1. 引言
在容器技术体系中，Docker 和 Containerd 是两种常见的容器运行时。Docker 提供了从构建、推送到运行的一站式体验，而 Containerd 作为更底层的容器运行时，被 Kubernetes 等编排平台广泛采用。本文整理了两者最常用的命令，帮助你在日常开发与运维中快速上手。
2. Docker 容器常用命令
Docker 命令围绕镜像、容器、网络和数据卷展开，以下是最常用的操作。
2.1 镜像管理
bash
# 拉取镜像
docker pull nginx:latest
查看本地镜像
docker images
删除镜像
docker rmi nginx:latest
构建镜像
docker build -t myapp:v1 .2.2 容器生命周期
bash
# 运行容器（前台）
docker run nginx
运行容器（后台）
docker run -d --name web -p 8080:80 nginx
查看运行中的容器
docker ps
查看所有容器（含已停止）
docker ps -a
停止容器
docker stop web
启动已停止的容器
docker start web
重启容器
docker restart web
删除容器
docker rm web
强制删除运行中的容器
docker rm -f web2.3 进入容器与日志
bash
# 进入容器交互终端
docker exec -it web /bin/bash
查看容器日志
docker logs web
实时跟踪日志
docker logs -f web
查看容器资源占用
docker stats2.4 数据卷与网络
bash
# 创建数据卷
docker volume create mydata
挂载数据卷运行容器
docker run -d -v mydata:/data nginx
查看网络列表
docker network ls
创建自定义网络
docker network create mynet
指定网络运行容器
docker run -d --network mynet nginx3. Containerd 容器常用命令
Containerd 的命令行工具是 ctr，它更贴近底层，不包含镜像构建和 Dockerfile 等上层能力，主要面向镜像拉取、容器运行和命名空间管理。
3.1 命名空间管理
bash
# 查看命名空间
ctr namespace ls
创建命名空间
ctr namespace create k8s.io
删除命名空间
ctr namespace rm k8s.io3.2 镜像管理
bash
# 拉取镜像（需指定命名空间）
ctr -n k8s.io image pull docker.io/library/nginx:latest
查看本地镜像
ctr -n k8s.io image ls
删除镜像
ctr -n k8s.io image rm docker.io/library/nginx:latest
导入镜像
ctr -n k8s.io image import nginx.tar
导出镜像
ctr -n k8s.io image export nginx.tar docker.io/library/nginx:latest3.3 容器生命周期
bash
# 运行容器（前台）
ctr -n k8s.io run docker.io/library/nginx:latest web
运行容器（后台）
ctr -n k8s.io run -d docker.io/library/nginx:latest web
查看容器列表
ctr -n k8s.io container ls
查看容器详细信息
ctr -n k8s.io container info web
删除容器
ctr -n k8s.io container rm web3.4 任务（进程）管理
bash
# 查看容器中的任务（进程）
ctr -n k8s.io task ls
启动任务
ctr -n k8s.io task start web
暂停任务
ctr -n k8s.io task pause web
恢复任务
ctr -n k8s.io task resume web
停止任务
ctr -n k8s.io task kill web
删除任务
ctr -n k8s.io task rm web4. Kata 容器常用命令
Kata Containers 是一种基于轻量级虚拟机的容器运行时，它结合了容器的快速启动与虚拟机的安全隔离。Kata 通常通过 kata-runtime 与容器编排平台集成，也可以使用 kata-runtime 命令直接管理容器。
4.1 运行时信息
bash
# 查看 Kata 运行时版本
kata-runtime --version
查看 Kata 运行时配置
kata-runtime kata-env
查看支持的虚拟机类型
kata-runtime kata-check4.2 容器生命周期
bash
# 创建容器（不启动）
kata-runtime create --bundle /path/to/bundle test-container
启动容器
kata-runtime start test-container
查看容器状态
kata-runtime state test-container
删除容器
kata-runtime delete test-container
强制删除容器
kata-runtime delete --force test-container4.3 与 Docker 集成
bash
# 指定 Kata 运行时运行容器
docker run --runtime=kata-runtime -d --name kata-web nginx
查看容器使用的运行时
docker inspect kata-web | grep -i runtime
查看 Kata 虚拟机进程
ps aux | grep qemu5. Docker、Containerd 与 Kata 命令对比
| 操作 | Docker | Containerd（ctr） | Kata（kata-runtime） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 拉取镜像 | docker pull nginx | ctr -n k8s.io image pull docker.io/library/nginx:latest | 由上层 Docker/Containerd 管理 |
| 查看镜像 | docker images | ctr -n k8s.io image ls | 由上层 Docker/Containerd 管理 |
| 运行容器 | docker run -d nginx | ctr -n k8s.io run -d docker.io/library/nginx:latest web | docker run --runtime=kata-runtime -d nginx |
| 查看容器 | docker ps | ctr -n k8s.io container ls | kata-runtime list |
| 进入容器 | docker exec -it web /bin/bash | ctr -n k8s.io task exec --exec-id 1 -t web /bin/bash | docker exec -it web /bin/bash |
| 查看日志 | docker logs web | ctr -n k8s.io task logs web | docker logs web |
| 停止容器 | docker stop web | ctr -n k8s.io task kill web | docker stop web |
| 删除容器 | docker rm web | ctr -n k8s.io container rm web | kata-runtime delete web |
6. 总结
Docker 命令更贴近开发者日常使用，功能完整、上手简单；Containerd 的 ctr 命令更底层，通常需要显式指定命名空间，适合在 Kubernetes 节点或需要精细控制容器生命周期的场景中使用；Kata Containers 则通过轻量级虚拟机提供更强的安全隔离，适合多租户或高安全要求的场景。掌握三者的核心命令，可以更灵活地应对不同的容器运行环境。
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