【web开发】12、Django知识点回顾

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总结、Django知识点回顾

  • 安装Django

pip install django

  • 创建Django项目

django-admin startproject mysite

注意: Pycharm可以创建。如果用Pycharm创建,记得settings.py中的DIR templates 删除

  • 创建app&注册

python manage.py startapp app01
python manage.py startapp app02>>>python manage.py startapp app03

python 复制代码
INSTALLED APPS = [
	...
	'app01.apps.App0lConfig'
	]

注意:否则app下的models.py写类时,无法在数据库中创建表

  • 配置静态文件路径&模板的路径 (放在app目录下)

  • 配置数据库相关操作(MySQL)

  • 第三方模块(django3版本)

pip install mysqlclient

'

  • 自己先去MySQL创建一个数据库
  • 配置数据库连接settingspy
python 复制代码
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': "gx_day1", # 数据库名字
        "USER":'root',
        'PASSWORD':'12345',#密码
        'HOST':'127.0.0.1',
        'POST':3306,# 那台机器安装了MySQLPORT': 3306
    }
}
  • 在app下的models.py中编写
python 复制代码
from django.db import models

class Admin(models.Model):
    """管理员"""
    username = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名",max_length=32)
    password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码",max_length=64)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.username      #连接表中所显示的内容

class Department(models.Model):
    """部门表"""
    title =models.CharField(verbose_name="标题",max_length=32)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class UserInfo(models.Model):
    """员工表"""
    name =models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名",max_length=32)
    password =models.CharField(verbose_name="密码",max_length=32)
    age =models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")
    account =models.DecimalField(verbose_name="余额",max_digits=10,decimal_places=2,default=0)
    creat_time =models.DateField(verbose_name="入职时间")
# 有约束     on_delete=models.CASCADE级联删除
    depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属部门",to="Department",to_field="id",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# 链接部分被删除时置空
# depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department",to_field="id",null=True,blank=True,on_delete=models.SET_NULL)
# 在django中做的约束
    gender_choices=(
        (1,"男"),
        (2,"女"),
    )
    gender =models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别",choices=gender_choices)

class PrettyNum(models.Model):
    """靓号表"""
    mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name="电话", max_length=11)
    price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="单价",default=0)

    level_choices = (
        (1, "1级"),
        (2, "2级"),
        (3, "3级"),
        (4, "4级"),
    )
    level = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="级别", choices=level_choices,default=1)

    status_choices = (
        (1, "已占用"),
        (2, "未占用"),
    )
    status = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="状态", choices= status_choices,default=2)

class Task(models.Model):
    """任务"""
    level_choices=(
        (1,"临时"),
        (2,"重要"),
        (3,"紧急"),
    )
    level = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="级别",choices=level_choices,default = 1)
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题",max_length=64)
    detail = models.TextField(verbose_name="详细信息")
    user = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="负责人",to="Admin",on_delete=models.CASCADE)

class Order(models.Model):
    """订单号"""
    oid = models.CharField(verbose_name="订单号",max_length=64)
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称",max_length=32)
    price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="价格")
    status_choices={
        (1,"待支付"),
        (2,"已支付"),
    }
    status = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="状态",choices = status_choices,default=1)
    admin = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="管理员",to="Admin",on_delete=models.CASCADE)

class City(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称",max_length=32)
    count = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="人口")

    img = models.FileField(verbose_name="Logo",max_length=32,upload_to="city/")
  • 执行两个命令

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

  • 在urls.py,路由 (URL和函数的对应关系)

  • 在views.py,视图函数,编写业务逻辑

  • templates目录,编写HTML模板 (含有模板语法、继承、{% static 'xx' %})

  • ORM操作

python 复制代码
models.User.objects .filter(id="xxx")
models.User.objects .filter(id="xxx").order_by("-id")

 - **ModelForm & Form组件,在我们开发增删改查功能**
	 - 生成HTML标签(生成默认值)

	 - 请求数据进行校验

	 - 保存到数据库 (ModelForm)

	 - 获取错误信息

	 - Cookie和Session,用户登录信息保存起来
  • Bootstrap样式(封装使用)
python 复制代码
from django import forms

class BootStrap:
    bootstrap_exclude_fields = []
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # 循环找到所有的插件,添加了"class":"form-control"得样式
        for name, field in self.fields.items():
            if name in self.bootstrap_exclude_fields:
                continue
            # 字段中有属性,保留原来的属性,没有属性,才增加
            if field.widget.attrs:
                # 有则添加字典值
                field.widget.attrs["class"] = "form-control"
                field.widget.attrs["placeholder"] = field.label
            else:
                field.widget.attrs = {
                    "class": "form-control",
                    "placeholder": field.label
                }


class BootstrapModelForm(BootStrap,forms.ModelForm):
    pass
class BootstrapForm(BootStrap,forms.Form):
    pass
  • 分页组件(封装使用)
python 复制代码
"""
自定义分页组件  如果以后想要使用这个分页组件,你需要做如下几件事:

在视图函数views.py函数中:
def pretty_list(request):

#1.根据所需筛选数据
    queryset = models.PrettyNum.objects.all()
#2.实例化分页对象
    page_object = Pagination(request,queryset,page_size=2)

    context ={
        "queryset": page_object.page_queryset, #分完页的数据
         "page_string": page_object.html() #生成页码
    }
    return render(request, 'pretty_list.html',context)

在html页面中
                <ul class="pagination">
                    {{ page_string }}
                </ul>


"""
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
class Pagination(object):
    def __init__(self,request,queryset,page_size=10,page_param="page",plus=5):
        """
        :param request: 请求对象
        :param queryset: 符合条件的数据
        :param page_size: 每页显示多少条数据
        :param page_param: 在URL中传递的获取分页的参数 例如/pretty/list/?page=4
        :param plus:显示当前页的前或后几页(页码)
        """
        import copy
        query_dict = copy.deepcopy(request.GET)
        query_dict._mutable = True

        self.query_dict = query_dict

        page = request.GET.get(page_param, "1")
        if page.isdecimal():
            page=int(page)
        else:
            page=1
        self.page =page
        self.page_size=page_size
        self.page_param=page_param

        self.start = (page - 1) * page_size
        self.end = page * page_size

        self.page_queryset = queryset[self.start:self.end]

        total_count = queryset.count()
        total_page_count, div = divmod(total_count, page_size)
        if div:
            total_page_count += 1
        self.total_page_count =total_page_count
        self.plus=plus

    def html(self):
            # 计算出显示当前页的的前五页后五页
        # 数据较少,显示全部页码
        if self.total_page_count <= 2 * self.plus + 1:
            start_page = 1
            end_page = self.total_page_count
        else:
            # 数据较多
            # 当前页<5
            if self.page <= self.plus:
                start_page = 1
                end_page = 2 * self.plus + 1
            else:
                # 当前页>5
                # 当前页+5>总页面
                if (self.page + self.plus) > self.total_page_count:
                    start_page = self.total_page_count - 2 * self.plus
                    end_page = self.total_page_count
                else:
                    start_page = self.page - self.plus
                    end_page = self.page + self.plus

        # 页码
        page_str_list = []
        self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[1])

        first = '<li><a  href="?{}">首页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())
        page_str_list.append(first)
            # 上一页
        if self.page > 1:
            self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page-1])
            prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())
        else:
            prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(1)
        page_str_list.append(prev)

        for i in range(start_page, end_page + 1):
            self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[i])
            if i == self.page:
                ele = '<li class="active"><a  href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)
            else:
                ele = '<li><a href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)
            page_str_list.append(ele)

        if self.page >= self.total_page_count:
            self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page+1])
            next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())
        else:
            self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])
            next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())
        page_str_list.append(next)

        # 尾页
        self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])
        end = '<li><a  href="?{}">尾页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())
        page_str_list.append(end)
        search_string = """             
            <li >
                <form method="get" style="float: left">
                    <input  type="text" 
                            class="form-control" name="page" placeholder="页码" 
                            style="width: 80px;position: relative;float: left;display: inline-block;border-radius: 0">
                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">跳转</button>
                </form>
            </li>
        """
        page_str_list.append(search_string)
        page_string = mark_safe("".join(page_str_list))
        return page_string
  • 中间件(封装使用)
    • 中间件,基于中间件实现用户认证,基于:process request。
python 复制代码
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import redirect

class AuthMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
    """中间件"""
    def process_request(selfself,request):
        #0.排除那些不需要登录就能访问的页面
        #request.path_info 获取当前用户请求的url  /login/
        if request.path_info in["/login/","/image/code/"]:
            return

        #1.读取当前访问的用户的session信息,如果能读到,说明已经登录过,可以继续向后走
        info_dict = request.session.get("info")
        print(info_dict)
        if info_dict:
            return

        #2.没有登录过,重新回到登录页面
        return redirect("/login/")
  • 验证码(封装使用)
python 复制代码
# pillow创建图片
# from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont
#
# img = Image.new(mode='RGB',size=(120,30),color=(255,255,255))
# draw =ImageDraw.Draw(img,mode='RGB')
#
# font =ImageFont.truetype("Rainbow-Party-2.ttf",18)
# draw.text([0, 0],'python','red',font=font)
#
# with open('code.png','wb') as f:
#     img.save(f,format='png')


import random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter


def check_code(width=120, height=30, char_length=5, font_file='D:\pythonproject\Django_project\mysite2\Rainbow-Party-2.ttf', font_size=20):


    code = []
    img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(width, height), color=(255, 255, 255))
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')

    def rndChar():
        """生成随机字母"""
        # return chr(random.randint(65, 90))
        return str(random.randint(0,9))

    def rndColor():
        return (random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(10, 255), random.randint(64, 255))

    #     写文字
    font = ImageFont.truetype(font_file, font_size)
    for i in range(char_length):
        char = rndChar()
        code.append(char)
        h = random.randint(0, 4)
        draw.text([i * width / char_length, h], char, font=font, fill=rndColor())

    #   写干扰点
    for i in range(40):
        x = random.randint(0, width)
        y = random.randint(0, height)
        draw.point((x, y), fill=rndColor())

    #   写干扰圆圈
    for i in range(40):
        draw.point([random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)], fill=rndColor())
        x = random.randint(0, width)
        y = random.randint(0, height)
        draw.arc((x, y, x + 4, y + 4), 0, 90, fill=rndColor())

    #   写干扰线
    for i in range(5):
        x1 = random.randint(0, width)
        y1 = random.randint(0, height)
        x2 = random.randint(0, width)
        y2 = random.randint(0, height)

        draw.line((x1, x2, y1, y2), fill=rndColor())

    img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE)
    return img, ''.join(code)
python 复制代码
{% block js %}
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var DELETE_ID
        var EDIT_ID
        $(function () {
            bindBtnAddEvent();

            bindBtnSaveEvent();

            bindBtnDeleteEvent();

            bindBtnConfirmDeleteEvent();

            bindBtnEditEvent();


        })

        function bindBtnAddEvent() {
            $('#btnAdd').click(function () {
                {#将正在编辑的ID设置为空#}
                EDIT_ID = undefined;

                {#清空对话框中的数据#}
                $("#formSave")[0].reset();

                $("#myModalLabel").text("新建")

                $('#myModal').modal('show')
            });
        }

        function bindBtnSaveEvent() {
            $("#btnSave").click(function () {
                {#清除错误信息#}
                $(".error-msg").empty();

                if (EDIT_ID) {
                    //编辑
                    doEdit();
                } else {
                    //添加
                    doAdd();
                }

                function doEdit() {
                    $.ajax({
                        url: '/order/edit/' + "?uid=" + EDIT_ID,
                        type: "post",
                        data: $("#formSave").serialize(),
                        dataType: "JSON",
                        success: function (res) {
                            if (res.status) {
                                alert("添加成功");
                                {##清空表单#}
                                $("#formSave")[0].reset();
                                {#关闭对话框#}
                                $('#myModal').modal('hide')
                                {#添加自动刷新#}
                                location.reload();
                            } else {
                                if (res.tips) {
                                    alert(res.tips);
                                } else {
                                    $.each(res.error, function (name, errorlist) {
                                        {#console.log(name, errorlist)#}
                                        $("#id_" + name).next().text(errorlist[0]);
                                    })
                                }

                            }

                        }
                    })
                }

                function doAdd() {
                    $.ajax({
                        url: '/order/add/',
                        type: "post",
                        data: $("#formSave").serialize(),
                        dataType: "JSON",
                        success: function (res) {
                            if (res.status) {
                                alert("添加成功");
                                {##清空表单#}
                                $("#formSave")[0].reset();
                                {#关闭对话框#}
                                $('#myModal').modal('hide')
                                {#添加自动刷新#}
                                location.reload();
                            } else {
                                {#console.log(res.error);#}
                                $.each(res.error, function (name, errorlist) {
                                    {#console.log(name, errorlist)#}
                                    $("#id_" + name).next().text(errorlist[0]);
                                })
                            }

                        }
                    })
                }

                {#向后台发送请求(添加ajax请求#}
            })
        }

        function bindBtnDeleteEvent() {
            $(".btn-delete").click(function () {
                {#alert("点击了删除");#}
                $("#deleteModal").modal('show');
                {#  获取当前行的ID并赋值给全局变量  #}
                DELETE_ID = $(this).attr("uid");

            })
        }

        function bindBtnConfirmDeleteEvent() {
            $("#btnConfirmDelete").click(function () {
                {#    确认删除按钮,将确定删除的id发送给后台#}
                $.ajax({
                    url: "/order/delete/",
                    type: "GET",
                    data: {
                        uid: DELETE_ID
                    },
                    dataType: "JSON",
                    success: function (res) {
                        if (res.status) {
                            {#alert("删除成功");#}
                            {#$('#deleteModal').modal('hide');#}
                            {#location.reload();#}
                            {#    在页面上将当前一行数据删除#}
                            {#$("tr[uid='"+DELETE_ID +"']").remove();#}
                            {#    要删除的id置为空#}
                            {#DELETE_ID = 0;#}
                            location.reload();


                        } else {
                            alert(res.error);
                        }
                    }
                })
            })
        }

        function bindBtnEditEvent() {
            $(".btn-edit").click(function () {
                var uid = $(this).attr("uid");
                EDIT_ID = uid

                {#设置对话框标题#}
                $("#myModalLabel").text("编辑")

                {#alert("点击了编辑");#}

                {#  发送ajax去后端获取当前行的相关数据#}
                $.ajax({
                    url: "/order/detail/",
                    type: "get",
                    data: {
                        uid: uid
                    },
                    dataType: "JSON",
                    success: function (res) {
                        if (res.status) {
                            $.each(res.data, function (name, value) {
                                $("#id_" + name).val(value);
                            })
                            $("#myModal").modal('show');
                        } else {
                            alert(res.error)
                        }
                    }
                })
                {#  在对话框中默认看到#}
            })
        }


    </script>
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