41、Flink之Hive 方言介绍及详细示例

Flink 系列文章

1、Flink 部署、概念介绍、source、transformation、sink使用示例、四大基石介绍和示例等系列综合文章链接

13、Flink 的table api与sql的基本概念、通用api介绍及入门示例
14、Flink 的table api与sql之数据类型: 内置数据类型以及它们的属性
15、Flink 的table api与sql之流式概念-详解的介绍了动态表、时间属性配置（如何处理更新结果）、时态表、流上的join、流上的确定性以及查询配置
16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及FileSystem示例（1）
16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及Elasticsearch示例（2）
16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及Apache Kafka示例（3）
16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及JDBC示例（4）

16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及Apache Hive示例（6）

20、Flink SQL之SQL Client: 不用编写代码就可以尝试 Flink SQL，可以直接提交 SQL 任务到集群上

22、Flink 的table api与sql之创建表的DDL
24、Flink 的table api与sql之Catalogs

30、Flink SQL之SQL 客户端（通过kafka和filesystem的例子介绍了配置文件使用-表、视图等）

33、Flink之hive介绍与简单示例
41、Flink之Hive 方言介绍及详细示例
42、Flink 的table api与sql之Hive Catalog

---

文章目录

• [Flink 系列文章](#Flink 系列文章)
• [一、Hive 方言介绍](#一、Hive 方言介绍)
• • [1、使用 Hive 方言](#1、使用 Hive 方言)
  • • [1）、SQL 客户端](#1）、SQL 客户端)
    • [2）、Table API](#2）、Table API)
  • 2、DDL
  • • 1）、show
    • 2）、catalog
    • 2）、database
    • 3）、table
    • 4）、VIEW
    • 5）、FUNCTION
  • [3、DML & DQL](#3、DML & DQL)
  • 4、注意

---

本文介绍了flink sql中使用hive方言的具体示例，每个示例都是经过运行的，有些示例为了体现出关键命令的作用，保留了出错信息。

本文依赖环境是hadoop、zookeeper、hive、flink环境好用，具体示例是在1.13版本中运行的（因为hadoop集群环境是基于jdk8的，flink1.17版本需要jdk11）。

更多的内容详见后续关于hive的介绍。如果你的环境不能运行本文示例，请参考：42、Flink 的table api与sql之Hive Catalog

一、Hive 方言介绍

从 1.11.0 开始，在使用 Hive 方言时，Flink 允许用户用 Hive 语法来编写 SQL 语句。通过提供与 Hive 语法的兼容性，我们旨在改善与 Hive 的互操作性，并减少用户需要在 Flink 和 Hive 之间切换来执行不同语句的情况。

1、使用 Hive 方言

Flink 目前支持两种 SQL 方言: default 和 hive。你需要先切换到 Hive 方言，然后才能使用 Hive 语法编写。下面介绍如何使用 SQL 客户端和 Table API 设置方言。 还要注意，你可以为执行的每个语句动态切换方言。无需重新启动会话即可使用其他方言。

1）、SQL 客户端

SQL 方言可以通过 table.sql-dialect 属性指定。因此你可以通过 SQL 客户端 yaml 文件中的 configuration 部分来设置初始方言。

execution:
  planner: blink
  type: batch
  result-mode: table

configuration:
  table.sql-dialect: hive

或者在 SQL 客户端启动后设置方言。

----使用hive方言
Flink SQL> set table.sql-dialect=hive;
[INFO] Session property has been set.

---使用默认的方言
Flink SQL> set table.sql-dialect=default;
Hive Session ID = 90f6200f-2af7-4045-93fc-9a1fbe77fcfd
[INFO] Session property has been set.

2）、Table API

你可以使用 Table API 为 TableEnvironment 设置方言。

EnvironmentSettings settings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance().useBlinkPlanner()...build();
TableEnvironment tableEnv = TableEnvironment.create(settings);
// to use hive dialect
tableEnv.getConfig().setSqlDialect(SqlDialect.HIVE);
// to use default dialect
tableEnv.getConfig().setSqlDialect(SqlDialect.DEFAULT);

• 示例

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.flink.api.java.tuple.Tuple2;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.DataStream;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.SqlDialect;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.CatalogDatabase;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.CatalogDatabaseImpl;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.ObjectPath;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.exceptions.CatalogException;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.exceptions.DatabaseAlreadyExistException;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.hive.HiveCatalog;
import org.apache.flink.types.Row;

/**
 * @author alanchan
 *
 */
public class TestCreateHiveTable {
	public static final String tableName = "alan_hivecatalog_hivedb_testTable";
	public static final String hive_create_table_sql = "CREATE  TABLE  " + tableName +  " (\n" + 
																					  "  id INT,\n" + 
																					  "  name STRING,\n" + 
																					  "  age INT" + ") " + 
																					  "TBLPROPERTIES (\n" + 
																					  "  'sink.partition-commit.delay'='5 s',\n" + 
																					  "  'sink.partition-commit.trigger'='partition-time',\n" + 
																					  "  'sink.partition-commit.policy.kind'='metastore,success-file'" + ")";

	/**
	 * @param args
	 * @throws DatabaseAlreadyExistException
	 * @throws CatalogException
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
		StreamTableEnvironment tenv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
		String hiveConfDir = "/usr/local/bigdata/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/conf";
		String name = "alan_hive";
		// default 数据库名称
		String defaultDatabase = "default";

		HiveCatalog hiveCatalog = new HiveCatalog(name, defaultDatabase, hiveConfDir);
		tenv.registerCatalog("alan_hive", hiveCatalog);
		tenv.useCatalog("alan_hive");

		String newDatabaseName = "alan_hivecatalog_hivedb";
		tenv.useDatabase(newDatabaseName);

		// 创建表
		tenv.getConfig().setSqlDialect(SqlDialect.HIVE);
		tenv.executeSql(hive_create_table_sql);

		// 插入数据
		String insertSQL = "insert into alan_hivecatalog_hivedb_testTable values (1,'alan',18)";
		tenv.executeSql(insertSQL);

		// 查询数据
		String selectSQL = "select * from alan_hivecatalog_hivedb_testTable" ;
		Table table = tenv.sqlQuery(selectSQL);
		table.printSchema();
		DataStream<Tuple2<Boolean, Row>> result = tenv.toRetractStream(table, Row.class);
		result.print();
		env.execute();
	}

}

2、DDL

本章节列出了 Hive 方言支持的 DDL 语句。我们主要关注语法。具体的hive语法可以参考hive的相关文档。比如本人关于hive的专栏：
3、hive的使用示例详解-建表、数据类型详解、内部外部表、分区表、分桶表

1）、show

SHOW CATALOGS
SHOW CURRENT CATALOG
SHOW DATABASES
SHOW CURRENT DATABASE
SHOW TABLES
SHOW VIEWS
SHOW FUNCTIONS
SHOW MODULES
SHOW FULL MODULES

2）、catalog

关于hivecatalog的操作详见下文：
16、Flink 的table api与sql之连接外部系统: 读写外部系统的连接器和格式以及Apache Hive示例（6）
42、Flink 的table api与sql之Hive Catalog

----创建
CREATE CATALOG alan_hivecatalog WITH (
    'type' = 'hive',
    'default-database' = 'testhive',
    'hive-conf-dir' = '/usr/local/bigdata/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/conf'
);
---使用
use alan_hivecatalog ;

2）、database

----创建
CREATE (DATABASE|SCHEMA) [IF NOT EXISTS] database_name
  [COMMENT database_comment]
  [LOCATION fs_path]
  [WITH DBPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...)];
--------修改
ALTER (DATABASE|SCHEMA) database_name SET DBPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...);
ALTER (DATABASE|SCHEMA) database_name SET OWNER [USER|ROLE] user_or_role;
ALTER (DATABASE|SCHEMA) database_name SET LOCATION fs_path;
----删除
DROP (DATABASE|SCHEMA) [IF EXISTS] database_name [RESTRICT|CASCADE];
------使用
USE database_name;

• 示例

----------------------sql语句
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS alan_testdatabase
comment "This is a database comment"
with dbproperties ('createdBy'='alan');
---hive执行，flink sql不支持语法
DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase;

--更改数据库属性
ALTER DATABASE alan_testdatabase SET DBPROPERTIES ('createdBy'='alanchan','createddate'='2023-08-31');
--更改数据库所有者
ALTER DATABASE alan_testdatabase SET OWNER USER alanchan;
--更改数据库位置
ALTER (DATABASE|SCHEMA) database_name SET LOCATION hdfs_path;
-----------

-------创建数据库
Flink SQL> use catalog alan_hivecatalog;
Hive Session ID = 094c27ff-fb61-485c-b4ab-3119881224c9
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS alan_testdatabase
> comment "This is a database comment"
> with dbproperties ('createdBy'='alan');
Hive Session ID = e406eed8-6575-4c0e-8b1b-b99db288a018
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> show databases;
Hive Session ID = f37fa06e-3a98-4c63-a304-d431d03c6bfa
+-------------------------+
|           database name |
+-------------------------+
| alan_hivecatalog_hivedb |
|       alan_testdatabase |
|                 default |
|                    test |
|                testhive |
+-------------------------+
5 rows in set

Flink SQL> DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase;
Hive Session ID = 94218191-bcce-4722-8a05-2f11e6d6807b
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
org.apache.flink.table.client.gateway.SqlExecutionException: Failed to parse statement: DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase
----------------修改数据库属性
Flink SQL> ALTER DATABASE alan_testdatabase SET DBPROPERTIES ('createdBy'='alanchan','createddate'='2023-08-31');
Hive Session ID = 6a598d85-8468-4f66-969f-8e4e1fa1981d
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> ALTER DATABASE alan_testdatabase SET OWNER USER 'alanchan';
Hive Session ID = e9ce6a7a-6d89-48f8-81c9-5a303706c0f9
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
org.apache.flink.table.planner.delegation.hive.copy.HiveASTParseException: line 1:48 cannot recognize input near ''alanchan'' '<EOF>' '<EOF>' in identifier for principal spec

Flink SQL> ALTER DATABASE alan_testdatabase SET OWNER USER alanchan;
Hive Session ID = 7975a16d-cd2b-4be5-9a1e-90b1454860ed
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

------------------------hive中查询数据库属性
0: jdbc:hive2://server4:10000> DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase;
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+
|      db_name       |           comment           |     location      | owner_name  | owner_type  |    parameters     |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+
| alan_testdatabase  | This is a database comment  | location/in/test  |             | USER        | {createdBy=alan}  |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------------+
1 row selected (0.048 seconds)
0: jdbc:hive2://server4:10000> DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase;
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|      db_name       |           comment           |     location      | owner_name  | owner_type  |                  parameters                   |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| alan_testdatabase  | This is a database comment  | location/in/test  |             | USER        | {createdBy=alanchan, createddate=2023-08-31}  |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row selected (0.049 seconds)
0: jdbc:hive2://server4:10000> DESCRIBE DATABASE EXTENDED alan_testdatabase;
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|      db_name       |           comment           |     location      | owner_name  | owner_type  |                  parameters                   |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| alan_testdatabase  | This is a database comment  | location/in/test  | alanchan    | USER        | {createdBy=alanchan, createddate=2023-08-31}  |
+--------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row selected (0.047 seconds)
---------flink drop 数据库
Flink SQL> drop database alan_testdatabase;
Hive Session ID = 30c71d25-a8fa-4b84-99b9-b6441937b6cf
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

3）、table

------创建
CREATE [EXTERNAL] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name
  [(col_name data_type [column_constraint] [COMMENT col_comment], ... [table_constraint])]
  [COMMENT table_comment]
  [PARTITIONED BY (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)]
  [
    [ROW FORMAT row_format]
    [STORED AS file_format]
  ]
  [LOCATION fs_path]
  [TBLPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...)]

row_format:
  : DELIMITED [FIELDS TERMINATED BY char [ESCAPED BY char]] [COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY char]
      [MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY char] [LINES TERMINATED BY char]
      [NULL DEFINED AS char]
  | SERDE serde_name [WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (property_name=property_value, ...)]

file_format:
  : SEQUENCEFILE
  | TEXTFILE
  | RCFILE
  | ORC
  | PARQUET
  | AVRO
  | INPUTFORMAT input_format_classname OUTPUTFORMAT output_format_classname

column_constraint:
  : NOT NULL [[ENABLE|DISABLE] [VALIDATE|NOVALIDATE] [RELY|NORELY]]

table_constraint:
  : [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY (col_name, ...) [[ENABLE|DISABLE] [VALIDATE|NOVALIDATE] [RELY|NORELY]]
  
--------修改
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name SET TBLPROPERTIES (property_name = property_value, property_name = property_value, ... );
ALTER TABLE table_name [PARTITION partition_spec] SET LOCATION fs_path;
--如果指定了 partition_spec，那么必须完整，即具有所有分区列的值。如果指定了，该操作将作用在对应分区上而不是表上。
ALTER TABLE table_name [PARTITION partition_spec] SET FILEFORMAT file_format;
--如果指定了 partition_spec，那么必须完整，即具有所有分区列的值。如果指定了，该操作将作用在对应分区上而不是表上。

Update SerDe Properties # 
ALTER TABLE table_name [PARTITION partition_spec] SET SERDE serde_class_name [WITH SERDEPROPERTIES serde_properties];

ALTER TABLE table_name [PARTITION partition_spec] SET SERDEPROPERTIES serde_properties;

serde_properties:
  : (property_name = property_value, property_name = property_value, ... )
--如果指定了 partition_spec，那么必须完整，即具有所有分区列的值。如果指定了，该操作将作用在对应分区上而不是表上。

Add Partitions # 
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD [IF NOT EXISTS] (PARTITION partition_spec [LOCATION fs_path])+;
Drop Partitions # 
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP [IF EXISTS] PARTITION partition_spec[, PARTITION partition_spec, ...];
Add/Replace Columns # 
ALTER TABLE table_name
  ADD|REPLACE COLUMNS (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)
  [CASCADE|RESTRICT]
Change Column # 
ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE [COLUMN] col_old_name col_new_name column_type
  [COMMENT col_comment] [FIRST|AFTER column_name] [CASCADE|RESTRICT];
Drop #
DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] table_name;

 --------删除
 drop table tableName;

• 基本表操作示例

Flink SQL> create table student(
>     num int,
>     name string,
>     sex string,
>     age int,
>     dept string)
> row format delimited
> fields terminated by ',';
Hive Session ID = d3a87e7c-4175-4c07-957a-4e855a537654
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> show tables;
Hive Session ID = 820371a4-d23f-4660-a558-905bd6c578e1
+------------+
| table name |
+------------+
|    student |
+------------+
1 row in set

Flink SQL> create external table student_ext(
>     num int,
>     name string,
>     sex string,
>     age int,
>     dept string)
> row format delimited
> fields terminated by ',';
Hive Session ID = 57656797-60f0-420e-8a0e-873ef5356303
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> show tables;
Hive Session ID = 060b1ab4-58a5-4377-b86c-4941e2dd672e
+-------------+
|  table name |
+-------------+
|     student |
| student_ext |
+-------------+
2 rows in set

Flink SQL> desc student;
Hive Session ID = 25346927-8a02-4178-ae17-0444d7c2ded4
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name |   type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|  num |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| name | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  sex | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  age |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| dept | STRING | true |     |        |           |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set

Flink SQL> desc student_ext;
Hive Session ID = 4858109e-8e2c-49e0-9319-37dc347de73a
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name |   type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|  num |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| name | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  sex | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  age |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| dept | STRING | true |     |        |           |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set
Flink SQL> show tables;
Hive Session ID = a6bc1062-de92-4aa3-abda-587124663002
+-------------+
|  table name |
+-------------+
|     student |
|    student1 |
| student_ext |
+-------------+
3 rows in set

-----------删除表
Flink SQL> drop table student;
Hive Session ID = e270ce9f-3bd1-4241-9ad4-a8e42405645b
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

-----------修改表
--1、更改表名
ALTER TABLE student RENAME TO alan_student;
Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE student RENAME TO alan_student;
Hive Session ID = f0659cc5-e578-403e-8a9e-0989a64652dc
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.

Flink SQL> show tables;
Hive Session ID = 6a1fdf70-43d5-40bd-86f7-4430b2d30e83
+--------------+
|   table name |
+--------------+
| alan_student |
|  student_ext |
+--------------+
2 rows in set

--2、更改表属性
ALTER TABLE table_name SET TBLPROPERTIES (property_name = property_value, ... );
--更改表注释
ALTER TABLE alan_student SET TBLPROPERTIES ('comment' = "new comment for alan_student table");
Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE alan_student SET TBLPROPERTIES ('comment' = "new comment for alan_student table");
Hive Session ID = c3a1f8ee-11fd-4e33-94bd-e941e2928c9d
[INFO] Execute statement succeed.
0: jdbc:hive2://server4:10000> DESC FORMATTED alan_student;
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
|           col_name            |                     data_type                      |               comment               |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| # col_name                    | data_type                                          | comment                             |
| num                           | int                                                |                                     |
| name                          | string                                             |                                     |
| sex                           | string                                             |                                     |
| age                           | int                                                |                                     |
| dept                          | string                                             |                                     |
|                               | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
| # Detailed Table Information  | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
| Database:                     | alan_testdatabase                                  | NULL                                |
| OwnerType:                    | USER                                               | NULL                                |
| Owner:                        | null                                               | NULL                                |
| CreateTime:                   | Thu Aug 31 14:02:55 CST 2023                       | NULL                                |
| LastAccessTime:               | UNKNOWN                                            | NULL                                |
| Retention:                    | 0                                                  | NULL                                |
| Location:                     | hdfs://HadoopHAcluster/user/hive/warehouse/alan_testdatabase.db/alan_student | NULL                                |
| Table Type:                   | MANAGED_TABLE                                      | NULL                                |
| Table Parameters:             | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
|                               | bucketing_version                                  | 2                                   |
|                               | comment                                            | new comment for alan_student table  |
|                               | numFiles                                           | 0                                   |
|                               | totalSize                                          | 0                                   |
|                               | transient_lastDdlTime                              | 1693461775                          |
|                               | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
| # Storage Information         | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
| SerDe Library:                | org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe | NULL                                |
| InputFormat:                  | org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat           | NULL                                |
| OutputFormat:                 | org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.IgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat | NULL                                |
| Compressed:                   | No                                                 | NULL                                |
| Num Buckets:                  | -1                                                 | NULL                                |
| Bucket Columns:               | []                                                 | NULL                                |
| Sort Columns:                 | []                                                 | NULL                                |
| Storage Desc Params:          | NULL                                               | NULL                                |
|                               | field.delim                                        | ,                                   |
|                               | serialization.format                               | ,                                   |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
34 rows selected (0.069 seconds)

--3、更改列名称/类型/位置/注释
CREATE TABLE test_change (a int, b int, c int);
Flink SQL> CREATE TABLE test_change (a int, b int, c int);

// 更改列名称
ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a1 INT;
Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a1 INT;
Flink SQL> desc test_change;
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name | type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|   a1 |  INT | true |     |        |           |
|    b |  INT | true |     |        |           |
|    c |  INT | true |     |        |           |
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+

// 更改列名称和类型
ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a1 a2 STRING AFTER b;
Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a1 a2 STRING AFTER b;
Flink SQL> desc test_change;
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name |   type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|    b |    INT | true |     |        |           |
|   a2 | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|    c |    INT | true |     |        |           |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
--4、添加/替换列
--使用ADD COLUMNS，可以将新列添加到现有列的末尾但在分区列之前。
--REPLACE COLUMNS 将删除所有现有列，并添加新的列集。
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD|REPLACE COLUMNS (col_name data_type,...);
Flink SQL> desc  alan_student;
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name |   type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|  num |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| name | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  sex | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|  age |    INT | true |     |        |           |
| dept | STRING | true |     |        |           |
+------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE alan_student ADD COLUMNS (balance int);
Flink SQL> desc  alan_student;
+---------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|    name |   type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+---------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|     num |    INT | true |     |        |           |
|    name | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|     sex | STRING | true |     |        |           |
|     age |    INT | true |     |        |           |
|    dept | STRING | true |     |        |           |
| balance |    INT | true |     |        |           |
+---------+--------+------+-----+--------+-----------+

Flink SQL> ALTER TABLE alan_student REPLACE COLUMNS (age int);
Flink SQL> desc  alan_student;
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
| name | type | null | key | extras | watermark |
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+
|  age |  INT | true |     |        |           |
+------+------+------+-----+--------+-----------+

• 分区表操作示例

--1、增加分区
创建一个单分区表
create table user_dept (
    num int,
    name string,
    sex string,
    age int) 
partitioned by (dept string) 
row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
--加载数据
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/students_MA.txt' into table user_dept partition(dept ="MA");

-- 一次添加一个分区
ALTER TABLE user_dept ADD PARTITION (dept='IS') '/user/hive/warehouse/testhive.db/user_dept/dept=IS';
--加载数据
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/students_IS.txt' into table user_dept partition(dept ="IS");

-- 添加多级分区
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD [IF NOT EXISTS] PARTITION partition_spec [LOCATION 'location'][, PARTITION partition_spec [LOCATION 'location'], ...];
partition_spec:
  : (partition_column = partition_col_value, partition_column = partition_col_value, ...)
  
--创建一个二级分区表
create table user_dept_sex (id int, name string,age int) 
partitioned by (dept string, sex string)
row format delimited fields terminated by ",";
--增加多分区
ALTER TABLE user_dept_sex ADD PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='M') 
PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='F') 
PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='M') 
PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='F') ;
--加载数据
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/user_dept/ma/m' into table user_dept_sex partition(dept='MA', sex='M');
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/user_dept/ma/f' into table user_dept_sex partition(dept='MA', sex='F');
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/user_dept/is/m' into table user_dept_sex partition(dept='IS', sex='M');
load data inpath '/hivetest/partition/user_dept/is/f' into table user_dept_sex partition(dept='IS', sex='F');

--2、rename partition
--2、重命名分区
ALTER TABLE table_name PARTITION partition_spec RENAME TO PARTITION partition_spec;

ALTER TABLE user_dept_sex PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='M') RENAME TO PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='Male');
ALTER TABLE user_dept_sex PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='F') RENAME TO PARTITION (dept='MA', sex='Female');
ALTER TABLE user_dept_sex PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='M') RENAME TO PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='Male');
ALTER TABLE user_dept_sex PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='F') RENAME TO PARTITION (dept='IS', sex='Female');

--3、删除分区
delete partition
--删除表的分区。这将删除该分区的数据和元数据。
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP [IF EXISTS] PARTITION (dt='2008-08-08', country='us');
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP [IF EXISTS] PARTITION (dt='2008-08-08', country='us') PURGE; --直接删除数据 不进垃圾桶

--5、修改分区
alter partition
--更改分区文件存储格式
ALTER TABLE table_name PARTITION (dt='2008-08-09') SET FILEFORMAT file_format;
--更改分区位置
ALTER TABLE table_name PARTITION (dt='2008-08-09') SET LOCATION "new location";

4）、VIEW

--创建
CREATE VIEW [IF NOT EXISTS] view_name [(column_name, ...) ]
  [COMMENT view_comment]
  [TBLPROPERTIES (property_name = property_value, ...)]
  AS SELECT ...;
--注意: 变更视图只在 Table API 中有效，SQL 客户端不支持。
--修改
ALTER VIEW view_name RENAME TO new_view_name;
ALTER VIEW view_name SET TBLPROPERTIES (property_name = property_value, ... );
ALTER VIEW view_name AS select_statement;
--删除
DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] view_name;

• 示例

--hive中有一张真实的基础表dim_user
select * from test.dim_user;

--1、创建视图
create view dim_user_v as select * from dim_user limit 4;

--从已有的视图中创建视图
create view dim_user_from_v as select * from dim_user_v limit 2;

--2、显示当前已有的视图
show tables;
show views;--hive v2.2.0之后支持

--3、视图的查询使用
select * from dim_user_v ;
select * from dim_user_from_v ;

--4、查看视图定义
show create table dim_user_v ;

--5、删除视图
drop view dim_user_from_v;

--6、更改视图属性
alter view dim_user_v set TBLPROPERTIES ('comment' = 'This is a view');

--7、更改视图定义
alter view dim_user_v as  select name from dim_user limit 2;
-----------------------flink sql cli 操作记录
Flink SQL> select * from dim_user;

+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| op |                             id |                           name |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| +I |                              4 |                           赵六 |
| +I |                              5 |                           alan |
| +I |                              1 |                           张三 |
| +I |                              2 |                           李四 |
| +I |                              3 |                           王五 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
Received a total of 5 rows

Flink SQL> create view dim_user_v as select * from dim_user limit 4;

Flink SQL> create view dim_user_from_v as select * from dim_user_v limit 2;

Flink SQL> show views;
Hive Session ID = ebae650c-ae23-4262-b9da-8ccef16d1b91
+-----------------+
|       view name |
+-----------------+
| dim_user_from_v |
|      dim_user_v |
+-----------------+
2 rows in set

Flink SQL> select * from dim_user_v ;

+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| op |                             id |                           name |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| +I |                              1 |                           张三 |
| +I |                              2 |                           李四 |
| +I |                              3 |                           王五 |
| +I |                              4 |                           赵六 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
Received a total of 4 rows

Flink SQL> show create table dim_user_v ;
Hive Session ID = 62802230-2420-484c-9a41-a66d45be3b3c
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
org.apache.flink.table.client.gateway.SqlExecutionException: Failed to parse statement: show create table dim_user_v

Flink SQL> select * from dim_user_from_v ;
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| op |                             id |                           name |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| +I |                              1 |                           张三 |
| +I |                              2 |                           李四 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
Received a total of 2 rows

Flink SQL> drop view dim_user_from_v;

Flink SQL> alter view dim_user_v set TBLPROPERTIES ('comment' = 'This is a view');

Flink SQL> alter view dim_user_v as  select name from dim_user limit 2;

Flink SQL> show views;
+------------+
|  view name |
+------------+
| dim_user_v |
+------------+
1 row in set

Flink SQL> select * from dim_user_v;
+----+--------------------------------+
| op |                           name |
+----+--------------------------------+
| +I |                           张三 |
| +I |                           李四 |
+----+--------------------------------+
Received a total of 2 rows

5）、FUNCTION

--创建
CREATE FUNCTION function_name AS class_name;
--删除
DROP FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] function_name;

• 示例
  更多的示例参考hive专栏的部分：7、hive shell客户端与属性配置、内置运算符、函数（内置运算符与自定义UDF运算符）

Flink SQL> select current_date();
+----+------------+
| op |     _o__c0 |
+----+------------+
| +I | 2023-08-31 |
+----+------------+
Received a total of 1 row

Flink SQL> select floor(3.1415926);
+----+------------+
| op |     _o__c0 |
+----+------------+
| +I |          3 |
+----+------------+
Received a total of 1 row

3、DML & DQL

Hive 方言支持常用的 Hive DML 和 DQL 。 下表列出了一些 Hive 方言支持的语法。

SORT/CLUSTER/DISTRIBUTE BY

Group By

Join

Union

LATERAL VIEW

Window Functions

SubQueries

CTE

INSERT INTO dest schema

Implicit type conversions

为了实现更好的语法和语义的兼容，强烈建议使用 HiveModule 并将其放在 Module 列表的首位，以便在函数解析时优先使用 Hive 内置函数。

Hive 方言不再支持 Flink SQL 语法 。 若需使用 Flink 语法，请切换到 default 方言。

以下是一个使用 Hive 方言的示例。

注意：hive以流模式运行时不能insert overwrite插入数据

CREATE CATALOG alan_hivecatalog WITH (
    'type' = 'hive',
    'default-database' = 'testhive',
    'hive-conf-dir' = '/usr/local/bigdata/apache-hive-3.1.2-bin/conf'
);
use catalog alan_hivecatalog;
set table.sql-dialect=hive;
load module hive;
use modules hive,core;
select explode(array(1,2,3));
create table tbl (key int,value string);
set execution.runtime-mode=streaming; 
insert into table tbl values (5,'e'),(1,'a'),(1,'a'),(3,'c'),(2,'b'),(3,'c'),(3,'c'),(4,'d');
select * from tbl;

--------------------flink sql 操作
Flink SQL> select explode(array(1,2,3));
Hive Session ID = 7d3ae2d5-24f3-4d97-9897-83c8a9abda9b
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.parse.SemanticException: Invalid function explode

Flink SQL> set table.sql-dialect=hive;

Flink SQL> select explode(array(1,2,3));
Hive Session ID = c0b87333-4957-4c18-b197-27649a3f2ae2
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.parse.SemanticException: Invalid function explode

Flink SQL> load module hive;

Flink SQL> use modules hive,core;

Flink SQL> select explode(array(1,2,3));

+----+-------------+
| op |         col |
+----+-------------+
| +I |           1 |
| +I |           2 |
| +I |           3 |
+----+-------------+
Received a total of 3 rows

Flink SQL> create table tbl (key int,value string);

Flink SQL> insert overwrite table tbl values (5,'e'),(1,'a'),(1,'a'),(3,'c'),(2,'b'),(3,'c'),(3,'c'),(4,'d');
Hive Session ID = 12fe08fa-5e63-44b2-8fc3-a90064959451
[INFO] Submitting SQL update statement to the cluster...
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Streaming mode not support overwrite.

Flink SQL> set execution.runtime-mode=batch; 
Hive Session ID = 4f17cc70-165c-4540-a299-874b66458521
[INFO] Session property has been set.

Flink SQL> insert overwrite table tbl values (5,'e'),(1,'a'),(1,'a'),(3,'c'),(2,'b'),(3,'c'),(3,'c'),(4,'d');
Hive Session ID = 1923623f-03d3-44b4-93ab-ee8498c5da06
[INFO] Submitting SQL update statement to the cluster...
[ERROR] Could not execute SQL statement. Reason:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Checkpoint is not supported for batch jobs.

Flink SQL> set execution.runtime-mode=streaming; 

Flink SQL> insert into table tbl values (5,'e'),(1,'a'),(1,'a'),(3,'c'),(2,'b'),(3,'c'),(3,'c'),(4,'d');

Flink SQL> select * from tbl;
+----+-------------+--------------------------------+
| op |         key |                          value |
+----+-------------+--------------------------------+
| +I |           5 |                              e |
| +I |           1 |                              a |
| +I |           1 |                              a |
| +I |           3 |                              c |
| +I |           2 |                              b |
| +I |           3 |                              c |
| +I |           3 |                              c |
| +I |           4 |                              d |
+----+-------------+--------------------------------+
Received a total of 8 rows

4、注意

以下是使用 Hive 方言的一些注意事项。

• Hive 方言只能用于操作 Hive 对象，并要求当前 Catalog 是一个 HiveCatalog 。
• Hive 方言只支持 db.table 这种两级的标识符，不支持带有 Catalog 名字的标识符。
• 虽然所有 Hive 版本支持相同的语法，但是一些特定的功能是否可用仍取决于你使用的Hive 版本。例如，更新数据库位置 只在 Hive-2.4.0 或更高版本支持。
• 执行 DML 和 DQL 时应该使用 HiveModule 。

以上，介绍了flink sql中使用hive方言的具体。