目录
引言
本章主要是通过参考LNMP架构，以及自己编写的脚本，来实现在容器中分布式搭建LNMP架构，旨在学习如何通过自定义网络实现容器之间的互相通信，以及文件共享与宿主机持久化保持
一、架构环境
在使用docker容器搭建服务时，最好事先准备好所需的配置文件，使用ADD指令传输，或以挂载的方式，减少Dockerfile文件的指令，从而减小容器的大小，进行优化
|---------|---------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| 类型 | IP地址 | 软件包 | 文件 |
| 宿主机 | 192.168.83.30 | centos:7镜像、docker容器 | |
| nginx容器 | 172.20.0.10 | nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz | nginx.conf、Dockerfile |
| mysql容器 | 172.20.0.20 | mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz | Dockerfile、my.cnf |
| php容器 | 172.20.0.30 | php-7.1.10.tar.bz2 | Dockerfile、php.ini、php-fpm.conf、www.conf |
二、搭建容器
（一）自定义网络
首先需要创建自定义网络，用于实现各容器直接的互相通信以及文件共享
[root@docker nginx]#docker network create --subnet=172.30.0.0/16 --opt "com.docker.network.bridge.name"="docker1" vae
47f04b3e96525e4af3a05ef54e440fe0967ed87a224085c017517e0e2f3a027b
#创建自定义网络名称为vae，网段为172.30.0.0/16
（二）搭建nginx容器
1.文件准备
首先准备好nginx数据包+wordpress数据包、以及Dockerfile文件以及nginx的配置文件
2.查看与编辑文件
nginx配置文件
#添加35行字符集
#添加45行，支持默认访问index.php文件
#修改65-71行，支持php
cs
1
2 #user nobody;
3 worker_processes 1;
4
5 #error_log logs/error.log;
6 #error_log logs/error.log notice;
7 #error_log logs/error.log info;
8
9 #pid logs/nginx.pid;
10
11
12 events {
13 worker_connections 1024;
14 }
15
16
17 http {
18 include mime.types;
19 default_type application/octet-stream;
20
21 #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
22 # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
23 # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
24
25 #access_log logs/access.log main;
26
27 sendfile on;
28 #tcp_nopush on;
29
30 #keepalive_timeout 0;
31 keepalive_timeout 65;
32
33 #gzip on;
34
35 server {
36 listen 80;
37 server_name localhost;
38
39 charset utf-8;
40
41 #access_log logs/host.access.log main;
42
43 location / {
44 root html;
45 index index.html index.php;
46 }
47
48 #error_page 404 /404.html;
49
50 # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
51 #
52 error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
53 location = /50x.html {
54 root html;
55 }
56
57 # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
58 #
59 #location ~ \.php$ {
60 # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
61 #}
62
63 # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
64 #
65 location ~ \.php$ {
66 root html;
67 fastcgi_pass 172.30.0.30:9000;
#指向后端php容器的9000端口
68 fastcgi_index index.php;
69 fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /usr/local/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;
70 include fastcgi_params;
71 }
72
73 # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
74 # concurs with nginx's one
75 #
76 #location ~ /\.ht {
77 # deny all;
78 #}
79 }
80
81
82 # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
83 #
84 #server {
85 # listen 8000;
86 # listen somename:8080;
87 # server_name somename alias another.alias;
88
89 # location / {
90 # root html;
91 # index index.html index.htm;
92 # }
93 #}
94
95
96 # HTTPS server
97 #
98 #server {
99 # listen 443 ssl;
100 # server_name localhost;
101
102 # ssl_certificate cert.pem;
103 # ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
104
105 # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
106 # ssl_session_timeout 5m;
107
108 # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
109 # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
110
111 # location / {
112 # root html;
113 # index index.html index.htm;
114 # }
115 #}
116
117 }Dockerfile文件
FROM centos:7
#指定基础镜像为CentOS 7
MAINTAINER this is nginx image <lnmp>
#声明镜像作者及联系信息
RUN yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel gcc gcc-c++ make;useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#通过yum包管理器安装编译Nginx所需的依赖包
RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#创建一个名为nginx的系统用户，并禁止其登录shell
ADD nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz /usr/local/src/
#将名为nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz的Nginx源代码压缩包解压到容器内的/usr/local目录下
WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.18.0
#设置工作目录为解压后的Nginx源代码目录。
RUN ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-http_stub_status_module;make -j 4 && make install
#在Nginx源代码目录下执行配置、编译和安装操作。编译使用了4个线程（-j 4）以提高速度。
ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH
#设置环境变量PATH，将Nginx的sbin目录加入到PATH中，使得在容器内可以直接执行Nginx的命令
ADD nginx.conf /usr/local/nginx/conf/
ADD wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz /usr/local/nginx/html
#将名为wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.g的论坛源代码压缩包解压到容器内
#的/usr/local/nginx/html目录下
RUN chmod 777 -R /usr/local/nginx/html/
#开放读写以及执行权限
EXPOSE 80
#声明容器运行时使用80端口
VOLUME [ "/usr/local/nginx/html/" ]
#声明持久化目录，便于数据持久化和容器间的共享
CMD [ "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx","-g","daemon off;" ]
#设置容器启动时默认执行的命令，即启动Nginx服务器，并指定运行在前台模式（防止容器启动后立即退出）
#通过-g "daemon off;"参数禁用了Nginx的守护进程模式
#这意味着当启动容器时，Nginx将以非守护进程形式运行，并且容器的生命周期与Nginx服务绑定在一起。3.生成镜像
[root@docker nginx]#docker build -t nginx:lnmp .
4.创建容器
[root@docker nginx]#docker run -d --name nginx -p 80:80 --net vae --ip 172.30.0.10
-v /lnmp/nginx/nginx.conf:/usr/local/nginx/nginx.conf nginx:lnmp
docker run #命令用于创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令。
-d #参数表示以后台模式运行容器（守护进程模式）。
--name nginx #为新创建的容器指定一个名称，即nginx。
-p 80:80 #映射容器的80端口到主机的80端口，允许外部通过主机的80端口访问容器内的服务。
--net vae #指定容器加入名为vae的自定义网络。这意味着容器将使用此网络进行网络通信
--ip 172.30.0.10 #为容器在vae网络中指定一个固定的IP地址，即172.30.0.10
nginx:lnmp #指定使用的镜像名称
-v /lnmp/nginx/nginx.conf:/usr/local/nginx/nginx.conf
（三）搭建MySQL容器
1.文件准备
2.查看与编辑文件
查看my.cnf文件
[root@docker mysql]#cat my.cnf
[client]
port = 3306
socket=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character-set-server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid
socket=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
skip-name-resolve
max_connections=2048
default-storage-engine=INNODB
max_allowed_packet=16M
server-id = 1
sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,PIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES编辑Dockerfile文件
FROM centos:7
#基于CentOS 7镜像创建新的Docker镜像。
MAINTAINER this is mysql image <mysqld>
#声明镜像的维护者信息
RUN yum -y install ...
#使用yum包管理器安装编译和运行MySQL所需的各种依赖包，并创建一个名为mysql的无家目录用户
ADD mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz /usr/local/
#将名为mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz的MySQL源码包解压到容器内的/usr/local/目录下。
WORKDIR /usr/local/mysql-5.7.20/
#设置工作目录为解压后的MySQL源码目录。
RUN cmake ... make install
#使用cmake配置MySQL编译选项，进行编译和安装。
ADD my.cnf /etc/my.cnf
#将当前目录下的my.cnf配置文件添加到容器的/etc目录下，用作MySQL服务器的配置文件。
EXPOSE 3306
#声明容器运行时将暴露3306端口，这是MySQL服务的标准端口。
RUN chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql/;chown mysql:mysql /etc/my.cnf
#更改MySQL安装目录及其配置文件的所有权，使其属于mysql用户和mysql组。
WORKDIR /usr/local/mysql/bin/
#切换到MySQL二进制文件目录。
RUN ./mysqld ... systemctl enable mysqld
#初始化MySQL数据库目录和数据文件，并设置MySQL服务开机启动。
ENV PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/mysql/lib:$PATH
#设置环境变量PATH，将其更新为包含MySQL的bin和lib目录。
VOLUME [ "/usr/local/mysql" ]
#定义一个数据卷挂载点，这里的 /usr/local/mysql是MySQL的数据目录。
#在容器运行时，可以将宿主机的某个目录映射到此容器内的该目录，使得数据持久化并可在不同容器间共享
CMD ["/usr/sbin/init"]
#设置了容器启动时默认执行的命令，这里是/usr/sbin/init
#也可以设置为/usr/local/msyql/bin/mysqld3.生成镜像
[root@docker mysql]#docker build -t mysqld:lnmp .
4.创建容器
[root@docker mysql]#docker run -d --privileged --name mysqld -p 3306:3306 --net vae --ip 172.30.0.20 mysqld:lnmp
docker run #命令用于创建一个新的容器并运行。
-d #表示以后台模式运行容器。
--privileged #给予容器更多权限，包括对设备、网络等的额外访问权限
--name mysqld #为容器指定名称为mysqld。
-p 3306:3306 #将容器内部的3306端口映射到宿主机的3306端口
--net vae #指定容器加入名为vae的自定义网络。
--ip 172.30.0.20 #为容器在vae网络中分配固定的IP地址172.30.0.20。
mysqld:lnmp #指定使用的镜像名称
容器创建完毕后，可以进入容器先查看目录是否进行了共享
（四）搭建PHP容器
1.文件准备
这些文件都存放于源码包中，可以现在宿主机上进行解压，然后将配置文件修改完毕后，再放入该目录下
2.查看与编辑文件
查看并修改php.ini文件
cs
[root@docker php]#grep -v "^;" php.ini |grep -v "^$"
#过滤掉非注释行与空行，
#需要将 mysqli.default_socket行添加/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
#将 date.timezone 行修改为东八区时间 Asia/Shanghai
[PHP]
engine = On
short_open_tag = Off
precision = 14
output_buffering = 4096
zlib.output_compression = Off
implicit_flush = Off
unserialize_callback_func =
serialize_precision = -1
disable_functions =
disable_classes =
zend.enable_gc = On
expose_php = On
max_execution_time = 30
max_input_time = 60
memory_limit = 128M
error_reporting = E_ALL
display_errors = On
display_startup_errors = On
log_errors = On
log_errors_max_len = 1024
ignore_repeated_errors = Off
ignore_repeated_source = Off
report_memleaks = On
track_errors = On
html_errors = On
variables_order = "GPCS"
request_order = "GP"
register_argc_argv = Off
auto_globals_jit = On
post_max_size = 8M
auto_prepend_file =
auto_append_file =
default_mimetype = "text/html"
default_charset = "UTF-8"
doc_root =
user_dir =
enable_dl = Off
file_uploads = On
upload_max_filesize = 2M
max_file_uploads = 20
allow_url_fopen = On
allow_url_include = Off
default_socket_timeout = 60
[CLI Server]
cli_server.color = On
[Date]
date.timezone = Asia/Shanghai #修改位置，修改时间为东八区时间
[filter]
[iconv]
[intl]
[sqlite3]
[Pcre]
[Pdo]
[Pdo_mysql]
pdo_mysql.cache_size = 2000
pdo_mysql.default_socket=
[Phar]
[mail function]
SMTP = localhost
smtp_port = 25
mail.add_x_header = On
[SQL]
sql.safe_mode = Off
[ODBC]
odbc.allow_persistent = On
odbc.check_persistent = On
odbc.max_persistent = -1
odbc.max_links = -1
odbc.defaultlrl = 4096
odbc.defaultbinmode = 1
[Interbase]
ibase.allow_persistent = 1
ibase.max_persistent = -1
ibase.max_links = -1
ibase.timestampformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
ibase.dateformat = "%Y-%m-%d"
ibase.timeformat = "%H:%M:%S"
[MySQLi]
mysqli.max_persistent = -1
mysqli.allow_persistent = On
mysqli.max_links = -1
mysqli.cache_size = 2000
mysqli.default_port = 3306
mysqli.default_socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock #修改位置
#这意味着PHP的mysqli扩展将会尝试通过路径/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock来
#寻找MySQL服务器的套接字文件来进行连接,此路径有mysql容器的共享目录提供
mysqli.default_host =
mysqli.default_user =
mysqli.default_pw =
mysqli.reconnect = Off
[mysqlnd]
mysqlnd.collect_statistics = On
mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics = On
[OCI8]
[PostgreSQL]
pgsql.allow_persistent = On
pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off
pgsql.max_persistent = -1
pgsql.max_links = -1
pgsql.ignore_notice = 0
pgsql.log_notice = 0
[bcmath]
bcmath.scale = 0
[browscap]
[Session]
session.save_handler = files
session.use_strict_mode = 0
session.use_cookies = 1
session.use_only_cookies = 1
session.name = PHPSESSID
session.auto_start = 0
session.cookie_lifetime = 0
session.cookie_path = /
session.cookie_domain =
session.cookie_httponly =
session.serialize_handler = php
session.gc_probability = 1
session.gc_divisor = 1000
session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440
session.referer_check =
session.cache_limiter = nocache
session.cache_expire = 180
session.use_trans_sid = 0
session.sid_length = 26
session.trans_sid_tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,form="
session.sid_bits_per_character = 5
[Assertion]
zend.assertions = 1
[COM]
[mbstring]
[gd]
[exif]
[Tidy]
tidy.clean_output = Off
[soap]
soap.wsdl_cache_enabled=1
soap.wsdl_cache_dir="/tmp"
soap.wsdl_cache_ttl=86400
soap.wsdl_cache_limit = 5
[sysvshm]
[ldap]
ldap.max_links = -1
[mcrypt]
[dba]
[opcache]
[curl]
[openssl]查看与修改php-fpm.conf文件
cs
[root@docker php]#cat php-fpm.conf
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; FPM Configuration ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; All relative paths in this configuration file are relative to PHP's install
; prefix (/usr/local/php). This prefix can be dynamically changed by using the
; '-p' argument from the command line.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Global Options ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
[global]
; Pid file
; Note: the default prefix is /usr/local/php/var
; Default Value: none
pid = run/php-fpm.pid
#修改位置，取消该行注释，;代表该行注释
; Error log file
; If it's set to "syslog", log is sent to syslogd instead of being written
; into a local file.
; Note: the default prefix is /usr/local/php/var
; Default Value: log/php-fpm.log
;error_log = log/php-fpm.log
; syslog_facility is used to specify what type of program is logging the
; message. This lets syslogd specify that messages from different facilities
; will be handled differently.
; See syslog(3) for possible values (ex daemon equiv LOG_DAEMON)
; Default Value: daemon
;syslog.facility = daemon
; syslog_ident is prepended to every message. If you have multiple FPM
; instances running on the same server, you can change the default value
; which must suit common needs.
; Default Value: php-fpm
;syslog.ident = php-fpm
; Log level
; Possible Values: alert, error, warning, notice, debug
; Default Value: notice
;log_level = notice
; If this number of child processes exit with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS within the time
; interval set by emergency_restart_interval then FPM will restart. A value
; of '0' means 'Off'.
; Default Value: 0
;emergency_restart_threshold = 0
; Interval of time used by emergency_restart_interval to determine when
; a graceful restart will be initiated. This can be useful to work around
; accidental corruptions in an accelerator's shared memory.
; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default Value: 0
;emergency_restart_interval = 0
; Time limit for child processes to wait for a reaction on signals from master.
; Available units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default Value: 0
;process_control_timeout = 0
; The maximum number of processes FPM will fork. This has been designed to control
; the global number of processes when using dynamic PM within a lot of pools.
; Use it with caution.
; Note: A value of 0 indicates no limit
; Default Value: 0
; process.max = 128
; Specify the nice(2) priority to apply to the master process (only if set)
; The value can vary from -19 (highest priority) to 20 (lowest priority)
; Note: - It will only work if the FPM master process is launched as root
; - The pool process will inherit the master process priority
; unless specified otherwise
; Default Value: no set
; process.priority = -19
; Send FPM to background. Set to 'no' to keep FPM in foreground for debugging.
; Default Value: yes
;daemonize = yes
; Set open file descriptor rlimit for the master process.
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_files = 1024
; Set max core size rlimit for the master process.
; Possible Values: 'unlimited' or an integer greater or equal to 0
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_core = 0
; Specify the event mechanism FPM will use. The following is available:
; - select (any POSIX os)
; - poll (any POSIX os)
; - epoll (linux >= 2.5.44)
; - kqueue (FreeBSD >= 4.1, OpenBSD >= 2.9, NetBSD >= 2.0)
; - /dev/poll (Solaris >= 7)
; - port (Solaris >= 10)
; Default Value: not set (auto detection)
;events.mechanism = epoll
; When FPM is built with systemd integration, specify the interval,
; in seconds, between health report notification to systemd.
; Set to 0 to disable.
; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default value: 10
;systemd_interval = 10
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Pool Definitions ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Multiple pools of child processes may be started with different listening
; ports and different management options. The name of the pool will be
; used in logs and stats. There is no limitation on the number of pools which
; FPM can handle. Your system will tell you anyway :)
; Include one or more files. If glob(3) exists, it is used to include a bunch of
; files from a glob(3) pattern. This directive can be used everywhere in the
; file.
; Relative path can also be used. They will be prefixed by:
; - the global prefix if it's been set (-p argument)
; - /usr/local/php otherwise
include=/usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf查看修改www.conf文件
cs
[root@docker php]#sed -n '23,24p;36p;62p;' www.conf
user = nginx
group = nginx
#修改用户与用户组为nginx
listen = 172.30.0.30:9000
#设置监听地址为本机的IP地址的9000端口，或者为127.0.0.1：9000
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1,172.30.0.10
#添加允许通过的客户端IP地址，172.30.0.10为nginx容器的IP地址编辑Dockerfile
cs
FROM centos:7
##该镜像是基于官方的CentOS 7基础镜像创建的
MAINTAINER this is php image <lnmp>
#提供镜像作者信息
RUN yum -y install gd \
libjpeg libjpeg-devel \
libpng libpng-devel \
freetype freetype-devel \
libxml2 libxml2-devel \
zlib zlib-devel \
curl curl-devel \
openssl openssl-devel \
gcc gcc-c++ make pcre-devel
#使用yum安装环境
RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
#创建nginx用户
ADD php-7.1.10.tar.bz2 /usr/local/src/
将本地名为php-7.1.10.tar.bz2压缩包解压到容器内的/usr/local/目录下
WORKDIR /usr/local/src/php-7.1.10
#指定工作目录为/usr/local/src/php-7.1.10，下面的所有操作都在这个路径下进行
#直到下一个WORKDIR出现
RUN ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/php \
--with-mysql-sock=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock \
--with-mysqli \
--with-zlib \
--with-curl \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-openssl \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-xml \
--enable-session \
--enable-ftp \
--enable-pdo \
--enable-tokenizer \
--enable-zip && make -j 4 && make install
#在Nginx源代码目录下执行配置、编译和安装操作。编译使用了4个线程（-j 4）以提高速度
ENV PATH /usr/local/php/bin:/usr/local/php/sbin:$PATH
#设置环境变量PATH
ADD php.ini /usr/local/php/lib/
ADD php-fpm.conf /usr/local/php/etc/
ADD www.conf /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.d/
#将本地当前目录下的文件复制到对应的目录下
EXPOSE 9000
#声明对外开放9000端口
ENTRYPOINT [ "/usr/local/php/sbin/php-fpm", "-F" ]
#执行启动php服务3.生成镜像
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[root@docker php]#docker build -t php:lnmp .
4.创建容器
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[root@docker php]#docker run -d --name php -p 9000:9000 --volumes-from mysqld --volumes-from nginx --network vae --ip 172.30.0.30 php:lnmp
docker run #命令用于创建一个新的容器并运行。
-d #表示以后台模式运行容器。
--name php #为容器指定名称为php。
-p 9000:9000 #映射容器的9000端口到宿主机的9000端口
--volumes-from mysqld
#使新的PHP容器从名为mysqld的容器挂载数据卷。也就是在mysql的Dockerfile中VOLUME指定的目录
--volumes-from nginx #同样，也让这个PHP容器挂载来自名为nginx容器的数据卷
--network vae #指定容器加入名为vae的自定义网络
--ip 172.30.0.30 #为这个PHP容器在vae网络中分配固定的IP地址172.30.0.30
php:lnmp #指定使用的镜像名称为php:lnmp
从上图中可以看到，三个容器都处在UP状态
（五）修改配置
添加配置信息，使php能够访问到数据库
1.数据库添加用户
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create database wordpress;
#创建一个名为wordpress的数据库
grant all privileges on wordpress.* to 'wordpress'@'%' identified by '123456';
#为名为wordpress的用户分配了对wordpress数据库的所有权限，用户的密码被设置为123456
grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by 'abc123';
#为数据库的超级用户root分配了对所有数据库（*.*）的所有权限，同样允许从任意IP地址连接
#密码被设置为abc123
flush privileges;
#刷新权限2.添加wp-config.php文件
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#添加访问信息，即为在mysql容器中创建的信息
define('DB_NAME', 'wordpress'); #指定访问的数据库
define('DB_USER', 'wordpress'); #指定访问的用户
define('DB_PASSWORD', '123456'); #指定访问密码
define('DB_HOST', '192.168.83.100:3306'); #指定通过宿主机的3306端口，访问数据库使用浏览器访问宿主机的wordpress/index.php文件
3.容器文件持久化
可以在创建容器时添加-v选项实现文件持久化
比如在创建nginx文件时，将宿主机的nginx.conf文件与容器的nginx.conf做挂载实现持久化
在宿主机中修改nginx.conf文件，就相当于直接在nginx容器里修改nginx的配置文件
