vue项目改造服务端渲染
概述
【定义】
服务器渲染的Vue应用程序被认为是"同构"或"通用",因为应用程序的大部分代码都可以在服务器和客户端上运行
【优点】
与传统SPA相比,服务器端渲染(SSR)的优势主要在于:
1、更好的 SEO,搜索引擎爬虫抓取工具可以直接查看完全渲染的页面
截至目前,Google 和 Bing 可以很好对同步 JavaScript 应用程序进行索引。但如果应用程序初始展示 loading 菊花图,然后通过 Ajax 获取内容,抓取工具并不会等待异步完成后再行抓取页面内容
2、更快的内容到达时间,特别是对于缓慢的网络情况或运行缓慢的设备
无需等待所有的 JavaScript 都完成下载并执行,才显示服务器渲染的标记,所以用户将会更快速地看到完整渲染的页面,通常可以产生更好的用户体验
思路
下面以官方的SSR服务器端渲染流程图为例,进行概要说明
1、universal Application Code是服务器端和浏览器端通用的代码
2、app.js是应用程序的入口entry,对应vue cli生成的项目的main.js文件
3、entry-client.js是客户端入口,仅运行于浏览器,entry-server.js是服务器端入口,仅运行于服务器
4、entry-client和entry-server这两个文件都需要通过webpack构建,其中entry-client需要通过webpack.server.config.js文件打包,entry-server需要通过webpack.server.config.js文件打包
5、entry-client构建后的client Bundle打包文件是vue-ssr-client-manifest.json,entry-server构建后的server Bundle打包文件是vue-ssr-server-bundle.json
6、server.js文件将客户端打包文件vue-ssr-client-manifest.json、服务器端打包文件vue-ssr-server-bundle.json和HTML模板混合,渲染成HTML
webpack配置
基于vue-cli生成的项目的build目录结构如下
build
- build.js
- check-versions.js
- utils.js
- vue-loader.conf.js
- webpack.base.conf.js
- webpack.dev.conf.js
- webpack.prod.conf.js
前面3个文件无需修改,只需修改*.*.conf.js文件
1、修改vue-loader.conf.js,将extract的值设置为false,因为服务器端渲染会自动将CSS内置。如果使用该extract,则会引入link标签载入CSS,从而导致相同的CSS资源重复加载
- extract: isProduction
+ extract: false
2、修改webpack.base.conf.js
只需修改entry入门配置即可
...
module.exports = {
context: path.resolve(__dirname, '../'),
entry: {
- app: './src/main.js'
+ app: './src/entry-client.js'
},
...
3、修改webpack.prod.conf.js
包括应用vue-server-renderer、去除HtmlWebpackPlugin、增加client环境变量
'use strict'
...
+ const VueSSRClientPlugin = require('vue-server-renderer/client-plugin')
const webpackConfig = merge(baseWebpackConfig, {
...
plugins: [
// http://vuejs.github.io/vue-loader/en/workflow/production.html
new webpack.DefinePlugin({
'process.env': env,
+ 'process.env.VUE_ENV': '"client"'
}),
...// generate dist index.html with correct asset hash for caching.
// you can customize output by editing /index.html
// see https://github.com/ampedandwired/html-webpack-plugin
- new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
- filename: config.build.index,
- template: 'index.html',
- inject: true,
- minify: {
- removeComments: true,
- collapseWhitespace: true,
- removeAttributeQuotes: true
- // more options:
- // https://github.com/kangax/html-minifier#options-quick-reference
- },
- // necessary to consistently work with multiple chunks via CommonsChunkPlugin
- chunksSortMode: 'dependency'
- }),
...// copy custom static assets
new CopyWebpackPlugin([
{
from: path.resolve(__dirname, '../static'),
to: config.build.assetsSubDirectory,
ignore: ['.*']
}
]),
+ new VueSSRClientPlugin()
]
})
...
module.exports = webpackConfig
4、新增webpack.server.conf.js
const webpack = require('webpack')
const merge = require('webpack-merge')
const nodeExternals = require('webpack-node-externals')
const baseConfig = require('./webpack.base.conf.js')
const VueSSRServerPlugin = require('vue-server-renderer/server-plugin')
module.exports = merge(baseConfig, {
entry: './src/entry-server.js',
target: 'node',
devtool: 'source-map',
output: {
libraryTarget: 'commonjs2'
},
externals: nodeExternals({
whitelist: /\.css$/
}),
plugins: [
new webpack.DefinePlugin({
'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify(process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'),
'process.env.VUE_ENV': '"server"'
}),
new VueSSRServerPlugin()
]
})
入口配置
在浏览器端渲染中,入口文件是main.js,而到了服务器端渲染,除了基础的main.js,还需要配置entry-client.js和entry-server.js
1、修改main.js
import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'
- import '@/assets/style.css'
import App from './App'
- import router from './router'
+ import createRouter from './router'
- import store from './store'
+ import createStore from './store'
import async from './utils/async'
Vue.use(async)
- new Vue({
+ export default function createApp() {
+ const router = createRouter()
+ const store = createStore()
+ const app = new Vue({
- el: '#app',
router,
store,
- components: { App },
- template: '<App/>'
+ render: h => h(App)
})
+ return { app, router, store }
+}
2、新增entry-client.js
后面会介绍到asyncData方法,但是asyncData方法只能用于路由绑定的组件,如果是初始数据则可以直接在entry-client.js中获取
/* eslint-disable */
import Vue from 'vue'
import createApp from './main'
Vue.mixin({
beforeRouteUpdate (to, from, next) {
const { asyncData } = this.$options
if (asyncData) {
asyncData({
store: this.$store,
route: to
}).then(next).catch(next)
} else {
next()
}
}
})
const { app, router, store } = createApp()
/* 获得初始数据 */
import { LOAD_CATEGORIES_ASYNC } from '@/components/Category/module'
import { LOAD_POSTS_ASYNC } from '@/components/Post/module'
import { LOAD_LIKES_ASYNC } from '@/components/Like/module'
import { LOAD_COMMENTS_ASYNC } from '@/components/Comment/module'
import { LOAD_USERS_ASYNC } from '@/components/User/module'
(function getInitialData() {
const { postCount, categoryCount, userCount, likeCount, commentCount } = store.getters
const { dispatch } = store
// 获取类别信息
!categoryCount && dispatch(LOAD_CATEGORIES_ASYNC),
// 获取文章信息
!postCount && dispatch(LOAD_POSTS_ASYNC),
// 获取点赞信息
!likeCount && dispatch(LOAD_LIKES_ASYNC),
// 获取评论信息
!commentCount && dispatch(LOAD_COMMENTS_ASYNC),
// 获取用户信息
!userCount && dispatch(LOAD_USERS_ASYNC)
})()
if (window.__INITIAL_STATE__) {
store.replaceState(window.__INITIAL_STATE__)
}
router.onReady(() => {
router.beforeResolve((to, from, next) => {
const matched = router.getMatchedComponents(to)
const prevMatched = router.getMatchedComponents(from)
let diffed = false
const activated = matched.filter((c, i) => {
return diffed || (diffed = (prevMatched[i] !== c))
})
if (!activated.length) {
return next()
}
Promise.all(activated.map(c => {
if (c.asyncData) {
return c.asyncData({ store, route: to })
}
})).then(() => {
next()
}).catch(next)
})
app.$mount('#root')
})
3、新增entry-sever.js
/* eslint-disable */
import createApp from './main'
export default context => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const { app, router, store } = createApp()
router.push(context.url)
router.onReady(() => {
const matchedComponents = router.getMatchedComponents()
if (!matchedComponents.length) {
return reject({ code: 404 })
}
Promise.all(matchedComponents.map(Component => {
if (Component.asyncData) {
return Component.asyncData({
store,
route: router.currentRoute
})
}
})).then(() => {
context.state = store.state
resolve(app)
}).catch(reject)
}, reject)
})
组件修改
由于代码需要在服务器端和浏览器端共用,所以需要修改组件,使之在服务器端运行时不会报错
1、修改router路由文件,给每个请求一个新的路由router实例
import Vue from 'vue'
import Router from 'vue-router'
Vue.use(Router)
+ export default function createRouter() {
- export default new Router({
+ return new Router({
mode: 'history',
routes: [
{
path: '/',
component: () => import(/* webpackChunkName:'home' */ '@/components/Home/Home'),
name: 'home',
meta: { index: 0 }
},
...
]
})
+}
2、修改状态管理vuex文件,给每个请求一个新的vuex实例
import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'
import auth from '@/components/User/module'
...
Vue.use(Vuex)
+ export default function createStore() {
- export default new Vuex.Store({
+ return new Vuex.Store({
modules: {
auth,
...
}
})
+}
3、使用asyncData方法来获取异步数据
要特别注意的是,由于asyncData只能通过路由发生作用,使用是非路由组件的异步数据获取最好移动到路由组件中
如果要通过asyncData获取多个数据,可以使用Promise.all()方法
asyncData({ store }) {
const { dispatch } = store
return Promise.all([
dispatch(LOAD_CATEGORIES_ASYNC),
dispatch(LOAD_POSTS_ASYNC)
])
}
如果该异步数据是全局通用的,可以在entry-client.js方法中直接获取
将TheHeader.vue通用头部组件获取异步数据的代码移动到entry-client.js方法中进行获取
// TheHeader.vue
computed: {
...
- ...mapGetters([
- 'postCount',
- 'categoryCount',
- 'likeCount',
- 'commentCount',
- 'userCount'
- ])
},
- mounted() {
// 获取异步信息
- this.loadAsync()
...
- },
...
methods: {
- loadAsync() {
- const { postCount, categoryCount, userCount, likeCount, commentCount } = this
- const { dispatch } = this.$store
- // 获取类别信息
- !categoryCount && dispatch(LOAD_CATEGORIES_ASYNC)
- // 获取文章信息
- !postCount && dispatch(LOAD_POSTS_ASYNC)
- // 获取点赞信息
- !likeCount && dispatch(LOAD_LIKES_ASYNC)
- // 获取评论信息
- !commentCount && dispatch(LOAD_COMMENTS_ASYNC)
- // 获取用户信息
- !userCount && dispatch(LOAD_USERS_ASYNC)
- },
将Post.vue中的异步数据通过asyncData进行获取
// post.vue
...
export default {
+ asyncData({ store, route }) {
+ return store.dispatch(LOAD_POST_ASYNC, { id: route.params.postid })
+ },
...
- mounted() {
- this.$store.dispatch(LOAD_POST_ASYNC, { id: this.postId })
- },
...
4、将全局css从main.js移动到App.vue中的内联style样式中,因为main.js中未设置css文件解析
// main.js
- import '@/assets/style.css'
// App.vue
...
<style module lang="postcss">
...
</style>
5、由于post组件的模块module.js中需要对数据通过window.atob()方法进行base64解析,而nodeJS环境下无window对象,会报错。于是,代码修改如下
// components/Post/module
- text: decodeURIComponent(escape(window.atob(doc.content)))
+ text: typeof window === 'object' ? decodeURIComponent(escape(window.atob(doc.content))) : ''
服务器配置
1、在根目录下,新建server.js文件
由于在webpack中去掉了HTMLWebpackPlugin插件,而是通过nodejs来处理模板,同时也就缺少了该插件设置的HTML文件压缩功能
需要在server.js文件中安装html-minifier来实现HTML文件压缩
const express = require('express')
const fs = require('fs')
const path = require('path')
const { createBundleRenderer } = require('vue-server-renderer')
const { minify } = require('html-minifier')
const app = express()
const resolve = file => path.resolve(__dirname, file)
const renderer = createBundleRenderer(require('./dist/vue-ssr-server-bundle.json'), {
runInNewContext: false,
template: fs.readFileSync(resolve('./index.html'), 'utf-8'),
clientManifest: require('./dist/vue-ssr-client-manifest.json'),
basedir: resolve('./dist')
})
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'dist')))
app.get('*', (req, res) => {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html')
const handleError = err => {
if (err.url) {
res.redirect(err.url)
} else if (err.code === 404) {
res.status(404).send('404 | Page Not Found')
} else {
res.status(500).send('500 | Internal Server Error')
console.error(`error during render : ${req.url}`)
console.error(err.stack)
}
}
const context = {
title: '小火柴的前端小站',
url: req.url
}
renderer.renderToString(context, (err, html) => {
console.log(err)
if (err) {
return handleError(err)
}
res.send(minify(html, { collapseWhitespace: true, minifyCSS: true}))
})
})
app.on('error', err => console.log(err))
app.listen(8080, () => {
console.log(`vue ssr started at localhost: 8080`)
})
2、修改package.json文件
- "build": "node build/build.js",
+ "build:client": "node build/build.js",
+ "build:server": "cross-env NODE_ENV=production webpack --config build/webpack.server.conf.js --progress --hide-modules",
+ "build": "rimraf dist && npm run build:client && npm run build:server",
3、修改index.html文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon.ico">
<title>小火柴的蓝色理想</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--vue-ssr-outlet-->
</body>
</html>
4、取消代理
如果继续使用代理如/api代理到后端接口,则可能会报如下错误
error:connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:80
直接写带有http的后端接口地址即可
const API_HOSTNAME = 'http://192.168.1.103:4000'
测试
1、安装依赖包
cnpm install --save-dev vue-server-renderer
2、构建
npm run build
3、运行
node server.js
点击右键,查看网页源代码。结果如下,说明网站已经实现了服务器端渲染
部署
【pm2】
由于该网站需要守护nodejs程序,使用pm2部署较为合适
在项目根目录下,新建一个ecosystem.json文件,内容如下
{
"apps" : [{
"name" : "blog-www",
"script" : "./index.js",
"env": {
"COMMON_VARIABLE": "true"
},
"env_production" : {
"NODE_ENV": "production"
}
}],
"deploy" : {
"production" : {
"user" : "xxx",
"host" : ["1.2.3.4"],
"port" : "22",
"ref" : "origin/master",
"repo" : "git@github.com:littlematch0123/blog-client.git",
"path" : "/home/xxx/www/mall",
"post-deploy" : "source ~/.nvm/nvm.sh && cnpm install && pm2 startOrRestart ecosystem.json --env production",
"ssh_options": "StrictHostKeyChecking=no",
"env" : {
"NODE_ENV": "production"
}
}
}
}
【CDN】
由于项目实际上既有静态资源,也有nodeJS程序。因此,最好把静态资源上传到七牛CDN上
自行选择服务器的一个目录,新建upload.js文件
var fs = require('fs');
var qiniu = require('qiniu');
var accessKey = 'xxx';
var secretKey = 'xxx';
var mac = new qiniu.auth.digest.Mac(accessKey, secretKey);
var staticPath = '/home/www/blog/client/source/';
var prefix = 'client/static';
var bucket = 'static';
var config = new qiniu.conf.Config();
config.zone = qiniu.zone.Zone_z1;
var formUploader = new qiniu.form_up.FormUploader(config);
var putExtra = new qiniu.form_up.PutExtra();
putExtra = null; // 一定要将putExtra设置为null,否则会出现所有文件类别都被识别为第一个文件的类型的情况
// 文件上传方法
function uploadFile (localFile) {
// 配置上传到七牛云的完整路径
const key = localFile.replace(staticPath, prefix)
const options = {
scope: bucket + ":" + key,
}
const putPolicy = new qiniu.rs.PutPolicy(options)
// 生成上传凭证
const uploadToken = putPolicy.uploadToken(mac)
// 上传文件
formUploader.putFile(uploadToken, key, localFile, putExtra, function(respErr, respBody, respInfo) {
if (respErr) throw respErr
if (respInfo.statusCode == 200) {
console.log(respBody);
} else {
console.log(respInfo.statusCode);
console.log(respBody);
}
})
}
// 目录上传方法
function uploadDirectory (dirPath) {
fs.readdir(dirPath, function (err, files) {
if (err) throw err
// 遍历目录下的内容
files.forEach(item => {
let path = `${dirPath}/${item}`
fs.stat(path, function (err, stats) {
if (err) throw err
// 是目录就接着遍历 否则上传
if (stats.isDirectory()) uploadDirectory(path)
else uploadFile(path, item)
})
})
})
}
fs.exists(staticPath, function (exists) {
if (!exists) {
console.log('目录不存在!')
}
else {
console.log('开始上传...')
uploadDirectory(staticPath)
}
})
【post-deploy】
然后,修改ecosystem.json文件中的post-deploy项
"source ~/.nvm/nvm.sh && cnpm install && npm run build && node /home/xiaohuochai/blog/client/upload.js&& pm2 startOrRestart ecosystem.json --env production",
但是,经过实际测试,在服务器端进行构建build,极其容易造成服务器死机。于是,还是在本地构建完成后,上传dist文件到服务器再进行相关操作
"source ~/.nvm/nvm.sh && cnpm install && node /home/xiaohuochai/blog/client/upload.js&& pm2 startOrRestart ecosystem.json --env production"
修改项目的静态资源地址为CDN地址,API地址为服务器API地址
// config/index.js
assetsPublicPath: 'https://static.xiaohuochai.site/client/'
// src/constants/API.js
const API_HOSTNAME = 'https://api.xiaohuochai.cc'
【nginx】
如果要使用域名对项目进行访问,还需要进行nginx配置
upstream client {
server 127.0.0.1:3002;
}
server{
listen 80;
server_name www.xiaohuochai.cc xiaohuochai.cc;
return 301 https://www.xiaohuochai.cc$request_uri;
}
server{
listen 443 http2;
server_name www.xiaohuochai.cc xiaohuochai.cc;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate /home/blog/client/crt/www.xiaohuochai.cc.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /home/blog/client/crt/www.xiaohuochai.cc.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
if ($host = 'xiaohuochai.cc'){
rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.xiaohuochai.cc/$1 permanent;
}
location / {
expires 7d;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' https://static.xiaohuochai.site; connect-src https://api.xiaohuochai.cc; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' https://static.xiaohuochai.site ; img-src 'self' data: https://pic.xiaohuochai.site https://static.xiaohuochai.site; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://static.xiaohuochai.site; frame-src https://demo.xiaohuochai.site https://xiaohuochai.site https://www.xiaohuochai.site;";
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forward-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-Nginx-Proxy true;
proxy_pass http://client;
proxy_redirect off;
}
}
浏览器渲染
官网的代码中,如果使用开发环境development,则需要进行相当复杂的配置
能否应用当前的webpack.dev.conf.js来进行开发呢?完全可以,开发环境中使用浏览器端渲染,生产环境中使用服务器端渲染
需要做出如下三点更改:
1、更改API地址,开发环境使用webpack代理,生产环境使用上线地址
// src/constants/API
let API_HOSTNAME
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
API_HOSTNAME = 'https://api.xiaohuochai.cc'
} else {
API_HOSTNAME = '/api'
}
2、在index.html同级目录下,新建一个index.template.html文件,index.html是开发环境的模板文件,index.template.html是生产环境的模板文件
// index.html
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
</body>
// index.template.html
<body>
<!--vue-ssr-outlet-->
</body>
3、更改服务器端入口文件server.js的模板文件为index.template.html
// server.js
const renderer = createBundleRenderer(require('./dist/vue-ssr-server-bundle.json'), {
runInNewContext: false,
template: fs.readFileSync(resolve('./index.template.html'), 'utf-8'),
clientManifest: require('./dist/vue-ssr-client-manifest.json'),
basedir: resolve('./dist')
})https://www.cnblogs.com/lcosima/p/9613349.html