义:修饰语(如分词短语)找不到它逻辑上修饰的主语,悬在句中。

示例

After adding catalysts, no obvious changes were observed in region one.

  • "添加催化剂"的动作应该是 做的,但主句主语是 changes,导致 adding 没有逻辑主语。

修正 :把主句主语改为 people(或研究者):

After adding catalysts, we observed no obvious changes in region one.

⚠️ 注:有些悬垂修饰语已被长期使用,约定俗成被接受,如:

  • Judging by the return rate, the markets might grow dramatically.根据回报率来看,市场可能会大幅增长。(市场不是"判断"的逻辑主语,但已可接受)
  • Considering ... / To examine ... 等也常出现在学术写作中。

错误 4:句子片段(Sentence Fragment)

定义:只是一个句子的片段,缺少主语-谓语结构,不能独立成句。

示例(错误):

To make something, simulate something and reveal something, and then nothing.

  • 虽然很长,但整个结构是动词不定式和动宾,没有独立的完整分句(没有主谓结构)。

修正:在后面添加一个独立分句,使其完整:

To make something, simulate something and reveal something, we need a comprehensive framework.
在写长句时,尤其要警惕这种片段错误。


四、总结

句型 结构特点
简单句 1 个独立分句
并列句 ≥2 个独立分句,用连词/分号连接
复合句 1 个独立分句 + ≥1 个从属分句
并列复合句 ≥2 个独立分句 + ≥1 个从属分句
常见错误 核心问题 典型修正策略
逗号粘连 仅用逗号连接两个完整句子 加连词 / 用分号 / 拆成两句
句式糅合 两种结构混在一起,缺少独立分句 选择一种结构,去冗余
悬垂修饰语 修饰语没有逻辑主语 改为明确主语或改用公认表达
句子片段 没有主谓结构,不能独立 添加独立分句

希望这些内容能帮助你写出更规范的学术英语句子。下节再见!

相关推荐
roman_日积跬步-终至千里7 个月前
【学术英语】完型填空练习题
学术英语
roman_日积跬步-终至千里7 个月前
【学术英语】排序题汇总与解析
学术英语
脱脱克克2 年前
中国科学院大学研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 Materials Science TextA 原文和翻译
经验分享·学术英语