Python多组数据三维绘图系统

文章目录

Python绘图系统：

基础：将matplotlib嵌入到tkinter 📈简单的绘图系统 📈数据导入📈三维绘图系统
自定义控件：坐标设置控件📉坐标列表控件

增添和删除坐标数据

在实现坐标列表控件之后，自然要在在绘图系统中创建多组坐标列表，同时需要提供新增或删除对应绘图数据的功能。那么首先得添加两个功能按钮

python 复制代码

def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
    ttk.Button(frm, text="绘图",width=5,
        command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
        command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="新增", width=5)
    btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)

    btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="删除", width=5)
    btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)

两个函数，addAxisList在最后面新增一个AxisList，deleteLast则删除最后一个AxisList。这两个功能十分简单，唯一需要注意的就是，在删除AxisList之前，需要取消pack

python 复制代码

def addLast(self, evt):
    title = f"坐标{len(self.als)}"
    al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,20])
    al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    self.als.append(al)

def deleteLast(self, evt):
    self.als[-1].pack_forget()
    del self.als[-1]

其中涉及到两个全局变量，一个是self.als，用于存放所有的AxisList；另一个是self.frmAxis，是所有AxisList的父组件。

前者可以放在DrawSystem的初始化函数中，

python 复制代码

self.als = []

后者则需要更改setFrmCtrl函数

python 复制代码

def setFrmCtrl(self, frmCtrl):
    frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
    frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
    self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)
    self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    self.addLast(None)

效果如下

更改绘图逻辑

现在有了多组数据，那么相应地绘图逻辑也需要跟着改变。另一方面，原有的全局变量self.data似乎已经很难描述全部数据，所以取消使用全局变量，同时修改绘图最终的绘图函数

python 复制代码

def drawPlot(self, ds):
    keys = 'xyz' if 'z' in ds[0] else 'xy'
    p = '3d' if 'z' in ds[0] else None
    ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
    for data in ds:
        ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys])

这里把之前的drawPlot和drawPlot3d合并到一起了，并且只是根据第一组坐标数据来判断是否启用3D，这种写法当然十分危险。考虑到日后肯定会通过类似ComboBox来整改，所以这里暂且先这么放着。

而点击绘图按钮之后的响应函数则修改为

python 复制代码

def readDatas(self, al):
    dct = {}
    data = {}
    for flag in 'xyz':
        data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)
        dct[flag] = data[flag]
    return data

def btnDrawImg(self):
    self.fig.clf()
    ds = [self.readDatas(al) for al in self.als]
    self.drawPlot(ds)
    self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
    self.canvas.draw()

基本逻辑是，遍历所有AxisList并提取数据，然后将所有数据传递给绘图函数进行图像绘制。

效果如下

源代码

最后把源代码附在下面，总计大约不到200行，你就能拥有一个支持多组数据的三维绘图系统了。

python 复制代码

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename

import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (
    FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
from matplotlib.figure import Figure

import numpy as np


class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):
    # widths 是每个控件的宽度
    def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.label = label
        self.initVar(mode)
        self.initWidgets(widths)
    
    def initVar(self, mode):
        self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代码", "外部导入", "无数据")
        self.mode = tk.StringVar()
        self.setMode(mode)
    
    def initWidgets(self, widths):
        tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)
        self.slct['value'] = self.MODES
        self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])
        self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)
    
    def setText(self, text):
        self.entry.delete(0, "end")
        self.entry.insert(0, text)

    def get(self):
        return self.entry.get()

    def setMode(self, mode):
        if type(mode) != str:
            mode = self.MODES[mode]
        self.mode.set(mode)

    def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):
        if self.mode.get() == "序列化":
            return self.getArray()
        elif self.mode.get() == "外部导入":
            return self.loadData(data)
        else:
            return self.readPython(**txyz)
    
    def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):
        self.data = eval(self.get())
        return self.data

    def loadData(self, data):
        if type(data) != type(None):
            self.data = data
        return self.data

    def getArray(self):
        val = self.get()
        self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")
        return self.data

class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.data = {}
        self.initWidgets(title, widths)
        self.initAxis(mode, widths)
    
    def initWidgets(self, title, widths):
        self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
            command=self.Click)
        self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
        self._c = ttk.Frame(self)
        self.collapsed = True
        self.Click()
        self.initFeature()
    
    def initAxis(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    
    def initFeature(self):
        frm = ttk.Frame(self._c)
        frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        
        self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
        for flag in 'txyz':
            btn = ttk.Button(frm, text=flag, width=3)
            btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
            btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.btnAxisCollapse)
    
    def btnAxisCollapse(self, evt):
        flag = evt.widget['text']
        self.vis[flag] = not self.vis[flag]
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            if self.vis[flag]:
                self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)

    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")
            self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])

    def Click(self):
        if self.collapsed:
            self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
        else:
            self._c.pack_forget()
        self.collapsed = not self.collapsed

    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)

class DarwSystem():
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = tk.Tk()
        self.root.title("数据展示工具")
        self.data = {}
        self.als = []

        frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)
        frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
        self.setFrmCtrl(frmCtrl)

        frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.setFrmFig(frmFig)
        
        self.root.mainloop()
    
    def setFrmCtrl(self, frmCtrl):
        frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
        self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)
        self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.addLast(None)

    def addLast(self, evt):
        title = f"坐标{len(self.als)}"
        al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,20])
        al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.als.append(al)

    def deleteLast(self, evt):
        self.als[-1].pack_forget()
        del self.als[-1]

    def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
        ttk.Button(frm, text="绘图",width=5,
            command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="新增", width=5)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)

        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="删除", width=5)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)

    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    
    def readDatas(self, al):
        dct = {}
        data = {}
        for flag in 'xyz':
            data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)
            dct[flag] = data[flag]
        return data

    def btnDrawImg(self):
        self.fig.clf()
        ds = [self.readDatas(al) for al in self.als]
        self.drawPlot(ds)
        self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
        self.canvas.draw()

    def drawPlot(self, ds):
        keys = 'xyz' if 'z' in ds[0] else 'xy'
        p = '3d' if 'z' in ds[0] else None
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
        for data in ds:
            ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys])

    def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):
        self.fig = Figure()
        self.canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)
        self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(
            side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,
            pack_toolbar=False)
        self.toolbar.update()
        self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    test = DarwSystem()