新概念英语第一册 · 句法笔记
范围：仅《新概念英语第一册》（First Things First，L.G. Alexander）的句子结构部分，不含时态（见《新概念一-时态笔记.md》）与词的用法（见《新概念一-词法笔记.md》）。
依据：教材课次 + 夸克英语笔记 ncego.com 第一册各课"语法知识"栏（抓取日期 2026-11-08）。
结论：第一册句法的主线不是"记句型"，而是一条转换链：陈述句 → 否定句 → 一般疑问句 → 特殊疑问句。站点课程介绍也把"陈述句的基本构成、肯定变否定、再变一般疑问、特殊疑问"列为第一册的能力验收项。所有的从句、被动、引语，都是在这条链上"再套一层"。
一、总览：第一册句法地图
| 模块 | 内容 | 主要课次 | 重要度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 句子成分 | 主、谓、宾、定、状、补 | L21--24 | ★★★ |
| 五种基本句型 | SV / SVO / SVP / SVOO / SVOC | L21--22 | ★★★ |
| 疑问句体系 | 一般、特殊、选择、否定疑问 | L1--2、L7--14 | ★★★★ |
| 否定句 | be / 助动词 / 情态动词三条否定路径 | L3--4 | ★★★★ |
| There be | 存在句、就近原则 | L25--26 | ★★★ |
| 祈使句 | 动词原形开头、否定、Let's | L29--30、L39--40 | ★★★ |
| 感叹句 | What / How | L123--124 | ★★ |
| 状语从句 | if 条件、when 时间 | L137--138 | ★★★ |
| 宾语从句 | that / if / 疑问词引导、陈述语序 | L99--100、L139--140 | ★★★ |
| 定语从句 | who / which / that / whose | L121--122 | ★★ |
| 引语转换 | 直接引语 → 间接引语 | L101--102、L133--134 | ★★★ |
| 被动语态 | be + done | L141--144 | ★★ |
| 倒装 | So / Neither + 助动词 + 主语 | L113--114 | ★★ |
二、句子成分：先认零件，再看装配
| 成分 | 作用 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 S | 谁 / 什么 | The man is my uncle. |
| 谓语 V | 干什么 / 是什么 | He is / He works. |
| 宾语 O | 动作对象 | I like coffee. |
| 定语 | 修饰名词（前置或后置） | a pretty girl / the book on the desk |
| 状语 | 修饰动词/形容词/全句（时间、地点、方式、原因） | He runs quickly . / Yesterday I met him. |
| 补语 C | 补充说明主语或宾语 | They made him happy. |
两条铁律
- 一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词 。× He is go to school.
- 中文靠语序和"的/地/得"，英语靠位置 + 形式。定语放名词后（介词短语、从句）是中文没有的习惯。
三、五种基本句型（L21--22 站点语法点）
| 句型 | 结构 | 例 | 常见错误 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主谓 | S + V（不及物） | I study. / She runs. | 后面乱加宾语：× I study book. |
| 主系表 | S + be + 表语 | She is a teacher. / It is cold. | 漏 be：× She a teacher. |
| 主谓宾 | S + V + O | He eats an apple. | 及物动词漏宾语：× He eats. |
| 主谓双宾 | S + V + sb + sth | Give me the book. | 顺序错：× Give the book me.（应为 Give the book to me.） |
| 主谓宾宾补 | S + V + O + C | They made him happy. | 把宾补当宾语：× They made happy him. |
判定方法：先把动词找出来，再看动词后面需要什么。be 动词 → 主系表；不及物 → 主谓；及物 → 看后面接一个还是两个。
四、核心技能：一条句式转换链
这是第一册真正要练熟的动作。任何句子都能沿这条链走一遍，练 30 句比背 30 条规则有用。
4.1 四种句式的转换（L1--14 依次教授）
| 步骤 | be 动词句 | 实义动词句（现在） | 实义动词句（过去） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 陈述 | He is a teacher. | She likes coffee. | They went home. |
| 否定 | He isn't a teacher. | She doesn't like coffee. | They didn't go home. |
| 一般疑问 | Is he a teacher? | Does she like coffee? | Did they go home? |
| 特殊疑问 | What is he? | What does she like? | Where did they go? |
三条否定路径（记住这三条，全册够用）
| 谓语类型 | 否定方式 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| be 动词 | be + not | She is not here. |
| 实义动词 | do/does/did + not + 原形 | He doesn't work here. |
| 情态动词 | 情态动词 + not + 原形 | You mustn't go. |
疑问句的四步操作
- 找谓语：是 be / 情态动词 / 实义动词？
- be 或情态动词 → 直接提到句首。
- 实义动词 → 借 do/does/did，动词还原原形。
- 特殊疑问句 = 疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序（疑问词作主语时例外：Who broke the window? 不倒装）。
4.2 疑问词选择题（L7--14）
| 问什么 | 疑问词 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 物 / 职业 | what | What is your job? |
| 人（主/宾） | who / whom | Who is that man? |
| 所属 | whose | Whose is this shirt? = Whose shirt is this? |
| 选择范围 | which | Which book is yours? |
| 地点 | where | Where is Sally? |
| 时间 | when / what time | What time is it? |
| 方式 / 程度 / 状况 | how | How are you? / How do you go to work? |
| 数量（可数） | how many | How many books do you have? |
| 数量（不可数）/ 价格 | how much | How much milk? / How much is it? |
| 频率 | how often | How often do you see him? |
| 时长 | how long | How long have you lived here? |
| 年龄 | how old | How old is she? |
4.3 选择疑问句与否定疑问句
| 类型 | 构成 | 例 | 回答 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 选择疑问句 | 一般疑问句 + or + 选项 | Do you want beef or lamb? | 直接选一个，不用 yes/no |
| 否定疑问句 | 否定式 + 主语 | Isn't she beautiful? | Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.（按事实答，不按中文习惯） |
否定疑问句是口语高频："Don't you like it?" 回答 Yes 表示"喜欢"，不是"不喜欢"。这是中国学习者最容易答反的一类。
五、There be 句型（L25--26）
| 句式 | 结构 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | There is + 单数/不可数；There are + 复数 | There is a cat on the roof. / There are two books on the table. |
| 否定 | There isn't / aren't | There isn't any milk. |
| 一般疑问 | Is there...? / Are there...? | Is there a book on the desk? |
| 特殊疑问 | How many + 复数 + are there...? | How many chairs are there in the room? |
三条要点
- 就近原则 ：There is a book and two pens on the desk.（看最近的名词）
- There be 表"存在"，have 表"拥有"：There is a book on the desk.（桌上有书）vs I have a book.（我有书）
- 时态体现在 be 上 ：There was / were ；There will be ；There has been。
六、祈使句与感叹句
6.1 祈使句（L29--30、L39--40）
| 类型 | 结构 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | 动词原形开头（无主语） | Come in , Amy. / Open the window. / Air the room. |
| 否定 | Don't + 动词原形 | Don't drop it! / Don't be late. |
| 请求 | Please + 动词原形 | Please give me it. |
| 建议 | Let's + 动词原形 | Let's go, OK? |
| 委婉 | Would you please...? / Could you...? | Would you please open the door? |
易错
- 否定别用 not to：× Not open the door. → Don't open the door.
- be 动词也要用原形：× Don't is late. → Don't be late.
6.2 感叹句（L123--124）
| 结构 | 例 |
|---|---|
| What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数！ | What a beautiful sunset! |
| What + 形容词 + 复数/不可数名词！ | What beautiful weather ! / What lovely flowers! |
| How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓！ | How amazing the performance was! |
| How + 形容词 + a + 名词！ | How beautiful a sunset!（书面，了解即可） |
判断口诀：What 后面接名词，How 后面接形容词/副词。有名词走 What，没名词走 How。
七、并列句与状语从句（L137--138）
7.1 并列
| 连词 | 逻辑 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| and | 并列/顺承 | I opened the door and went in. |
| but | 转折 | He is old but strong. |
| or | 选择/否则 | Hurry up, or you'll be late. |
| so | 结果 | It was raining, so we stayed at home. |
7.2 状语从句
| 从句 | 连词 | 例 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 条件 | if | If it rains, we will stay at home. | 主将从现 |
| 时间 | when | When he arrived, I was cooking. | 主句过去进行、从句一般过去 |
| 时间 | before / after | After they had entered, they went in. | 先后顺序 |
| 原因 | because | He is absent because he is ill. | because 不能与 so 同句连用 |
| 让步 | although | Although he is poor, he is happy. | although 不与 but 连用（第一册零星出现） |
"主将从现"：主句用将来时，if / when 引导的从句用一般现在时。
- × If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home.
- ✓ If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
八、宾语从句（L99--100、L139--140）
8.1 三类引导词
| 类型 | 引导词 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | that（口语可省） | I think (that) he is awful. |
| 一般疑问句 | if / whether | I don't know if he will come. |
| 特殊疑问句 | 疑问词本身 | I don't know where he is. |
8.2 两条硬规则
规则一：从句必须用陈述语序
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| × I don't know where is he. | I don't know where he is. |
| × Tell me what do you want. | Tell me what you want. |
规则二：主句过去时 → 从句时态后退
| 直接引语 | 间接引语（主句 said/told） |
|---|---|
| "I am tired." | He said he was tired. |
| "I like coffee." | He said he liked coffee. |
| "I have finished." | He said he had finished. |
| "I will go." | He said he would go. |
| "I can swim." | He said he could swim. |
主句是一般现在时 时，从句时态随意（I know he will come / has come / came）。站点 L133--134、L139--140 都专门讲了这条。
九、定语从句（L121--122）
| 先行词 | 关系词 | 例 | 可否省略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 人 | who / that | The man who is standing there is my uncle. | 作宾语时可省 |
| 物 | which / that | The book which I bought is interesting. | 作宾语时可省 |
| 所属 | whose | The man whose car was stolen called the police. | 不可省 |
| 地点 | where | The house where he lives is old. | 不可省 |
第一册要求 ：读懂 + 简单使用，不要求区分限制性/非限制性。
易错：从句里的语序仍是陈述语序，且关系词已在从句中充当成分，不能重复。
- × The book which I bought it is interesting. → The book which I bought is interesting.
十、直接引语 → 间接引语（L101--102、L133--134）
10.1 五处变化
| 变化项 | 规则 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 人称 | 按说话人视角调整 | "I am tired." → He said he was tired. |
| 时态 | 主句过去 → 后退一步 | 现在→过去；过去→过去完成；将来→过去将来 |
| 时间状语 | now→then；today→that day；yesterday→the day before；tomorrow→the next day | --- |
| 地点/指示 | here→there；this→that；these→those | --- |
| 句类 | 陈述用 that；疑问用 if/whether 或疑问词 + 陈述语序；祈使用 tell/ask sb to do | "Open the door." → He told me to open the door. |
10.2 时态后退对照表
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to / must |
祈使句转换（考场高频）
| 直接 | 间接 |
|---|---|
| "Open the door." | He told me to open the door. |
| "Don't be late." | He told me not to be late. |
十一、被动语态（L141--144）
结构：be + 过去分词（时态由 be 承担，done 不变）
| 时态 | 结构 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | am/is/are + done | The room is cleaned every day. |
| 一般过去 | was/were + done | The window was broken yesterday. |
| 一般将来 | will be + done | The work will be done tomorrow. |
| 现在完成 | has/have been + done | He has been invited twice. |
| 含情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | It must be finished today. |
主动 ↔ 被动转换三步
- 把主动句的宾语提到句首当主语。
- 动词变成 be + 过去分词（be 的时态与原句一致）。
- 原主语用 by 引出（不重要可省略）。
| 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|
| She washes the car. | The car is washed by her. |
| Newton discovered gravity. | Gravity was discovered by Newton. |
什么时候用被动：动作承受者更重要、执行者未知或不重要、客观规律描述。站点 L141--144 页把它归为"强调动作的接受者"。
易错
- 过去分词 ≠ 过去式：× The window was broke . → was broken.
- 不及物动词无被动：× The accident was happened. → The accident happened.
- by 后接宾格：× by he → by him.
十二、倒装：So / Neither（L113--114）
| 类型 | 结构 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定附和 | So + 助动词 + 主语 | --- I like coffee. --- So do I. |
| 否定附和 | Neither + 助动词 + 主语 | --- I don't like tea. --- Neither do I. |
| 时态一致 | 助动词随原句变化 | --- He went home. --- So did I. |
| 含 be / 情态 | 直接用 be / 情态动词 | --- She is tired. --- So am I. / --- I can swim. --- So can he. |
易错
- 助动词必须与对方句子一致：× He went home. --- So do I. → So did I.
- Neither 本身已含否定，后面不再加 not：× Neither don't I.
十三、句法易错 TOP 12
| # | 错误 | 正确 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | × He is go to school. | He goes to school. | 一句一个谓语 |
| 2 | × Does he goes? | Does he go? | 助动词后动词还原 |
| 3 | × I didn't went. | I didn't go. | did 后还原 |
| 4 | × Is this your umbrella? --- Yes, it's. | Yes, it is. | 简短回答不用缩略 |
| 5 | × I don't know where is he. | ...where he is. | 从句用陈述语序 |
| 6 | × If it will rain... | If it rains... | 主将从现 |
| 7 | × Tell me what do you want. | Tell me what you want. | 从句不倒装 |
| 8 | × The book which I bought it... | The book which I bought... | 关系词已作宾语 |
| 9 | × He said he is tired. | He said he was tired. | 主句过去，从句后退 |
| 10 | × The window was broke. | was broken. | 被动用过去分词 |
| 11 | × There have a book on the desk. | There is a book... | 存在句用 be |
| 12 | × Not open the door. | Don't open the door. | 祈使句否定用 Don't |
十四、按课次学习的正确顺序
| 阶段 | 课次 | 句法内容 | 一次搞清的问题 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | L1--14 | 一般疑问句、否定句、特殊疑问句 | be 动词怎么问、疑问词怎么选 |
| 2 | L21--26 | 五种句型、介词短语作定语、There be | 句子怎么搭、"有"怎么说 |
| 3 | L29--40 | 祈使句 | 没有主语怎么说话 |
| 4 | L99--106 | 宾语从句、直接/间接引语 | 从句为什么不能用疑问语序 |
| 5 | L113--116 | so / neither 倒装、不定代词 | 怎么附和别人 |
| 6 | L121--124 | 定语从句、感叹句 | 修饰名词的两种位置 |
| 7 | L133--140 | 引语时态、宾语从句完整版、if 条件句 | 时态后退与主将从现 |
| 8 | L141--144 | 被动语态 | 什么时候该用被动 |
十五、自测标准
- 转换链：任给 10 个陈述句（含 be / 实义 / 过去 / 情态各 2 句），能正确改成否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句，正确率 ≥90%。
- 疑问词：给 12 个答句，反推该用什么疑问词提问。
- 从句语序：10 个宾语从句填空，全部用陈述语序。
- 引语：5 句直接引语改间接引语，人称、时态、时间状语三处全对。
- 被动：5 句主动改被动，be 的时态与原句一致。
- 综合：任取一篇第一册课文，标出每句属于五句型中的哪一种，并说明是陈述/疑问/祈使/感叹。
十六、来源与口径说明
| 内容 | 来源 | 时间 |
|---|---|---|
| 课程目录与课次 | 夸克英语笔记 https://www.ncego.com/books/nce1 | 抓取于 2026-11-08 |
| 第一册能力验收（陈述句构成、否定句、一般疑问、特殊疑问） | 站点课程介绍 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/1 | 抓取于 2026-11-08 |
| 一般疑问句 | 站点 L1--2 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/2 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| 否定句 | 站点 L3--4 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/3 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| 一般疑问句与特殊疑问句 | 站点 L7--8 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/5 | 更新于 2026-02 |
| 特殊疑问词 how / what / whose / which | 站点 L9--10、L13--14 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/6、/8 | 更新于 2026-02 |
| 简单句五种结构 | 站点 L21--22 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/12 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| 介词短语作后置定语 | 站点 L23--24 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/13 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| There be 句型 | 站点 L25--26 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/14 | 更新于 2023-12 |
| 祈使句 | 站点 L29--30 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/16 | 更新于 2026-02 |
| 宾语从句 / 直接引语与间接引语 | 站点 L99--100、L101--102 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/51、/52 | 更新于 2023-12 至 2025-11 |
| 倒装句（so / neither） | 站点 L113--114 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/58 | 更新于 2026-07 |
| 定语从句 | 站点 L121--122 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/62 | 更新于 2026-07 |
| 感叹句 | 站点 L123--124 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/63 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| 宾语从句时态 | 站点 L133--134 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/68 | 更新于 2026-04 |
| 宾语从句完整知识点 | 站点 L139--140 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/71 | 更新于 2026-04 |
| 条件状语从句 | 站点 L137--138 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/70 | 更新于 2026-03 |
| 被动语态 | 站点 L141--142、L143--144 语法页 https://www.ncego.com/lessons/72、/73 | 更新于 2023-12 至 2026-02 |
| 教材课次与例句 | 《新概念英语第一册》First Things First，L.G. Alexander，外语教学与研究出版社 | --- |
口径说明
- 课次为站点标注：站点把语法点标在每对课的第一课页面；与教材实际出现课次可能相差 1--2 课，以站点为准并已在正文写出范围。
- 未系统讲的部分：反意疑问句、非限制性定语从句、虚拟语气第一册均未系统教授，本文只在必要处提及"零星出现"，不作要求。
- 例句来源：标注"站点语法页"的结构例句取自站点原文；课文原句（如 "What's she doing?"）取自教材；其余为按教材水平自拟的示例。
- 难度判断：被动语态、定语从句标 ★★ 是因为第一册只要求"读懂 + 简单使用"，不是考试权重低。