Nginx 访问控制、用户认证与 HTTPS 配置指南

Nginx 访问控制、用户认证与 HTTPS 配置指南

一、Nginx 访问控制

1.1 基本语法

用于 location 段中控制客户端访问权限：

• allow：允许指定的 IP 或网段访问，多个参数用空格隔开。
• deny：禁止指定的 IP 或网段访问，多个参数用空格隔开。

示例：

allow 192.168.100.20 192.168.100.30;
deny all;

1.2 拒绝指定主机访问nginx状态页面

location /status {
    echo "chenyu";
    deny 192.168.100.111;
}

1.3 启用 stub_status 模块查看nginx状态信息

location /status {
    echo "chenyu";
    stub_status on;
}

状态信息说明：

• Active connections：当前nginx正在处理的活动连接数
• Server accepts handled requests：nginx总共处理了63个连接，成功创建63次握手，总共处理了62个请求
• Reading：nginx读取到客户端的Header信息数
• Writing：nginx返回给客户端的Header信息数
• Waiting：开启keep-alive的情况下，这个值等于active-（reading+writing），意思就是nginx已经处理完成，正在等候下一次请求指令的驻留连接。所以，在访问效率高、请求很快就被处理完毕的情况下，waiting数比较多是正常的。如果reading+writing数较多，则说明并发访问量非常大，正在处理过程中

1.4 allow 与 deny 同时存在时的优先级

location /status {
    stub_status on;
    allow 192.168.100.111;
    deny all;
}

1.5 常见访问控制策略

只允许指定 IP 访问，禁止其他所有 IP：

allow 192.168.100.11;
allow 192.168.100.12;
deny all;

只禁止指定 IP 访问，允许其他所有 IP：

deny 192.168.100.11;
deny 192.168.100.12;
allow all;

---

二、用户认证

2.1 基本配置语法

auth_basic "欢迎信息";
auth_basic_user_file "/path/to/user_auth_file";

2.2 user_auth_file用户认证文件格式

每行为一个用户，格式为：

username:加密密码

2.3 使用 htpasswd 创建认证文件

htpasswd -c -m /path/to/.user_auth_file USERNAME

授权用户

安装 httpd-tools：

yum -y install httpd-tools

创建用户密钥文件：

cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
htpasswd -c -m .user_auth_file chenyu

cat .user_auth_file 
chenyu:$apr1$whXqcpS.$EORacQbsq0P6JblZ0ayM5/

2.4 配置 Nginx 启用认证（注意auth_basic_user_file必须用绝对路径）

location /status {
    stub_status on;
    auth_basic "welcome to hyedu";
    auth_basic_user_file "/usr/local/nginx/conf/.user_auth_file";
}

2.5 测试并重载配置

nginx -t
nginx -s reload

---

三、HTTPS 配置

3.1 环境说明

• Nginx 服务器：192.168.100.10
• CA 服务器：192.168.100.30

3.2 在 CA 服务器上生成一对密钥,根证书

mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA/private
cd /etc/pki/CA/
(umask 077; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
.+++++
....................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)

openssl rsa -in private/cakey.pem -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAvaWtkdtUn3T+pXIvD1Rf
LUGP8NdmlVqwamSU7fxqRA5BiWi7gKsNpnSBHlXGJ3PeFBRbNfff/IOpZLnMWDB4
OKDp63pB4OcB3GKWNoJsDYEg5m4HYdhHjJRywTkfmuUNoIok8fBg6gsYYHov9EVK
tmV9FTZBRIPSq7hiVm8dYPDFsuAhvi5CUxGO/VEXRsiJvePSQ1IAaMYUv/mDDMKC
GXX/qvyWPRMA6KdFmr6hO32jbY3fzllzfQpN3tjNrXbQPRa1o6GFQ9nQC8kHzo5L
qtRdeJ0ZMqQyU76f6kJQwcBPS2t/ByTGxq8DRAiVATNK2xO3LuNvfCv+CYRYuVwV
bwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 1024
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:luoqi
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:chenyu
Email Address []:cy@example.com

3.3 在 Nginx 服务器上生成证书请求，发送给CA

cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
(umask 077; openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
................................................................................+++++
............................................................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)

openssl req -new -key httpd.key -days 1024 -out httpd.csr
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:luoqi
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:chenyu
Email Address []:cy@example.com

scp httpd.csr root@192.168.100.30:/root/

3.4 CA签署证书并发送给NGINX,在 CA 服务器上签署证书

mkdir /etc/pki/CA/newcerts
touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt
echo "01" > /etc/pki/CA/serial
openssl ca -in httpd.csr -out httpd.crt -days 1024
# 将CA签署的证书httpd.crt和服务器的证书cacert.pem发送给nginx
scp httpd.crt root@192.168.100.10:/usr/local/nginx/conf/
scp /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem root@192.168.100.10:/usr/local/nginx/conf/

3.5 配置 Nginx 启用 HTTPS /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name localhost;
    ssl_certificate httpd.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key httpd.key;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
    ssl_session_timeout 5m;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    location / {
        root html;
        index index.html index.htm;
    }
}

3.6 nginx -t 测试配置文件

nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
echo "chenyu" > /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
nginx -s reload