Conference：International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)
CCF level：CCF C
Categories：Computer Architecture/Parallel and Distributed Computing/Storage Systems
Year：2023
Num：28
1
Title:
Performance Modeling of Blockchains of BFT-type Consensus
BFT 型共识区块链的性能建模
Authors:****
Key words:
BFT-type consensus, Blockchain management, Delay, Performance modeling, General framework
BFT 型共识、区块链管理、延迟、性能建模、通用框架
Abstract:****
As the requirements of different application scenarios vary, numerous blockchains have been developed. Among them, chains using Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus (BFT chains for short) occupy a dominant position. Performance modeling is the most common method for guiding chain design and configuration. However, many lack specific models due to the large number of BFT chains. Providing a general framework for them is promising and should demonstrate two important features that BFT chains may differ in: different consensus stages and different packaging rules. This paper is the first to propose a general framework applicable to various BFT chains. We use the bulk-service model in queuing theory to reflect the above two features of various BFT chains and provide calculation methods for them. We give an expression for the confirmation delay of transactions (TXs for short) in the chain and verify it through experiments on various BFT chains. We also use the model for a brief analysis to assist designers in configuring and designing BFT chains.
由于不同应用场景的需求不同，区块链技术也得到了广泛的应用，其中采用拜占庭容错共识的链（简称BFT链）占据了主导地位。性能建模是指导链设计和配置的最常用方法，但由于BFT链数量众多，许多都缺乏具体的模型。为它们提供一个通用的框架是很有前景的，并且应该能够体现出BFT链可能存在两个重要特征：不同的共识阶段和不同的打包规则。本文首次提出了一个适用于各种BFT链的通用框架。我们使用排队理论中的批量服务模型来反映各种BFT链的上述两个特征，并为其提供计算方法。我们给出了链中交易（简称TX）确认延迟的表达式，并通过在各种BFT链上的实验对其进行了验证。我们还使用该模型进行了简要分析，以协助设计人员配置和设计BFT链。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476267
2
Title:
Reputation-Based Streamlet: An Enhanced BFT Consensus Algorithm for Improved Performance and Scalability
基于声誉的 Streamlet：一种增强型 BFT 共识算法，可提高性能和可扩展性
Authors:****
Key words:
Byzantine fault tolerance, blockchain, consensus algorithm, streamlet, reputation
拜占庭容错，区块链，共识算法，streamlet，声誉
Abstract:****
This work presents Reputation-Based Streamlet (RBStreamlet), an improved version of the Streamlet consensus algorithm, designed to address limitations such as high bandwidth load and high communication complexity during the Propose and Vote phases. RBStreamlet introduces a reputation mechanism for leader election and fork selection, along with erasure coding and Merkle trees to reduce data transmission volume in the Propose phase. Furthermore, RBStreamlet leverages threshold signature technology to decrease the message complexity in the Vote phase. We implement the proposed RBStreamlet algorithm in a prototype blockchain system and build a network emulator to evaluate its performance under conditions resembling a practical wide-area network. Through extensive experiments, RBStreamlet demonstrates superior performance, scalability, and resilience to Byzantine attacks compared to the original Streamlet, especially in bandwidth-limited scenarios. These findings suggest its potential for practical applications in blockchain systems.
本研究提出了基于声誉的 Streamlet (RBStreamlet)，这是 Streamlet 共识算法的改进版本，旨在解决提议和投票阶段的高带宽负载和高通信复杂性等限制。RBStreamlet 引入了领导者选举和分叉选择的声誉机制，以及擦除编码和 Merkle 树以减少提议阶段的数据传输量。此外，RBStreamlet 利用阈值签名技术来降低投票阶段的消息复杂性。我们在原型区块链系统中实现了所提出的 RBStreamlet 算法，并构建了一个网络模拟器来评估其在类似于实际广域网的条件下的性能。通过大量实验，与原始 Streamlet 相比，RBStreamlet 表现出卓越的性能、可扩展性和对拜占庭攻击的弹性，尤其是在带宽受限的情况下。这些发现表明它在区块链系统中具有实际应用的潜力。
注：Streamlet is a chian-based BFT consensus algorithm proposed by Benjamin et al.
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476214
3
Title:
Swarm: A High-Performance Asynchronous BFT Protocol Adapted to High Network Delay
Swarm：一种适应高网络延迟的高性能异步BFT协议
Authors:****
Key words:
Blockchain, Byzantine fault tolerance, Asynchronous consensus
区块链、拜占庭容错、异步共识
Abstract:****
Recently, asynchronous byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus has made progress in linearized communication complexity, allowing nodes to broadcast a small number of transactions at their own pace in networks with variable bandwidth. However, this means that network propagation delay poses a more severe bottleneck to the system compared to transmission delay affected by block size and bandwidth. Particularly in networks with high propagation delays, nodes need to wait more for messages to propagate through the network, which severely hinders system performance. We propose Swarm, an asynchronous BFT protocol that is suitable for networks with tight bandwidth and propagation delay. The new protocol structure supports highly concurrent propagation-delay-intensive and propagationdelay-tolerant stages by separating the control and data layers and ensures that nodes achieve an ordered and consistent log for parallel blocks. We also design a group broadcasting strategy that allows nodes to not broadcast proposals from other nodes without compromising safety and liveness while reducing communication cost. Importantly, our work is orthogonal to existing improvements based on communication complexity and bandwidth and does not sacrifice existing results. We built a complete system prototype and conducted a thorough evaluation. The results show that Swarm performs better in networks with higher propagation delays, achieving 2-5x TPS and reducing latency by 50% compared to existing asynchronous protocols for different scales.
最近，异步拜占庭容错 (BFT) 共识在线性化通信复杂性方面取得了进展，允许节点在带宽可变的网络中以自己的速度广播少量交易。然而，这意味着与受块大小和带宽影响的传输延迟相比，网络传播延迟对系统构成了更严重的瓶颈。特别是在传播延迟较高的网络中，节点需要等待更多时间才能让消息在网络中传播，这严重阻碍了系统性能。我们提出了 Swarm，这是一种异步 BFT 协议，适用于带宽和传播延迟紧张的网络。新的协议结构通过分离控制层和数据层来支持高度并发的传播延迟密集型和传播延迟容忍阶段，并确保节点实现并行块的有序和一致日志。我们还设计了一种组广播策略，允许节点不广播来自其他节点的提案，而不会损害安全性和活跃度，同时降低通信成本。重要的是，我们的工作与基于通信复杂性和带宽的现有改进正交，并且不会牺牲现有结果。我们构建了完整的系统原型并进行了全面的评估，结果表明，Swarm 在传播延迟较高的网络中表现更佳，与不同规模的现有异步协议相比，实现了 2-5 倍的 TPS 提升，并将延迟降低了 50%。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476033
4
Title:
DTSAC: Smart Contract-based Access Control with Delegation and Trust Management
DTSAC：基于智能合约的授权和信任管理访问控制
Authors:****
Key words:
blockchain, access control, trust management, delegation
区块链、访问控制、信任管理、委托
Abstract:****
With the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), access control has become particularly important in protecting data security. However, traditional access control models have limited capabilities in addressing challenges such as single points of failure, coarse-grained access control, and insufficient security in distributed environments. To tackle these challenges, we propose DTSAC, a smart contract-based access control with distributed delegation and dynamic trust management. This model utilizes blockchain for the decentralized delegation of capabilities and distributes delegation relationships across multiple delegation trees to enable fast revocation of capabilities. In addition, we design a dynamic trust assessment mechanism between the delegator and the delegatee to more comprehensively evaluate the credibility of the subject. Finally, a functional prototype of the DTSAC is successfully deployed on the public Sepolia Ethereum testnet. The experimental evaluation is conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.
随着物联网（IoT）的普及，访问控制在保护数据安全方面变得尤为重要。然而传统的访问控制模型在应对单点故障、粗粒度访问控制和分布式环境下安全性不足等挑战方面能力有限。针对这些挑战，我们提出了基于智能合约的分布式委托和动态信任管理的访问控制DTSAC。该模型利用区块链进行能力的去中心化委托，并将委托关系分布在多个委托树上，以实现能力的快速撤销。此外，我们设计了委托人和被委托人之间的动态信任评估机制，以更全面地评估主体的可信度。最后，在公开的Sepolia以太坊测试网上成功部署了DTSAC的功能原型。通过实验评估验证了所提模型的可行性和有效性。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476148
5
Title:
A High-Performance Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Scheme Based on BERT
基于BERT的高性能智能合约漏洞检测方案
Authors:****
Key words:
smart contract, BERT, vulnerability detection, transfer learning, blockchain
智能合约、BERT、漏洞检测、迁移学习、区块链
Abstract:****
With the emergence of technologies like web3.0, smart contracts have witnessed a flourishing development trend. However, the threat posed by contract vulnerabilities hinders the progress in this field. Traditional vulnerability detection tools have lost their effectiveness due to the unique code and function characteristics of smart contracts. Consequently, a novel approach utilizing deep learning for intelligent contract vulnerability detection has emerged. Nevertheless, the current solutions still face bottlenecks in terms of accuracy and efficiency, primarily due to the scarcity of labeled vulnerability samples. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an efficient intelligent contract vulnerability detection approach called SCVulBERT, based on Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT). The proposed approach leverages transfer learning and utilizes rich prior knowledge for training to ensure the model's effectiveness in a scarce supervised sample environment. Furthermore, to enhance tokenization efficiency, a specialized tokenizer called SCVulTokenizer is designed to transform contract code into parameters recognizable by neural networks. The proposed approach utilizes the BERT network architecture to extract more precise and efficient features from the context, thereby achieving accurate and efficient vulnerability detection. Experimental comparisons demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms existing solutions in the context of scarce supervised samples, exhibiting significant improvements in accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. Specifically, regarding vulnerability detection for reentrancy, timestamp, and delegate call, the F1-scores achieved by the proposed approach show respective improvements of 13.71%, 13.14%, and 7.7% compared to the state-of-the-art solutions.
随着web3.0等技术的出现，智能合约呈现出蓬勃发展的趋势。然而，合约漏洞带来的威胁阻碍了该领域的发展。由于智能合约独特的代码和功能特性，传统的漏洞检测工具已经失去作用。因此，一种利用深度学习进行智能合约漏洞检测的新方法应运而生。然而，当前的解决方案在准确性和效率方面仍然存在瓶颈，主要是由于标记漏洞样本的稀缺。针对这些挑战，本文提出了一种基于BERT（Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers）的高效智能合约漏洞检测方法SCVulBERT。该方法利用迁移学习，利用丰富的先验知识进行训练，以确保模型在稀缺的监督样本环境中的有效性。此外，为了提高分词效率，设计了一个专门的分词器SCVulTokenizer，将合约代码转换为神经网络可识别的参数。该方法利用BERT网络架构从上下文中提取更精确、更有效的特征，从而实现准确、高效的漏洞检测。实验对比表明，在稀缺监督样本的背景下，所提出的方法优于现有解决方案，在准确率、精确率、召回率和 F1 分数指标方面均有显著提升。具体而言，在可重入、时间戳和委托调用的漏洞检测方面，所提出的方法所实现的 F1 分数与最先进的解决方案相比分别提高了 13.71%、13.14% 和 7.7%。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476161
6
Title:
Subscription-Based State Access for Cross-Chain Smart Contracts
基于订阅的跨链智能合约状态访问
Authors:****
Key words:
blockchain, smart contract, Cross-Chain, Oracle gateway, subscribe
区块链、智能合约、跨链、Oracle网关、订阅
Abstract:****
Smart contracts play a vital role in blockchain applications, supporting an expanding array of services as the number of blockchains rises. As service requirements become increasingly complex, the need for access and collaboration among multiple smart contracts becomes more prevalent. However, achieving access between smart contracts on different blockchains presents a significant challenge in the Internet of Blockchain scenario comprising numerous heterogeneous blockchains. In this paper, we first explore the problem of smart contract access in cross-heterogeneous blockchain scenarios. Then, an Oracle gateway-based cross-chain smart contract access architecture and a subscription-based cross-chain smart contract active access mechanism are proposed. Finally, a prototype is implemented to show that our architecture and mechanism can support cross-chain smart contract access for heterogeneous blockchains and reduce the complexity and latency of cross-chain smart contract access.
智能合约在区块链应用中扮演着至关重要的角色，随着区块链数量的增加其所支持的服务也日益丰富。随着服务需求日趋复杂，多个智能合约之间的访问与协同需求也日趋普遍。然而在由众多异构区块链组成的区块链物联网场景中，实现不同区块链上智能合约之间的访问是一项重大挑战。本文首先探讨跨异构区块链场景下的智能合约访问问题，然后提出一种基于预言机网关的跨链智能合约访问架构和一种基于订阅的跨链智能合约主动访问机制，最后实现一个原型系统，表明我们的架构与机制能够支持异构区块链的跨链智能合约访问，并降低跨链智能合约访问的复杂度和延迟。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10476141
7
Title:
MoryFabric : Reducing Transaction Abort by Actual Validity Verification and Reordering
MoryFabric：通过实际有效性验证和重新排序减少交易中止
Authors:****
Key words:
Blockchain, Hyperledger Fabric, Conflict transactions, Reordering, Transaction abort rate
区块链，Hyperledger Fabric，冲突交易，重新排序，交易中止率
Abstract:****
Blockchain, as a distributed ledger technology that can establish trust in untrusted environments, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. Enhancing system performance by improving the concurrency of blockchain systems is a current research focus. However, at the same time, the high transaction abortion rate in high-concurrency scenarios has become a new urgent problem to be solved. In this article, our primary focus lies in addressing the issue of high transaction abort rates in Hyperledger Fabric within concurrent scenarios. We propose MoryFabric, a conflict transaction optimization scheme based on transaction actual validity verification and reordering based on keys. Through solutions involving inter-block transaction conflict detection, transaction actual validity detection, and key-based transaction reordering, we aim to minimize transaction abort rates to the greatest extent possible. We integrate the proposed solution into Hyperledger Fabric.Benchmark tests using SmallBank indicate that in scenarios characterized by a high number of conflicting transactions, the proposed approach effectively reduces the average transaction abort rate and exhibits favorable latency performance.
区块链作为一种能够在非信任环境下建立信任的分布式账本技术，近年来受到越来越多的关注。通过提高区块链系统的并发性来增强系统性能是当前的研究热点。但与此同时，高并发场景下交易中止率过高也成为新的亟待解决的问题。本文主要针对并发场景下Hyperledger Fabric中交易中止率过高的问题，提出了一种基于交易实际有效性验证和基于密钥重排序的冲突交易优化方案MoryFabric，通过区块间交易冲突检测、交易实际有效性检测以及基于密钥的交易重排序等方案，最大程度地降低交易中止率。我们将提出的解决方案集成到Hyperledger Fabric中。使用SmallBank进行的基准测试表明，在冲突交易较多的场景中，所提方法有效降低了平均交易中止率，并表现出良好的延迟性能。
Pdf link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10475941
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