-- 创建一张学生表
CREATE TABLE students (
id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
sn INT NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '学号',
name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
qq VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE KEY
);
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mysql> desc students ;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| sn | int | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| qq | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
|-----|-------------------------------|
| 运算符 | 说明 |
| AND | 多个条件必须都为 TRUE(1)，结果才是 TRUE(1) |
| OR | 任意一个条件为 TRUE(1), 结果为 TRUE(1) |
| NOT | 条件为 TRUE(1)，结果为 FALSE(0） |
案例：
英语不及格的同学及英语成绩 ( < 60 )
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-- 基本比较
SELECT name, english FROM exam_result WHERE english < 60;
+-----------+--------+
| name | english |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 30 |
+-----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩
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-- 使用 AND 进行条件连接
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese >= 80 AND chinese <= 90;
+-----------+-------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用 BETWEEN ... AND ... 条件
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SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese BETWEEN 80 AND 90;
+-----------+-------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
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-- 使用 OR 进行条件连接
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
WHERE math = 58
OR math = 59
OR math = 98
OR math = 99;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
使用 IN 条件
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SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math IN (58, 59, 98, 99);
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
姓孙的同学 及 孙某同学
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-- % 匹配任意多个（包括 0 个）任意字符
SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 孙悟空 |
| 孙权 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- _ 匹配严格的一个任意字符
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SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙_';
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 孙权 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
WHERE 条件中比较运算符两侧都是字段
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SELECT name, chinese, english FROM exam_result WHERE chinese > english;
+-----------+-------+--------+
| name | chinese | english |
+-----------+-------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 67 | 56 |
| 孙悟空 | 87 | 77 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 | 67 |
| 刘玄德 | 55 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 75 | 30 |
+-----------+-------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总分在 200 分以下的同学
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-- WHERE 条件中使用表达式
-- 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中
SELECT name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese + math + english < 200;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清楚执行顺序：
语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
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AND 与 NOT 的使用
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese > 80 AND name NOT LIKE '孙%';
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
孙某同学，否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
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综合性查询
SELECT name, chinese, math, english, chinese + math + english 总分
FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙_' OR (
chinese + math + english > 200 AND chinese < math AND english > 80
);
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
| name | chinese | math | english | 总分 |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 | 276 |
| 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 221 |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SELECT name, qq FROM students WHERE qq IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- ASC 为升序（从小到大）
-- DESC 为降序（从大到小）
-- 默认为 ASC
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]
ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
注意：没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询，返回的顺序是未定义的，永远不要依赖这个顺序
案例：
同学及数学成绩，按数学成绩升序显示
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SELECT name, math FROM exam_result ORDER BY math;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同学及 qq 号，按 qq 号排序显示
NULL 视为比任何值都小，升序出现在最上面
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SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小，降序出现在最下面
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SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq DESC;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询同学各门成绩，依次按 数学降序，英语升序，语文升序的方式显示
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-- 多字段排序，排序优先级随书写顺序
SELECT name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY math DESC, english, chinese;
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| name | math | english | chinese |
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
| 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询同学及总分，由高到低
ORDER BY 中可以使用表达式
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SELECT name, chinese + english + math FROM exam_result
ORDER BY chinese + english + math DESC;
+-----------+-------------------------+
| name | chinese + english + math |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+-------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名
sql复制代码
SELECT name, chinese + english + math 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询姓孙的同学或者姓曹的同学数学成绩，结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
-- 结合 WHERE 子句 和 ORDER BY 子句
sql复制代码
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙%' OR name LIKE '曹%'
ORDER BY math DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
+-----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
筛选分页结果
语法：
-- 起始下标为 0
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n;
-- 从 0 开始，筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果，比第二种用法更明确，建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
建议：对未知表进行查询时，最好加一条 LIMIT 1，避免因为表中数据过大，查询全表数据导致数据库卡死按 id 进行分页，每页 3 条记录，分别显示 第 1、2、3 页
-- 第 1 页
sql复制代码
SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 0;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
-- 第 2 页
sql复制代码
SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 第 3 页，如果结果不足 3 个，不会有影响
sql复制代码
SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 6;
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
| 7 | 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+----+-----------+--------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Update
语法：
sql复制代码
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...]
[WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
对查询到的结果进行列值更新
案例：
将孙悟空同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分
sql复制代码
-- 更新值为具体值
-- 查看原数据
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新
UPDATE exam_result SET math = 80 WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 孙悟空 | 80 |
+-----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
将曹孟德同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分，语文成绩变更为 70 分
sql复制代码
-- 一次更新多个列
| nam
-- 查看原数据
SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+--------+-------+
e | math | chinese |
+-----------+--------+-------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 82 |
+-----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新
UPDATE exam_result SET math = 60, chinese = 70 WHERE name = '曹孟德';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+--------+-------+
| name | math | chinese |
+-----------+--------+-------+
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 70 |
+-----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分
sql复制代码
-- 更新值为原值基础上变更
-- 查看原数据
-- 别名可以在ORDER BY中使用
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 | 170 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 185 |
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 197 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新，不支持 math += 30 这种语法
UPDATE exam_result SET math = math + 30
ORDER BY chinese + math + english LIMIT 3;
-- 查看更新后数据
-- 思考：这里还可以按总分升序排序取前 3 个么？
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE name IN ('宋公明', '刘玄德', '曹孟德');
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 90 | 227 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 按总成绩排序后查询结果
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+--------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 221 |
+-----------+--------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
删除孙悟空同学的考试成绩
sql复制代码
-- 查看原数据
SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
+----+-----------+-------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 删除数据
DELETE FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
删除整张表数据
注意：删除整表操作要慎用！
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-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_delete (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sql复制代码
-- 删除整表数据
DELETE FROM for_delete;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
sql复制代码
-- 再插入一条数据，自增 id 在原值上增长
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 4 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查看表结构，会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=n 项
SHOW CREATE TABLE for_delete\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: for_delete
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_delete` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
truncate不会将自己的操作记录在日志里，delete from会，truncate的速度就会比delete快
