物化视图
物化视图源表--基础数据源
创建源表,因为我们的目标涉及报告聚合数据而不是单条记录,所以我们可以解析它,将信息传递给物化视图,并丢弃实际传入的数据。这符合我们的目标并节省了存储空间,因此我们将使用Null
表引擎。
sql
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS analytics;
CREATE TABLE analytics.hourly_data
(
`domain_name` String,
`event_time` DateTime,
`count_views` UInt64
)
ENGINE = Null;
注意:可以在Null表上创建物化视图。因此,写入表的数据最终会影响视图,但原始原始数据仍将被丢弃
月度汇总表和物化视图
对于第一个物化视图,需要创建 Target
表(本例子中为analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
),例中将按月份和域名存储视图的总和。
sql
CREATE TABLE analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
(
`domain_name` String,
`month` Date,
`sumCountViews` AggregateFunction(sum, UInt64)
)
ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree
ORDER BY (domain_name, month);
将转发Target
表上数据的物化视图如下:
sql
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW analytics.monthly_aggregated_data_mv
TO analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
AS
SELECT
toDate(toStartOfMonth(event_time)) AS month,
domain_name,
sumState(count_views) AS sumCountViews
FROM analytics.hourly_data
GROUP BY domain_name, month;
年度汇总表和物化视图
现在,创建第二个物化视图,该视图将链接到之前的目标表monthly_aggregated_data
。
首先,创建一个新的目标表,该表将存储每个域名每年汇总的视图总和。
sql
CREATE TABLE analytics.year_aggregated_data
(
`domain_name` String,
`year` UInt16,
`sumCountViews` UInt64
)
ENGINE = SummingMergeTree()
ORDER BY (domain_name, year);
然后创建物化视图,此步骤定义级联。FROM
语句将使用monthly_aggregated_data
表,这意味着数据流将是:
1.数据到达hourly_data
表。
2.ClickHouse会将收到的数据转发到第一个物化视图monthly_aggregated_data
表
3.最后,步骤2中接收到的数据将被转发到 year_aggregated_data
。
sql
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW analytics.year_aggregated_data_mv
TO analytics.year_aggregated_data
AS
SELECT
toYear(toStartOfYear(month)) AS year,
domain_name,
sumMerge(sumCountViews) as sumCountViews
FROM analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
GROUP BY domain_name, year;
注意:
在使用物化视图时,一个常见的误解是数据是从表中读取的,这不是Materialized views
的工作方式;转发的数据是插入的数据块,而不是表中的最终结果。
想象一下,在这个例子中,monthly_aggregated_data
中使用的引擎是一个折叠合并树(CollapsingMergeTree
),转发到第二个物化视图year_aggregated_data_mv
的数据将不是折叠表的最终结果,它将转发具有正如SELECT... GROUP BY
中定义的字段的数据块。
如果末正在使用CollapsingMergeTree
、ReplacingMergeTree
,甚至SummingMergeTree
,并且计划创建级联物化视图,则需要了解此处描述的限制。
采集数据
现在是时候通过插入一些数据来测试我们的级联物化视图了:
sql
INSERT INTO analytics.hourly_data (domain_name, event_time, count_views)
VALUES ('clickhouse.com', '2019-01-01 10:00:00', 1),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-02-02 00:00:00', 2),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-02-01 00:00:00', 3),
('clickhouse.com', '2020-01-01 00:00:00', 6);
查询analytics.hourly_data
的内容,将查不到任何记录,因为表引擎为Null
,但数据已被处理
sql
SELECT * FROM analytics.hourly_data
输出:
response
domain_name|event_time|count_views|
-----------+----------+-----------+
结果
如果尝试查询目标表的sumCountViews
字段值,将看到字段值以二进制表示(在某些终端中),因为该值不是以数字的形式存储,而是以AggregateFunction
类型存储的。要获得聚合的最终结果,应该使用-Merge
后缀。
通过以下查询,sumCountViews
字段值无法正常显示:
sql
SELECT sumCountViews FROM analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
输出:
response
sumCountViews|
-------------+
|
|
|
使用 Merge
后缀获取 sumCountViews
值:
sql
SELECT sumMerge(sumCountViews) as sumCountViews
FROM analytics.monthly_aggregated_data;
输出:
response
sumCountViews|
-------------+
12|
在AggregatingMergeTree
中将AggregateFunction
定义为sum
,因此可以使用sumMerge
。当在AggregateFunction
上使用函数avg
时,则将使用avgMerge
,以此类推。
sql
SELECT month, domain_name, sumMerge(sumCountViews) as sumCountViews
FROM analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
GROUP BY domain_name, month
输出:
month |domain_name |sumCountViews|
----------+--------------+-------------+
2020-01-01|clickhouse.com| 6|
2019-01-01|clickhouse.com| 1|
2019-02-01|clickhouse.com| 5|
现在我们可以查看物化视图是否符合我们定义的目标。
现在已经将数据存储在目标表monthly_aggregated_data
中,可以按月聚合每个域名的数据:
sql
SELECT month, domain_name, sumMerge(sumCountViews) as sumCountViews
FROM analytics.monthly_aggregated_data
GROUP BY domain_name, month;
输出:
month |domain_name |sumCountViews|
----------+--------------+-------------+
2020-01-01|clickhouse.com| 6|
2019-01-01|clickhouse.com| 1|
2019-02-01|clickhouse.com| 5|
按年聚合每个域名的数据:
sql
SELECT year, domain_name, sum(sumCountViews)
FROM analytics.year_aggregated_data
GROUP BY domain_name, year;
输出:
response
year|domain_name |sum(sumCountViews)|
----+--------------+------------------+
2019|clickhouse.com| 6|
2020|clickhouse.com| 6|
组合多个源表来创建单个目标表
物化视图还可以用于将多个源表组合以到一个目标表中。这对于创建类似于 UNION ALL
逻辑的物化视图非常有用。
首先,创建两个代表不同指标集的源表:
sql
CREATE TABLE analytics.impressions
(
`event_time` DateTime,
`domain_name` String
) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY (domain_name, event_time);
CREATE TABLE analytics.clicks
(
`event_time` DateTime,
`domain_name` String
) ENGINE = MergeTree ORDER BY (domain_name, event_time);
然后使用组合的指标集创建 Target
表:
sql
CREATE TABLE analytics.daily_overview
(
`on_date` Date,
`domain_name` String,
`impressions` SimpleAggregateFunction(sum, UInt64),
`clicks` SimpleAggregateFunction(sum, UInt64)
) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree ORDER BY (on_date, domain_name);
创建两个指向同一Target
表的物化视图。不需要显式地包含缺少的列:
sql
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW analytics.daily_impressions_mv
TO analytics.daily_overview
AS
SELECT
toDate(event_time) AS on_date,
domain_name,
count() AS impressions,
0 clicks --<<<--- 如果去掉该列,则默认为 clicks为0
FROM
analytics.impressions
GROUP BY toDate(event_time) AS on_date, domain_name;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW analytics.daily_clicks_mv
TO analytics.daily_overview
AS
SELECT
toDate(event_time) AS on_date,
domain_name,
count() AS clicks,
0 impressions --<<<---如果去掉该列,则默认为 impressions 为0
FROM
analytics.clicks
GROUP BY toDate(event_time) AS on_date, domain_name;
现在,当插入值时,这些值将被聚合到Target
表中的相应列中:
sql
INSERT INTO analytics.impressions (domain_name, event_time)
VALUES ('clickhouse.com', '2019-01-01 00:00:00'),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-01-01 12:00:00'),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-02-01 00:00:00'),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-03-01 00:00:00')
;
INSERT INTO analytics.clicks (domain_name, event_time)
VALUES ('clickhouse.com', '2019-01-01 00:00:00'),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-01-01 12:00:00'),
('clickhouse.com', '2019-03-01 00:00:00')
;
查询目标表 the Target
table:
sql
SELECT
on_date,
domain_name,
sum(impressions) AS impressions,
sum(clicks) AS clicks
FROM
analytics.daily_overview
GROUP BY
on_date,
domain_name
;
输出:
text
on_date |domain_name |impressions|clicks|
----------+--------------+-----------+------+
2019-01-01|clickhouse.com| 2| 2|
2019-03-01|clickhouse.com| 1| 1|
2019-02-01|clickhouse.com| 1| 0|
参考链接
https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/guides/developer/cascading-materialized-views
AggregateFunction
聚合函数有一个实现定义的中间状态,可以序列化为AggregateFunction(...)
数据类型,并通常通过物化视图存储在表中。生成聚合函数状态的常见方法是使用State
后缀调用聚合函数。为了以后能获得聚合的最终结果,必须使用带有-Merge
后缀的相同聚合函数。
AggregateFunction(name, types_of_arguments...)
--- 参数数据类型。
参数说明:
- 聚合函数名称。如果名称对应的聚合函数鞋带参数,则还需要为其它指定参数。
- 聚合函数参数类型。
示例
sql
CREATE TABLE testdb.aggregated_test_tb
(
`__name__` String,
`count` AggregateFunction(count),
`avg_val` AggregateFunction(avg, Float64),
`max_val` AggregateFunction(max, Float64),
`time_max` AggregateFunction(argMax, DateTime, Float64),
`mid_val` AggregateFunction(quantiles(0.5, 0.9), Float64)
) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree()
ORDER BY (__name__);
备注:如果上述SQL未添加ORDER BY (__name__, create_time)
,执行会报类似如下错误:
SQL 错误 [42]: ClickHouse exception, code: 42, host: 192.168.88.131, port: 8123; Code: 42, e.displayText() = DB::Exception: Storage AggregatingMergeTree requires 3 to 4 parameters:
name of column with date,
[sampling element of primary key],
primary key expression,
index granularity
创建数据源表并插入测试数据
sql
CREATE TABLE testdb.test_tb
(
`__name__` String,
`create_time` DateTime,
`val` Float64
) ENGINE = MergeTree()
PARTITION BY toStartOfWeek(create_time)
ORDER BY (__name__, create_time);
INSERT INTO testdb.test_tb(`__name__`, `create_time`, `val`) VALUES
('xiaoxiao', now(), 80.5),
('xiaolin', addSeconds(now(), 10), 89.5),
('xiaohong', addSeconds(now(), 20), 90.5),
('lisi', addSeconds(now(), 30), 79.5),
('zhangshang', addSeconds(now(), 40), 60),
('wangwu', addSeconds(now(), 50), 65);
插入数据
使用以State
后缀的聚合函数的INSERT SELECT
以插入数据--比如希望获取目标列数据均值,即avg(target_column)
,那么插入数据时使用的聚合函数为avgState
,*State
聚合函数返回状态(state
),而不是最终值。换句话说,返回一个 AggregateFunction
类型的值。
sql
INSERT INTO testdb.aggregated_test_tb (`__name__`, `count`, `avg_val`, `max_val`, `time_max`, `mid_val`)
SELECT `__name__`,
countState() AS count,
avgState(val) AS avg_val,
maxState(val) AS max_val,
argMaxState(create_time, val) AS time_max,
quantilesState(0.5, 0.9)(val) AS `mid_val`
FROM testdb.test_tb
GROUP BY `__name__`, toStartOfMinute(create_time);
注意:SELECT
语句中的字段,要么使用聚合函数调用(比如上述val
字段),要么保持原字段不变(比如上述__name__
字段),保持原字段不变时,该字段必须包含于GROUP BY
子句中,否则会报类似如下错误:
SQL 错误 [215]: ClickHouse exception, code: 215, host: 192.168.88.131, port: 8123; Code: 215, e.displayText() = DB::Exception: Column `__name__` is not under aggregate function and not in GROUP BY (version 20.3.5.21 (official build))
查询数据
从AggregatingMergeTree
表中查询数据时,使用GROUP BY
子句和与插入数据时相同的聚合函数,但使用Merge
后缀,比如插入数据时使用的聚合函数为avgState
,那么查询时使用的聚合函数为avgMerge
。
后缀为Merge
的聚合函数接受一组状态,将它们组合在一起,并返回完整数据聚合的结果。
例如,以下两个查询返回相同的结果
sql
SELECT `__name__`,
create_time,
avgMerge(avg_val) AS avg_val,
maxMerge(max_val) AS max_val
FROM (
SELECT `__name__`,
toStartOfMinute(create_time) AS create_time,
avgState(val) AS avg_val,
maxState(val) AS max_val
FROM testdb.test_tb
GROUP BY `__name__`, create_time
)
GROUP BY `__name__`, create_time;
SELECT `__name__`,
toStartOfMinute(create_time) AS create_time,
avg(val) AS avg_val,
max(val) AS max_val
FROM testdb.test_tb
GROUP BY `__name__`, create_time;
例子:
sql
SELECT `__name__`,
countMerge(`count`),
avgMerge(`avg_val`),
maxMerge(`max_val`),
argMaxMerge(`time_max`),
quantilesMerge(0.5, 0.9)(`mid_val`)
FROM testdb.aggregated_test_tb
GROUP BY `__name__`;
参考链接
https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/data-types/aggregatefunction
AggregatingMergeTree
引擎继承自MergeTree,更改了数据块合并的逻辑。ClickHouse使用一条存储了聚合函数状态组合的单条记录(在一个数据块中)替换带有相同主键(或更准确地说,用相同的排序键)的所有行
说明:数据块是指ClickHouse存储数据的基本单位
可以使用 AggregatingMergeTree
表进行增量数据聚合,包括聚合物化视图。
引擎处理以下类型的所有列:
-
AggregateFunction
-
SimpleAggregateFunction
如果能减少有序行数,则使用
AggregatingMergeTree
是合适的
建表
sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db.]table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster]
(
name1 [type1] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr1],
name2 [type2] [DEFAULT|MATERIALIZED|ALIAS expr2],
...
) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree()
[PARTITION BY expr]
[ORDER BY expr]
[SAMPLE BY expr]
[TTL expr]
[SETTINGS name=value, ...]
有关请求参数的描述,参阅请求描述
查询语句
创建AggregatingMergeTree
表与创建MergeTree
表的子句相同。
查询和插入
要插入数据,使用INSERT SELECT使用aggregateState
函数进行查询。从AggregatingMergeTree
表中查询数据时,使用GROUP BY
子句和与插入数据时相同的聚合函数,但使用Merge
后缀。
在SELECT
查询的结果中,AggregateFunction
类型的值对所有ClickHouse输出格式都有特定于实现的二进制表示。例如,如果你可以使用SELECT
查询将数据转储为TabSeparated
格式,则可以使用INSERT
查询将此转储重新加载。
一个物化视图示例
sql
CREATE DATABASE testdb;
创建存放原始数据的testdb.visits
表:
sql
CREATE TABLE testdb.visits
(
StartDate DateTime64,
CounterID UInt64,
Sign Nullable(Int32),
UserID Nullable(Int32)
) ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY (StartDate, CounterID);
说明:上述StartDate DateTime64,
如果写成StartDate DateTime64 NOT NULL,
运行会报错,如下:
Expected one of: CODEC, ALIAS, TTL, ClosingRoundBracket, Comma, DEFAULT, MATERIALIZED, COMMENT, token (version 20.3.5.21 (official build))
接下来,创建一个AggregatingMergeTree
表,该表将存储AggregationFunction
,用于跟踪访问总数和唯一用户数。
创建一个AggregatingMergeTree
物化视图,用于监视testdb.revisits
表,并使用AggregateFunction
类型:
sql
CREATE TABLE testdb.agg_visits (
StartDate DateTime64,
CounterID UInt64,
Visits AggregateFunction(sum, Nullable(Int32)),
Users AggregateFunction(uniq, Nullable(Int32))
)
ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree() ORDER BY (StartDate, CounterID);
SQL 错误 [70]: ClickHouse exception, code: 70, host: 192.168.88.131, port: 8123; Code: 70, e.displayText() = DB::Exception: Conversion from AggregateFunction(sum, Int32) to AggregateFunction(sum, Nullable(Int32)) is not supported: while converting source column Visits to destination column Visits: while pushing to view testdb.visits_mv (version 20.3.5.21 (official build))
sql
CREATE TABLE testdb.agg_visits (
StartDate DateTime64,
CounterID UInt64,
Visits AggregateFunction(sum, Int32),
Users AggregateFunction(uniq, Int32)
)
ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree() ORDER BY (StartDate, CounterID);
创建一个物化视图,从testdb.revisits
填充testdb.agg_visits
:
sql
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW testdb.visits_mv TO testdb.agg_visits
AS SELECT
StartDate,
CounterID,
sumState(Sign) AS Visits,
uniqState(UserID) AS Users
FROM testdb.visits
GROUP BY StartDate, CounterID;
插入数据到 testdb.visits
表:
sql
INSERT INTO testdb.visits (StartDate, CounterID, Sign, UserID)
VALUES (1667446031000, 1, 3, 4), (1667446031000, 1, 6, 3);
数据被同时插入到testdb.revisits
和testdb.agg_visits
中。
执行诸如 SELECT ... GROUP BY ...
的语句查询物化视图test.mv_visits
以获取聚合数据
sql
SELECT
StartDate,
sumMerge(Visits) AS Visits,
uniqMerge(Users) AS Users
FROM testdb.agg_visits
GROUP BY StartDate
ORDER BY StartDate;
输出:
text
StartDate |Visits|Users|
-------------------+------+-----+
2022-11-03 11:27:11| 9| 2|
在testdb.revisits
中添加另外2条记录,但这次尝试对其中一条记录使用不同的时间戳:
sql
INSERT INTO testdb.visits (StartDate, CounterID, Sign, UserID)
VALUES (1669446031000, 2, 5, 10), (1667446031000, 3, 7, 5);
再次查询,输出如下:
text
StartDate |Visits|Users|
-------------------+------+-----+
2022-11-03 11:27:11| 16| 3|
2022-11-26 15:00:31| 5| 1|
参考链接
https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/aggregatingmergetree