MySQL内外连接

mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from salgrade;
+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     1 |   700 |  1200 |
|     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
|     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
|     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

表的连接分为内连和外连

1.内连接

内连接实际上就是利用where子句对两种表形成的笛卡儿积进行筛选，我们前面学习的查询都是内连接，也是在开发过程中使用的最多的连接查询。

语法如下：

select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件；

• 案例：显示SMITH的名字和部门名称

如果按照前面学的就是这样写的。

mysql> select ename, dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and ename = 'smith';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

如果按照内连接的方式。

mysql> select ename, dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno = dept.deptno and ename = 'smith';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

这种方式只是将两张表使用inner join关键字隔开，并在on字句后面表明连接两张表的条件是什么。（筛选出有效信息）。

两种方式在写法上不相同，其实结果是一样的。如果不太理解的同学可以看一下上一篇博客复合查询中的多表查询部分。

2.外连接

外连接分为左外连接和右外连

2.1左外连接

如果联合查询，左侧的表完全显示我们就说是左外连接。

语法：

select 字段名 from 表名1 left join 表名2 on 连接条件

• 查询所有学生的成绩，如果这个学生没有成绩，也要将学生的个人信息显示出来

创建两张表，一张学生表，一张成绩表

mysql> create table stu (id int, name varchar(30)); -- 学生表
mysql> insert into stu values(1,'jack'),(2,'tom'),(3,'kity'),(4,'nono');
mysql> create table exam (id int, grade int); -- 成绩表
mysql> insert into exam values(1, 56),(2,76),(11, 8);

mysql> select * from stu;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | jack |
|    2 | tom  |
|    3 | kity |
|    4 | nono |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from exam;
+------+-------+
| id   | grade |
+------+-------+
|    1 |    56 |
|    2 |    76 |
|   11 |     8 |
+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

如果我们直接筛选会发现很多数据不见了

mysql> select * from stu inner join exam on stu.id = exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
+------+------+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

因为有些学生没有成绩，无法完成题目要求，即使没有成绩也要显示。我们可以使用左连接

mysql> select * from stu left join exam on stu.id = exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
|    3 | kity | NULL |  NULL |
|    4 | nono | NULL |  NULL |
+------+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

左连接就是将左侧表中的信息根据连接条件全部显示出来，如果没有找到右表中与之匹配的数据就使用null进行填充。

2.2右外连接

如果联合查询，右侧的表完全显示我们就说是右外连接。

语法：

select 字段 from 表名1 right join 表名2 on 连接条件；

• 对stu表和exam表联合查询，把所有的成绩都显示出来，即使这个成绩没有学生与它对应，也要显示出来

mysql> select * from stu right join exam on stu.id = exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
| NULL | NULL |   11 |     8 |
+------+------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

和左外连接类似。如果左外连接调换了双方表的顺序也是可以使用右外连接的。

• 列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息，同时列出没有员工的部门

mysql> select dname, emp.* from dept left join emp on emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| dname      | empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| RESEARCH   | 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| RESEARCH   | 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| SALES      | 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| OPERATIONS |   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select dname, emp.* from emp right join dept on emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| dname      | empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| RESEARCH   | 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| RESEARCH   | 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| SALES      | 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| OPERATIONS |   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)