华为云IoT平台与MicroPython实战：从MQTT协议到物联网设备开发

薛慕昭2025-04-30 23:32

目录

前言

[1. 华为云](#1. 华为云)

[1.1. 创建实例](#1.1. 创建实例)

[1.2. 创建产品](#1.2. 创建产品)

[1.3. 编辑服务模型](#1.3. 编辑服务模型)

[1.4. 注册设备](#1.4. 注册设备)

[1.4.1. 复制设备连接参数](#1.4.1. 复制设备连接参数)

[1.5. 连接参考代码](#1.5. 连接参考代码)

[2. micropython版-物联网](#2. micropython版-物联网)

[2.1. 环境搭建](#2.1. 环境搭建)

[2.2. 实现步骤](#2.2. 实现步骤)

[2.3. 示例代码](#2.3. 示例代码)

结语

前言

物联网（IoT）技术的快速发展，使得设备间的智能互联成为现实。MQTT协议凭借其轻量级、低功耗和高可靠性，成为物联网通信的核心技术之一。本文以华为云IoT平台 和MicroPython开发为主线，详细介绍如何通过MQTT协议实现设备与云端的双向通信。

内容涵盖：

  • 华为云IoT平台的实例创建、产品定义、设备注册及连接配置

  • MicroPython环境搭建，实现ESP32等嵌入式设备的Wi-Fi连接与MQTT通信

  • 完整的代码示例，包括设备属性上报、云端指令接收与响应

无论您是物联网开发者、嵌入式工程师，还是对IoT技术感兴趣的爱好者，本文都将帮助您快速掌握设备上云的完整流程，并实现稳定、高效的物联网通信。

1. 华为云

1.1. 创建实例

记得选择华北-北京四区

1.2. 创建产品

1.3. 编辑服务模型

1.4. 注册设备

1.4.1. 复制设备连接参数

1.5. 连接参考代码

参考连接：设备属性上报_设备接入 IoTDA_华为云

参考代码：

复制代码 
import json
import time
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
from MqttSign import AuthIfo

# pip install paho-mqtt==1.6.1
# 1. 去到设备界面复制设备ID
# 2. 复制设备mqtt联网参数

# 订阅的话题
subTopic = "$oc/devices/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/sys/properties/set/request_id=123"
# 发布的话题
pubTopic = "$oc/devices/xxxxxxxxxxxxxx/sys/properties/report"

port = 1883

keepAlive = 300

"""
{
    "username": "x",
    "password": "x",
    "clientId": "x",
    "hostname": "x.iot-x.cn-north-4.myhuaweicloud.com",
    "port": 8883,
    "protocol": "MQTTS"
}
"""
username="x"
password= "x"
clientId= "x"
hostname= "x.iot-mqtts.cn-north-4.myhuaweicloud.com"

client = mqtt.Client(clientId)
client.username_pw_set(username=username, password=password)


def on_connect(client, userdata, flags, rc):
    if rc == 0:
        print("Connect huaweicloud IoT Cloud Sucess")
    else:
        print("Connect failed...  error code is:" + str(rc))

def on_message(client, userdata, msg):
    topic = msg.topic
    payload = msg.payload.decode()
    print("receive message ---------- topic is : " + topic)
    print("receive message ---------- payload is : " + payload)

    # {"paras":{"switch":1},"service_id":"heima8","command_name":"cmd_switch"}
    
    # json格式的字符串转成python里面的数据结构，字典
    data = json.loads(payload)
    print("switch:",data['paras']['switch'])

    # 回复服务器
    # $oc/devices/{device_id}/sys/properties/set/response/request_id={request_id}
    topic = "$oc/devices/67d92038dc85c43dcb35a707_heima8/sys/properties/set/response/request_id=123"
   
    client.publish(topic, "post_payload")

    if ("thing/service/property/set" in topic):
        on_thing_prop_changed(client, msg.topic, msg.payload)

def on_thing_prop_changed(client, topic, payload):
    post_topic = topic.replace("service","event")
    post_topic = post_topic.replace("set","post")
    Msg = json.loads(payload)
    params = Msg['params']
    post_payload = "{\"params\":" + json.dumps(params) + "}"
    print("reveice property_set command, need to post ---------- topic is: " + post_topic)
    print("reveice property_set command, need to post ---------- payload is: " + post_payload)
    client.publish(post_topic, post_payload)

def connect_mqtt():
    client.connect(hostname, port, keepAlive)
    return client

def publish_message():
    # publish 5 messages to pubTopic("/a1LhUsK****/python***/user/update")

    for i in range(50):

        data = {
            "services": [{
                    "service_id": "heima8",
                    "properties": {
                        "switch": i,
                    },
                }
            ]
        }

        message = json.dumps(data)
        
        client.publish(pubTopic, message)
        print("publish msg: " + str(i))
        print("publish msg: " + message)
        time.sleep(2)

def subscribe_topic():
    # subscribe to subTopic("/a1LhUsK****/python***/user/get") and request messages to be delivered
    client.subscribe(subTopic)
    print("subscribe topic: " + subTopic)

client.on_connect = on_connect
client.on_message = on_message
client = connect_mqtt()
client.loop_start()
time.sleep(2)

subscribe_topic()
publish_message()

while True:
    time.sleep(1)

2. micropython版-物联网

2.1. 环境搭建

安装umqtt.simple包

2.2. 实现步骤

  1. 准备好阿里云设备连接参数

  2. 连接wifi

  3. 创建MQTTClient对象

  4. 订阅消息

  5. 定时发布消息

  6. 准备阿里云设备参数

  1. 连接wifi

    def ConnectWifi(ssid, passwd):
    global wlan
    wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) # create a wlan object
    wlan.active(True) # Activate the network interface
    wlan.disconnect() # Disconnect the last connected WiFi
    wlan.connect(ssid, passwd) # connect wifi
    print("开始联网...")
    while (wlan.ifconfig()[0] == '0.0.0.0'):
    time.sleep(1)
    print("联网成功：",wlan.ifconfig())

  2. 创建MQTTClient

该操作api最后参数为维持心跳的时长，每隔60s就给服务器发消息，告诉服务器设备还活着

复制代码 
client = MQTTClient(CLIENT_ID, SERVER, 1883, username, password, 60)

  1. 订阅消息

    def subscribe_callback(topic, msg):
    msg = json.loads(msg)
    topic = topic.decode()
    print("接收到topic",topic)
    if(topic == subscribe_TOPIC):
    if msg['params']['AlarmSwitch'] !=0:
    led.value(0)
    else:
    led.value(1)

    设置订阅消息回调函数

    client.set_callback(subscribe_callback) # set callback

    订阅话题

    client.subscribe(subscribe_TOPIC) # client subscribes to a topic

  2. 等待用户数据

    while True:
    client.wait_msg()

2.3. 示例代码

python 复制代码 
#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
from umqtt.simple import MQTTClient
from machine import Pin
import network
import time
import machine
import dht
from machine import Timer
import json

"""
{
  "ProductKey": "k0ejus4OoQl",
  "DeviceName": "5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl",
  "DeviceSecret": "307bf81677628905e79784b4d2f65ace"
}

{"clientId":"k0ejus4OoQl.5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl|securemode=2,signmethod=hmacsha256,timestamp=1733748536747|",
"username":"5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl&k0ejus4OoQl",
"mqttHostUrl":"iot-06z00epnznwak8t.mqtt.iothub.aliyuncs.com",
"passwd":"929e8ea099ddb639608637e4088e6ff75f617c358b954ab3c7d6f0f15f24fecc",
"port":1883}

"""

#---以下的参数值都需要根据自己的环境修改-----------------------------------------------
led=Pin(48,Pin.OUT) #ESP32的引脚2接了LED灯，可根据自己的ESP32板子的LED引脚来设置

SSID = "icheima"  #填写自己的WIFI名称
PASSWORD = "abcdefgh"   #填写自己的WIFI密码

SSID = "SUIXING-Hotel"  #填写自己的WIFI名称
PASSWORD = ""   #填写自己的WIFI密码


SERVER = "iot-06z00epnznwak8t.mqtt.iothub.aliyuncs.com"  # mqttHostUrl
CLIENT_ID = "k0ejus4OoQl.5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl|securemode=2,signmethod=hmacsha256,timestamp=1733748536747|"  # clientId
username = "5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl&k0ejus4OoQl" #username
password = "929e8ea099ddb639608637e4088e6ff75f617c358b954ab3c7d6f0f15f24fecc"  #密码
publish_TOPIC = "/sys/k0ejus4OoQl/5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl/thing/event/property/post"
subscribe_TOPIC = "/sys/k0ejus4OoQl/5Lq9OGQODLusHlBp97fl/thing/service/property/set"
#---以上的参数值都需要根据自己的环境修改-----------------------------------------------

client = None

wlan = None

i = 0

def ConnectWifi(ssid, passwd):
        global wlan
        wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)  # create a wlan object
        wlan.active(True)  # Activate the network interface
        wlan.disconnect()  # Disconnect the last connected WiFi
        wlan.connect(ssid, passwd)  # connect wifi
        print("开始联网...")
        while (wlan.ifconfig()[0] == '0.0.0.0'):
                time.sleep(1)
        print("联网成功：",wlan.ifconfig())

def subscribe_callback(topic, msg):
        msg = json.loads(msg)
        topic = topic.decode()
        print("接收到topic",topic)
        if(topic == subscribe_TOPIC):
            if msg['params']['AlarmSwitch'] !=0:         
                led.value(0)   
            else: 
                led.value(1)
            

def publish_message(mytimer):
        global client
        global i
        
        i+=1
        try:
                request_params = {
                        "CurrentTemperature": 11+i,
                        "CurrentHumidity": 120+i,
                        "CurrentVoltage": 120+i,
                        "AlarmSwitch":1+i
                 }
                request = {
                    "id": 1,
                    "version": "1.0",
                    "params": request_params,
                    "method": "thing.event.property.post"
                }

                message = json.dumps(request)
                print('发布消息============================')
                print(message)
                client.publish(topic=publish_TOPIC, msg=message, retain=False, qos=0)
                print("发布消息成功")
                
        except Exception as e:
                print('exception:', e)
                mytimer.deinit()




def wifi_deng_run():
        global client
        global led
        global wlan
        print('物联网点灯大师启动...')
        try:
                
                ConnectWifi(SSID, PASSWORD)
                client = MQTTClient(CLIENT_ID, SERVER, 0, username, password, 60)  # create a mqtt client
                print('client:%s' % str(client))
                led.value(1)
                client.set_callback(subscribe_callback)  # set callback
                client.connect()  # connect mqtt
                client.subscribe(subscribe_TOPIC)  # client subscribes to a topic
                mytimer = Timer(0)
                mytimer.init(mode=Timer.PERIODIC, period=2000, callback=publish_message)
                while True:
                        client.wait_msg()  # wait message

        except Exception  as ex_results:
                print('exception1', ex_results)
                return "FAILED"
        finally:
                if (client is not None):
                        led.value(0)
                        client.disconnect()
                wlan.disconnect()
                wlan.active(False)
                print("重新连接")
                return 'FAILED'


while (True):
    if wifi_deng_run() == 'FAILED':
            print('FAILED,retry to connect')
            time.sleep(5)

结语

本文通过华为云IoT平台和MicroPython的结合，展示了MQTT协议在物联网中的强大能力。从云端实例配置到嵌入式设备开发，我们一步步实现了设备与云的高效通信，并完成了数据上报与远程控制功能。

未来，随着5G、边缘计算等技术的发展，物联网的应用场景将更加丰富。希望本文的实战指南能为您提供清晰的开发思路，助力您构建更智能、更可靠的物联网系统。如果您在实践过程中遇到问题，欢迎查阅华为云官方文档或社区论坛，共同探索物联网的无限可能！ 🚀

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