useState
useState 向组件中添加状态变量
状态是只读的,不可以直接修改
对于对象类型的状态变量,应该传递一个新的对象来更改
需要对象展开,并重新赋值,进行增加或者修改。
如果需要删除,则使用 filter。
js
import { useState } from "react";
function App() {
const [arr, setArr] = useState([
{ id: 1, name: 'zhangsan' },
{ id: 2, name: 'lisi' },
{ id: 3, name: 'wangwu' }
]);
const content = arr.map((item, index) => {
return <li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
})
const deleteVar = () => {
setArr(arr.filter(item => item.name !== 'zhangsan'))
}
return (
<>
<ul>
{content}
</ul>
<button onClick={deleteVar}>点击删除zhangsan</button>
</>
)
}
export default App
useReducer
让 React 管理多个相对关联的状态数据
js
import { useReducer } from "react"
// 1. 定义reducer函数,根据不同的action返回不同的状态
function reducer(state, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case 'ADD':
return state + action.payload
case 'SUB':
return state - 1
default:
return state
}
}
function App() {
// 2. 组件中调用 useReducer, 0 是初始化参数
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, 0)
return (
<div className="App">
{state}
{/* 3. 调用dispatch 产生一个新的状态,匹配事件(可传参) 更新 UI */}
<button onClick={() => { dispatch({ type: 'ADD', payload:100 }) }}>+</button>
<button onClick={() => { dispatch({ type: 'SUB' }) }}>-</button>
</div>
)
}
export default App;
useRef
- 进行数据存储 值可以手动修改 不是响应式数据
- 获取 dom 节点
数据存储
js
import {useRef, useState} from "react";
function App() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
// useState 进行数据存储 值可以手动修改 不是响应式数据
const preCount = useRef()
function handleClick() {
preCount.current = count
setCount(count + 1)
}
return (
<>
<p>最新的 count:{count}</p>
<p>上次的 count:{preCount.current}</p>
<button onClick={handleClick}>增加count</button>
</>
)
}
export default App;
获取 dom 节点
js
import {useRef, useState} from "react";
function App() {
const inputRef = useRef(null);
function handleClick() {
inputRef.current.focus();
}
return (
<>
<input ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={handleClick}>
聚焦输入框
</button>
</>
);
}
export default App;
获取组件
js
import {forwardRef, useImperativeHandle, useRef} from "react";
// 默认子组件不对外开放自身的功能 需要 forwardRef 进行包裹
const Child = forwardRef(function (props, ref) {
// 暴露给父组件的方法
useImperativeHandle(ref, () => ({
myFn: () => {
console.log('子组件myFn方法')
}
}))
return (
<div>Child 子组件</div>
)
})
function App() {
const childRef = useRef();
function handleClick() {
childRef.current.myFn();
}
return (
<>
<Child ref={childRef}/>
<button onClick={handleClick}>
按钮
</button>
</>
);
}
export default App;
useContext
多层级通信 - useContext
官方文档:useContext
js
import {createContext, useContext, useState} from "react";
function Section({children}) {
const level = useContext(LevelContent)
return (
<section className="section">
{/*逐渐从上层提供的LevelContext中取值*/}
<LevelContent.Provider value={level + 1}>
{/*children 也就是 heading 需要使用 useContext*/}
{children}
</LevelContent.Provider>
</section>
);
}
function Heading({children}) {
const level = useContext(LevelContent)
switch (level) {
case 1:
return <h1>{children}</h1>;
case 2:
return <h2>{children}</h2>;
case 3:
return <h3>{children}</h3>;
case 4:
return <h4>{children}</h4>;
case 5:
return <h5>{children}</h5>;
case 6:
return <h6>{children}</h6>;
default:
throw Error('未知的 level:' + level);
}
}
const LevelContent = createContext(0)
function App() {
return (
<Section>
<Heading>主标题</Heading>
<Section>
<Heading>副标题</Heading>
<Heading>副标题</Heading>
<Heading>副标题</Heading>
<Section>
<Heading>子标题</Heading>
<Heading>子标题</Heading>
<Heading>子标题</Heading>
<Section>
<Heading>子子标题</Heading>
<Heading>子子标题</Heading>
<Heading>子子标题</Heading>
</Section>
</Section>
</Section>
</Section>
)
}
export default App;
useEffect
useEffect 在组件中创建由渲染本身引起的操作(如发送 Ajax 请求,更改 DOM 等),即非用户操作。
副作用函数随着依赖项的触发而执行。
清理副作用一般在组件卸载时执行
useEffect(() =>{
// 实现副作用逻辑
return ()=> {
// 清除副作用逻辑
}
}, [] )
js
import {forwardRef, useEffect, useImperativeHandle, useRef, useState} from "react";
function App() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
const handleIncrement = ()=>setCount(count + 1)
const handleDecrement = ()=>setCount(count - 1)
useEffect(() => {
console.log('useEffect')
}, [count]);
return (
<>
<div style={{ padding: 10}}>
<button onClick={handleIncrement}>+</button>
<span> {count} </span>
<button onClick={handleDecrement}>-</button>
</div>
</>
);
}
export default App;
useMemo
组件重新渲染时缓存计算的结果。
实例:count1计算斐波那契数列,count2和count1可以触发数值变化。使用memo可以使只有在count1变化时触发斐波那契数列计算函数,而count2变化时不触发斐波那契数列计算函数。
js
import { useMemo } from "react";
import { useState } from "react";
function fib(n) {
console.log('计算函数执行')
if (n < 3) {
return 1
}
return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
}
function App() {
const [count1, setCount1] = useState(0)
const [count2, setCount2] = useState(0)
console.log('组件重新渲染')
const result = useMemo(() => {
return fib(count1)
}, [count1])
return (
<div className="App">
<button onClick={() => { setCount1(count1 + 1) }}>change count1: {count1}</button>
<button onClick={() => { setCount2(count2 + 1) }}>change count2: {count2}</button>
result: {result}
</div>
)
}
export default App
useCallback
useCallback 缓存函数
js
import { memo, useCallback, useState} from "react";
// memo 将组件变更为记忆组件
// 如果向组件传入的 prop 没有发生变化 将不会收到外部父组件的影响
const Button = memo(function ({onClick}) {
console.log('Button渲染了')
return <button onClick={onClick}>点击触发子组件</button>
})
function App(callback, deps) {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
// 此时不仅需要 memo 还需要将函数设为useCallback 缓存函数
// 因为父组件重新渲染 那么handleClick 将被分配一块新的内存地址 和之前的不是同一个函数
// eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
const handleClick = useCallback(() => {
console.log('点击按钮')
},[])
const handleUpdate = () => {
setCount(count + 1)
}
return (
<>
<div>
<p>Count: {count}</p>
<button onClick={handleUpdate}>点击更新count</button>
<Button onClick={handleClick}></Button>
</div>
</>
);
}
export default App;