回顾
sort
sort [选项] 文件
-u：唯一，去除重复
-r:按数字大小，倒序排序，大到小
-o:输出文件
-n:按数字大小，顺序排序，小到大
-t: -t后加分割符，按分割符为标准，进行筛选
-k:k后加数字，第k列
-R:随机排序
-b:
uniq
uniq [选项] 文件
去除连续的重复行
-i:忽略大小写
-c:统计重复行次数
bash
[root@web ~]# uniq 1.txt
uniq: 1.txt: 没有那个文件或目录
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有新邮件
[root@web ~]# cd /tmp
[root@web tmp]# uniq 1.txt
112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123
[root@web tmp]# uniq -c 1.txt
1 112:2223:333213
1 12:3:2:1:312:3123
1 123123213123:123
1 2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
1 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
1 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
1 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
1 123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
1 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
1 123213
1 2
1 3213123
1 21
1 32
1 312
1 3
1 12312312312
1 3
1 123123123213
1
1 12312321
1 312312312
1 123123
[root@web tmp]# uniq -i 1.txt
112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123tee
双重覆盖重定向
命令 | tee 文件
-a：双重追加重定向
cat 1.txt |tee 4.txt
echo hello world | tee file5
bash
[root@web tmp]# echo hello world | tee file5
hello world
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cat file5
hello world
[root@web tmp]#diff
逐行比较文件不同
-u:
-u:合并格式显示
-c:上下文格式显示
bash
[root@web tmp]# diff 1.txt 2.txt
1c1,4
< 112:2223:333213
---
>
> 2
> 3
> 3
3c6,9
< 123123213123:123
---
> 21
> 32
> 112:2223:333213
> 312
5,7c11
< 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
< 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
< 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
---
> 123123
9d12
< 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
11c14,15
< 2
---
> 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
> 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
13,20d16
< 21
< 32
< 312
< 3
< 12312312312
< 3
< 123123123213
<
21a18
> 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
23c20,23
< 123123
---
> 12312312312
> 123123123213
> 123123213123:123
> 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# diff 2.txt 3.txt
1,23c1,27
<
< 2
< 3
< 3
< 12:3:2:1:312:3123
< 21
< 32
< 112:2223:333213
< 312
< 2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
< 123123
< 123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
< 123213
< 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
< 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
< 3213123
< 12312321
< 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
< 312312312
< 12312312312
< 123123123213
< 123123213123:123
< 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
---
> root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
> bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
> daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
> adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
> lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
> sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
> shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
> halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
> mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
> operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
> games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
> ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
> nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
> systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
> dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
> polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
> libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
> colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
> rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
> saned:x:996:993:SANE scanner daemon user:/usr/share/sane:/sbin/nologin
> gluster:x:995:992:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin
> aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
> bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb1111111111222222222333333331cccccccccc
> hello world 888
> 666
> 777
> 999
[root@web tmp]# diff file1 file2
[root@web tmp]# diff -c 1.txt 2.txt
*** 1.txt 2025-07-28 21:46:59.593951441 +0800
--- 2.txt 2025-07-28 21:12:17.477645718 +0800
***************
*** 1,23 ****
! 112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
! 123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
! 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
! 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
! 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
- 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
! 2
3213123
- 21
- 32
- 312
- 3
- 12312312312
- 3
- 123123123213
-
12312321
312312312
! 123123
--- 1,23 ----
!
! 2
! 3
! 3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
! 21
! 32
! 112:2223:333213
! 312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
! 123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
! 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
! 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
+ 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
! 12312312312
! 123123123213
! 123123213123:123
! 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]#diff dir1 dr2
bash
[root@web tmp]# diff dir1 dir2
只在 dir1 存在：file1
只在 dir2 存在：file2
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件patch 1.txt file6.patch
diff -uN 1.txt 2.txt > file6.patch
diff -c 1.txt 2.txt
patch 1.txt file6.patch
diff 1.txt 2.txt
bash
[root@web tmp]# diff -uN 5.txt 6.txt
--- 5.txt 2025-07-30 20:05:17.378243112 +0800
+++ 6.txt 2025-07-30 20:05:24.485368451 +0800
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-112:2223:333213
+
+2
+3
+3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
-123123213123:123
+21
+32
+112:2223:333213
+312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
-21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
-12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
-213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
+123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
-213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
-2
+213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
+213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
-21
-32
-312
-3
-12312312312
-3
-123123123213
-
12312321
+21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
-123123
+12312312312
+123123123213
+123123213123:123
+12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# diff -uN 5.txt 6.txt >file6.patch
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# patch 5.txt file6.patch
patching file 5.txt
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# diff 5.txt 6.txt
[root@web tmp]# diff -c 5.txt 6.txt
[root@web tmp]# diff -u 5.txt 6.txt
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cat 5.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# cat 6.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!tr
字符的转换、替换、删除
用法1：tr 文件1 文件2 tr 'string1' 'string2' < filename
用法2:commands | tr file1 file2 'string1' 'string2'
用法3:tr options 'string1' < filename
-d：删除所有字符
-s：删除重复字符序列，只保留第一个
tr -d '[: /]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt所有的:和/
cat 3.txt |tr -d '[: /]' 删除3.txt 所有的 : 和 /
tr '[0-9]' '[@]' < 3.txt 替换 将3.txt所有的数字替换为@
tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' < 3.txt 替换3.txt中所有的小写字母为大写字母
tr -s '[a-z0-9]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt中所有重复的小写字母数字，只保留第一个字母数字
tr -s '[a-z]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt中所有的小写字母
tr -d '[:digit:]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt中所有的数字
tr -d '[:blank:]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt中所有的空格 水平空白
tr -d '[:space:]' < 3.txt 删除3.txt中所有的水平、垂直空白
bash
[root@web tmp]# cat 5.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# cat 6.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# cat 5.txt | tr -d '[:/]'
2
3
3
123213123123
21
32
1122223333213
312
2112123!@#!@#@!!@#!@#!@#!@#!@
123123
123123!@#213!@#123!@#!@#!#!@#123123@!3123
123213
213123!@#@!#@!#213@!#12
21321312312!@#!@!@312!@3123!@312!@#1221321312!23123!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312SADASD!@#!@#@!#!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123123
12312312123122121312312!@#!@#!#ASASDSAD!@#!@#ASDASD!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# tr -s [1-9] < 1.txt
12:23:3213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
212:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
1231231212312121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123
[root@web tmp]# tr -s [1-9] <5.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
12:23:3213
312
212:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
1231231212312121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# tr '[1-9]' '[@]' < 5.txt
]
]
]
@]:]:]:@:]@]:]@]]
]@
]]
@@]:]]]]:]]]]@]
]@]
]@@]:@]]:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
@]]@]]
@]]@]]:!@#]@]:!@#@]]:!@#!@#:!#!@#:@]]@]]:@!]@]]
@]]]@]
]@]@]]::::!@#@!#:@!#]@]:@!#@]
]@]]@]:@]]@]:!@#!@:!@]@]:!@]@]]:!@]@]:!@#@]:]@]]@]@]:!]]@]]:!@]
]]@]@]]
@]]@]]]@
]@]@]]@]:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
]@]]@]]@]
@]]@]]@]]@]
@]]@]]@]]]@]
@]]@]]]@]@]]:@]]
@]]@]]@]@]]@]]@]@]@]]@]:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# tr ''测试
使用小工具截取当前主机IP;截取NetMask;截取broadcast
ifconfig ens33 | grep 'broadcast'|tr -d '[a-zA-Z]'
bash
ifconfig ens33|grep 'Bcast'|tr -d '[a-zA-Z]'|cut -d: -f2,3,4
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.235.20 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.235.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe97:845e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:97:84:5e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 222598 bytes 16375798 (15.6 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 367611 bytes 159710111 (152.3 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep 'Bcast'
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]#
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep 'Bcast'
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep -i 'Bcast'
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33 |grep 'broadcast'
inet 192.168.235.20 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.235.255
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep 'broadcast'|tr -d '[a-z]'
192.168.235.20 255.255.255.0 192.168.235.255截取MAC地址
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33 | grep 'ether' |tr -s ' ' |ls
1.txt file2 sys-20250717.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-bolt.service-LMvltW
2.txt file3.patch sys-20250718.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-chronyd.service-UWJorp
3.txt file5 sys-20250720.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-colord.service-tLvcX3
5.txt file6.patch sys-20250721.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-cups.service-LjtpWQ
6.txt file.patch sys-20250722.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-rtkit-daemon.service-gttbXa
bak.boot passwd sys-20250723.tar.gz vmware-root_1022-2999133054
dir1 swapfile sys-20250724.tar.gz vmware-root_1207-3979642956
dir2 sys-20250714.tar.gz sys-20250728.tar.gz vmware-root_845-4021653450
EdP.aunSeOi sys-20250715.tar.gz sys-20250729.tar.gz vmware-root_971-4290232077
file1 sys-20250716.tar.gz sys-20250730.tar.gz
为什么 cut -d ' ' -f3
ether 00:0c:29:97:84:5e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
得到MAC地址 为什么是f3
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33 |grep 'ether' |tr -s ' '|cut -d ' ' -f3
00:0c:29:97:84:5e
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep broadcast|tr -s ' '|cut -d ' ' -f7
192.168.235.255
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep broadcast|tr -d '[a-zA-Z]'
192.168.235.20 255.255.255.0 192.168.235.255
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
bash
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig ens33|grep broadcast|tr -d '[a-zA-Z]'|tr -s ' '|cut -d ' ' -f4
192.168.235.255
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件将系统中所有普通用户的用户名、密码、shell保存在一个文件中，用户名、密码 shell间用shell连接
grep 'bash$' passwd|grep -v 'root'|cut -d: -f1,2,7|tr ':' '\t'|tee 'abc.txt'
bash
[root@web tmp]# grep 'bash$' passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
caozx26:x:1000:1002:caozx26:/home/caozx26:/bin/bash
XOAP:x:1002:1000::/rhome/XOAP:/bin/bash
cao1:x:1004:1223::/home/cao1:/bin/bash
cao2:x:1005:1005::/home/cao2:/bin/bash
xiaocao:x:1006:1006::/home/xiaocao:/bin/bash
xiao6:x:1007:1007::/home/xiao6:/bin/bash
tom:x:1008:1008::/home/tom:/bin/bash
jack:x:1009:1009::/home/jack:/bin/bash
cw01:x:1010:1224::/home/cw01:/bin/bash
sc01:x:1011:1226::/home/sc01:/bin/bash
rs01:x:1012:1225::/home/rs01:/bin/bash
boss01:x:1013:1004::/home/boss01:/bin/bash
cw02:x:1014:1224::/home/cw02:/bin/bash
sc02:x:1015:1226::/home/sc02:/bin/bash
rs02:x:1016:1225::/home/rs02:/bin/bash
harry:x:1017:1017::/home/mahei/redhat/harry:/bin/bash
netasha:x:1018:1018::/home/netasha:/bin/bash
sarsh:x:1019:1228::/home/sarsh:/bin/bash
OOO:x:1020:1020::/home/OOO:/bin/bash
jerry:x:1021:1229::/home/jerry:/bin/bash
kefu:x:1022:1022::/home/kefu:/bin/bash
kefu2:x:1023:1023::/home/kefu2:/bin/bash
user01:x:1024:1024::/home/user01:/bin/bash
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# grep 'bash$' passwd|grep -v 'root'
caozx26:x:1000:1002:caozx26:/home/caozx26:/bin/bash
XOAP:x:1002:1000::/rhome/XOAP:/bin/bash
cao1:x:1004:1223::/home/cao1:/bin/bash
cao2:x:1005:1005::/home/cao2:/bin/bash
xiaocao:x:1006:1006::/home/xiaocao:/bin/bash
xiao6:x:1007:1007::/home/xiao6:/bin/bash
tom:x:1008:1008::/home/tom:/bin/bash
jack:x:1009:1009::/home/jack:/bin/bash
cw01:x:1010:1224::/home/cw01:/bin/bash
sc01:x:1011:1226::/home/sc01:/bin/bash
rs01:x:1012:1225::/home/rs01:/bin/bash
boss01:x:1013:1004::/home/boss01:/bin/bash
cw02:x:1014:1224::/home/cw02:/bin/bash
sc02:x:1015:1226::/home/sc02:/bin/bash
rs02:x:1016:1225::/home/rs02:/bin/bash
harry:x:1017:1017::/home/mahei/redhat/harry:/bin/bash
netasha:x:1018:1018::/home/netasha:/bin/bash
sarsh:x:1019:1228::/home/sarsh:/bin/bash
OOO:x:1020:1020::/home/OOO:/bin/bash
jerry:x:1021:1229::/home/jerry:/bin/bash
kefu:x:1022:1022::/home/kefu:/bin/bash
kefu2:x:1023:1023::/home/kefu2:/bin/bash
user01:x:1024:1024::/home/user01:/bin/bash
[root@web tmp]# grep 'bash$' passwd|grep -v 'root'|cut -d: -f1,2,7
caozx26:x:/bin/bash
XOAP:x:/bin/bash
cao1:x:/bin/bash
cao2:x:/bin/bash
xiaocao:x:/bin/bash
xiao6:x:/bin/bash
tom:x:/bin/bash
jack:x:/bin/bash
cw01:x:/bin/bash
sc01:x:/bin/bash
rs01:x:/bin/bash
boss01:x:/bin/bash
cw02:x:/bin/bash
sc02:x:/bin/bash
rs02:x:/bin/bash
harry:x:/bin/bash
netasha:x:/bin/bash
sarsh:x:/bin/bash
OOO:x:/bin/bash
jerry:x:/bin/bash
kefu:x:/bin/bash
kefu2:x:/bin/bash
user01:x:/bin/bash
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# grep 'bash$' passwd|grep -v 'root'|cut -d: -f1,2,7|tr ':' '\t'
caozx26 x /bin/bash
XOAP x /bin/bash
cao1 x /bin/bash
cao2 x /bin/bash
xiaocao x /bin/bash
xiao6 x /bin/bash
tom x /bin/bash
jack x /bin/bash
cw01 x /bin/bash
sc01 x /bin/bash
rs01 x /bin/bash
boss01 x /bin/bash
cw02 x /bin/bash
sc02 x /bin/bash
rs02 x /bin/bash
harry x /bin/bash
netasha x /bin/bash
sarsh x /bin/bash
OOO x /bin/bash
jerry x /bin/bash
kefu x /bin/bash
kefu2 x /bin/bash
user01 x /bin/bash
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# grep 'bash$' passwd|grep -v 'root'|cut -d: -f1,2,7|tr ':' '\t'|tee abc.txt
caozx26 x /bin/bash
XOAP x /bin/bash
cao1 x /bin/bash
cao2 x /bin/bash
xiaocao x /bin/bash
xiao6 x /bin/bash
tom x /bin/bash
jack x /bin/bash
cw01 x /bin/bash
sc01 x /bin/bash
rs01 x /bin/bash
boss01 x /bin/bash
cw02 x /bin/bash
sc02 x /bin/bash
rs02 x /bin/bash
harry x /bin/bash
netasha x /bin/bash
sarsh x /bin/bash
OOO x /bin/bash
jerry x /bin/bash
kefu x /bin/bash
kefu2 x /bin/bash
user01 x /bin/bash
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cat abc.txt
caozx26 x /bin/bash
XOAP x /bin/bash
cao1 x /bin/bash
cao2 x /bin/bash
xiaocao x /bin/bash
xiao6 x /bin/bash
tom x /bin/bash
jack x /bin/bash
cw01 x /bin/bash
sc01 x /bin/bash
rs01 x /bin/bash
boss01 x /bin/bash
cw02 x /bin/bash
sc02 x /bin/bash
rs02 x /bin/bash
harry x /bin/bash
netasha x /bin/bash
sarsh x /bin/bash
OOO x /bin/bash
jerry x /bin/bash
kefu x /bin/bash
kefu2 x /bin/bash
user01 x /bin/bash
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件bash
常见快捷键
ctrl+r 搜索历史命令
ctrl+u 清除光标前字符
ctrl+k 清楚光标后字符
ctrl+a 移动命令最前方
ctrl+e 移动到命令最后端
常用通配符
*匹配0或多个任意字符
？匹配任意单个字符
list\] 匹配\[list\]中的任意单个字符，或一组单个字符
\[!list\] 匹配除list的字符
\[string1,string2,...\] 匹配string1 string2 或更多字符串
### bash中的引号
" ":将""中的内容当成整体来看，允许通过 $ 符号引用其他变量值
' ' :将' '中的内容当成整体来看，禁止引用其他变量值，特殊符号视为普通字符
\`\` : 命令优先执行，和$()一样。如果存在嵌套，不能用
#### "" ''
echo "(hostname)"echo′(hostname)" echo '(hostname)"echo′(hostname)'
echo `hostname`
```bash
[root@web tmp]# echo "$(hostname)"
web.cn
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# echo 'hostname'
hostname
[root@web tmp]# echo "hostname"
hostname
[root@web tmp]# echo '$(hostname)'
$(hostname)
[root@web tmp]# echo "$(hostname)"
web.cn
[root@web tmp]# echo "$(date)"
2025年 07月 30日 星期三 23:27:30 CST
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# echo '$(date)'
$(date)
[root@web tmp]# echo $(date)
2025年 07月 30日 星期三 23:27:56 CST
[root@web tmp]# echo $(hostname)
web.cn
[root@web tmp]# echo $(date +%F)
2025-07-30
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# echo `echo $(date +%F)`
2025-07-30
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# echo `echo $(hostname)`
web.cn
[root@web tmp]# echo `hostname`
web.cn
[root@web tmp]# echo `date+%F`
bash: date+%F: 未找到命令...
[root@web tmp]# echo `date +%F`
2025-07-30
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# echo `echo `hostname``
hostname
[root@web tmp]# echo `echo $(hostname)`
web.cn
[root@web tmp]#
```
## 记录
```bash
root@192.168.235.20's password:
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ • MobaXterm 20.0 • │
│ (SSH client, X-server and networking tools) │
│ │
│ ➤ SSH session to root@192.168.235.20 │
│ • SSH compression : ✘ │
│ • SSH-browser : ✔ │
│ • X11-forwarding : ✔ (remote display is forwarded through SSH) │
│ • DISPLAY : ✔ (automatically set on remote server) │
│ │
│ ➤ For more info, ctrl+click on help or visit our website │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Last login: Tue Jul 29 19:19:36 2025 from 192.168.235.1
[root@web ~]# uniq 1.txt
uniq: 1.txt: 没有那个文件或目录
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有新邮件
[root@web ~]# cd /tmp
[root@web tmp]# uniq 1.txt
112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123
[root@web tmp]# uniq -c 1.txt
1 112:2223:333213
1 12:3:2:1:312:3123
1 123123213123:123
1 2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
1 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
1 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
1 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
1 123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
1 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
1 123213
1 2
1 3213123
1 21
1 32
1 312
1 3
1 12312312312
1 3
1 123123123213
1
1 12312321
1 312312312
1 123123
[root@web tmp]# uniq -i 1.txt
112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123
[root@web tmp]# echo hello world | tee file5
hello world
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cat file5
hello world
[root@web tmp]# diff file1 file2
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# diff file2 file3
diff: file3: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@web tmp]# diff text1 text2
diff: text1: 没有那个文件或目录
diff: text2: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@web tmp]# ls
1.txt file3.patch sys-20250718.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-bolt.service-LMvltW
2.txt file5 sys-20250720.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-chronyd.service-UWJorp
3.txt file.patch sys-20250721.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-colord.service-tLvcX3
bak.boot passwd sys-20250722.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-cups.service-LjtpWQ
dir1 swapfile sys-20250723.tar.gz systemd-private-6f37c267bc534142983b62ad1ab0be9a-rtkit-daemon.service-gttbXa
dir2 sys-20250714.tar.gz sys-20250724.tar.gz vmware-root_1022-2999133054
EdP.aunSeOi sys-20250715.tar.gz sys-20250728.tar.gz vmware-root_1207-3979642956
file1 sys-20250716.tar.gz sys-20250729.tar.gz vmware-root_845-4021653450
file2 sys-20250717.tar.gz sys-20250730.tar.gz vmware-root_971-4290232077
[root@web tmp]# diff 1.txt 2.txt
1c1,4
< 112:2223:333213
---
>
> 2
> 3
> 3
3c6,9
< 123123213123:123
---
> 21
> 32
> 112:2223:333213
> 312
5,7c11
< 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
< 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
< 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
---
> 123123
9d12
< 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
11c14,15
< 2
---
> 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
> 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
13,20d16
< 21
< 32
< 312
< 3
< 12312312312
< 3
< 123123123213
<
21a18
> 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
23c20,23
< 123123
---
> 12312312312
> 123123123213
> 123123213123:123
> 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# diff 2.txt 3.txt
1,23c1,27
<
< 2
< 3
< 3
< 12:3:2:1:312:3123
< 21
< 32
< 112:2223:333213
< 312
< 2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
< 123123
< 123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
< 123213
< 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
< 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
< 3213123
< 12312321
< 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
< 312312312
< 12312312312
< 123123123213
< 123123213123:123
< 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
---
> root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
> bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
> daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
> adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
> lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
> sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
> shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
> halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
> mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
> operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
> games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
> ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
> nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
> systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
> dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
> polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
> libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
> colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
> rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
> saned:x:996:993:SANE scanner daemon user:/usr/share/sane:/sbin/nologin
> gluster:x:995:992:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin
> aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
> bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb1111111111222222222333333331cccccccccc
> hello world 888
> 666
> 777
> 999
[root@web tmp]# diff file1 file2
[root@web tmp]# diff -c 1.txt 2.txt
*** 1.txt 2025-07-28 21:46:59.593951441 +0800
--- 2.txt 2025-07-28 21:12:17.477645718 +0800
***************
*** 1,23 ****
! 112:2223:333213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
! 123123213123:123
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
! 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
! 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
! 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
- 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
! 2
3213123
- 21
- 32
- 312
- 3
- 12312312312
- 3
- 123123123213
-
12312321
312312312
! 123123
--- 1,23 ----
!
! 2
! 3
! 3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
! 21
! 32
! 112:2223:333213
! 312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
! 123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
! 213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
! 213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
+ 21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
! 12312312312
! 123123123213
! 123123213123:123
! 12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# diff dir1 dir2
只在 dir1 存在：file1
只在 dir2 存在：file2
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# copy 1.txt 5.txt
bash: copy: 未找到命令...
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cp 1.txt 5.txt
[root@web tmp]# cp 2.txt 6.txt
[root@web tmp]# diff -uN 5.txt 6.txt
--- 5.txt 2025-07-30 20:05:17.378243112 +0800
+++ 6.txt 2025-07-30 20:05:24.485368451 +0800
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-112:2223:333213
+
+2
+3
+3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
-123123213123:123
+21
+32
+112:2223:333213
+312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
-21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
-12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
-213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
+123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
-213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
-2
+213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
+213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
-21
-32
-312
-3
-12312312312
-3
-123123123213
-
12312321
+21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
-123123
+12312312312
+123123123213
+123123213123:123
+12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# diff -uN 5.txt 6.txt >file6.patch
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# patch 5.txt file6.patch
patching file 5.txt
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# diff 5.txt 6.txt
[root@web tmp]# diff -c 5.txt 6.txt
[root@web tmp]# diff -u 5.txt 6.txt
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# cat 5.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# cat 6.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
112:2223:333213
312
2112:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
12312312123122121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# cat 5.txt | tr -d '[:/]'
2
3
3
123213123123
21
32
1122223333213
312
2112123!@#!@#@!!@#!@#!@#!@#!@
123123
123123!@#213!@#123!@#!@#!#!@#123123@!3123
123213
213123!@#@!#@!#213@!#12
21321312312!@#!@!@312!@3123!@312!@#1221321312!23123!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312SADASD!@#!@#@!#!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123123
12312312123122121312312!@#!@#!#ASASDSAD!@#!@#ASDASD!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# tr -s [1-9] < 1.txt
12:23:3213
12:3:2:1:312:3123
123123213123:123
212:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
1231231212312121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
123213
2
3213123
21
32
312
3
12312312312
3
123123123213
12312321
312312312
123123
[root@web tmp]# tr -s [1-9] <5.txt
2
3
3
12:3:2:1:312:3123
21
32
12:23:3213
312
212:123:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
123123
123123:!@#213:!@#123:!@#!@#:!#!@#:123123:@!3123
123213
213123::::!@#@!#:@!#213:@!#12
213213:12312:!@#!@:!@312:!@3123:!@312:!@#12:21321312:!23123:!@3
3213123
12312321
21312312:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
312312312
12312312312
123123123213
123123213123:123
1231231212312121312312:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件
[root@web tmp]# tr '[1-9]' '[@]' < 5.txt
]
]
]
@]:]:]:@:]@]:]@]]
]@
]]
@@]:]]]]:]]]]@]
]@]
]@@]:@]]:!@#:!@#:@!:!@#!@:#:!@#:!@:#!@:
@]]@]]
@]]@]]:!@#]@]:!@#@]]:!@#!@#:!#!@#:@]]@]]:@!]@]]
@]]]@]
]@]@]]::::!@#@!#:@!#]@]:@!#@]
]@]]@]:@]]@]:!@#!@:!@]@]:!@]@]]:!@]@]:!@#@]:]@]]@]@]:!]]@]]:!@]
]]@]@]]
@]]@]]]@
]@]@]]@]:S:ADAS:D:!@:#!@:#:@!#:!@#!@
]@]]@]]@]
@]]@]]@]]@]
@]]@]]@]]]@]
@]]@]]]@]@]]:@]]
@]]@]]@]@]]@]]@]@]@]]@]:!@#!@#!#AS:ASDSAD:!@#!@#:ASDASD:!@#@!
[root@web tmp]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163