虚拟列表从入门到出门

王大宇_2025-11-21 16:40

虚拟列表

目标：让页面只渲染可见的少量节点，其余都是空白高度

固定高度

🌰来喽

每一项高度固定（假设50px）

若滚动区域高度500px，则可显示 （500 / 50 = 10项）

此时快速滚动到了2000项

真实渲染的列表内容：

只渲染 10～15 个 DOM 节点（pool）

把它们整体 transform 下移 offset 像素

在它们里面显示第 2000～2015 条数据

  • html版

    html 复制代码 
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <style>
      .virtual-list {
        height: 300px;
        overflow-y: auto;
        border: 1px solid #ccc;
        position: relative;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <!-- 页面滚动容器 -->
    <div id="app" class="virtual-list"></div>

    <script>
      // 列表数据总数
      const total = 10000;
      // 列表项高度
      const itemHeight = 30;
      // 可视区域渲染数量 +2 作为缓冲 避免闪烁
      const visibleCount = Math.ceil(300 / itemHeight) + 2;
      const data = Array.from({ length: total }, (_, i) => `Item ${i}`);

      // 容器
      const container = document.getElementById('app');

      // 列表容器 需要撑开总高度
      const wrap = document.createElement('div');
      // 计算容器总高度
      wrap.style.height = total * itemHeight + 'px';
      // 列表项使用absolute定位
      wrap.style.position = 'relative';

      // 列表项
      const list = document.createElement('div');
      // 使用absolute定位 使listItem 在list内偏移而不改变list高度
      list.style.position = 'absolute';
      list.style.top = 0;
      list.style.left = 0;
      list.style.right = 0;

      wrap.appendChild(list);
      container.appendChild(wrap);

      function render() {
        // 读取容器当前垂直滚动偏移
        const scrollTop = container.scrollTop;
        // 计算起始位置
        const start = Math.floor(scrollTop / itemHeight);
        // 计算结束为止
        const end = Math.min(start + visibleCount, total);

        /**
         * 设置偏移 使内容位置正确
         * 使用transform 将list 整体下移 start * itemHeight
         * transform性能较直接设置top更优
         * */
        list.style.transform = `translateY(${start * itemHeight}px)`;

        // 渲染可视区域数据，重置innerHTML 清空之前渲染的内容，优化见下文
        list.innerHTML = '';

        // 渲染数据
        for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
          const div = document.createElement('div');
          div.style.height = `${itemHeight}px`;
          div.style.lineHeight = `${itemHeight}px`;
          div.style.borderBottom = '1px solid #eee';
          div.textContent = data[i];
          list.appendChild(div);
        }
      }

      render();
      // 滚动监听
      container.addEventListener('scroll', render);
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

  • React版

    tsx 复制代码 
    import VirtualList from './pages/virtual-list/fixed-height-virtual-list';

function App() {
  const data = Array.from({ length: 100000 }, (_, i) => `Item ${i}`);

  return (
    <div style={{ padding: 20 }}>
      <h2>React 虚拟列表示例</h2>
      <VirtualList itemHeight={30} height={400} data={data} />
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;
    tsx 复制代码 
    import { useRef, useState } from 'react';

interface VirtualListProps {
  itemHeight: number;
  height: number;
  data: string[];
}
const FixHeightVirtualList = ({
  itemHeight = 30,
  height = 300,
  data = [],
}: VirtualListProps) => {
  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

  const [scrollTop, setScrollTop] = useState(0);

  const total = data.length;
  const visible = Math.ceil(height / itemHeight) + 2;
  const start = Math.floor(scrollTop / itemHeight);
  const end = Math.min(start + visible, total);

  const onScroll = () => {
    if (containerRef.current) {
      const top = containerRef.current.scrollTop;
      setScrollTop(top);
    }
  };

  return (
    <div
      ref={containerRef}
      onScroll={onScroll}
      style={{
        height,
        overflowY: 'auto',
        border: '1px solid #ccc',
        position: 'relative',
      }}
    >
      <div style={{ height: total * itemHeight, position: 'relative' }}>
        <div
          style={{
            position: 'absolute',
            top: '0',
            left: '0',
            right: '0',
            transform: `translateY(${start * itemHeight}px)`,
          }}
        >
          {data.slice(start, end).map((item, index) => (
            <div
              key={start + index}
              style={{
                height: itemHeight,
                lineHeight: `${itemHeight}px`,
                borderBottom: '1px solid #eee',
                paddingLeft: '10px',
              }}
            >
              {item}
            </div>
          ))}
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

export default FixHeightVirtualList;

  • React优化版

    • 方向

      python 复制代码 
        data.slice(start, end).map()
      • 每次滚动都会生成新数组，会导致对象频繁创建
      • 数组改变后，React会diff整个可视区域
      • key每次新增/删除导致卸载挂载

    • 优化后

      • DOM数量保持不变
      • DOM完全复用
      • transform: translateY(offset)不触发回流

    • 去掉不必要的diff 去掉不必要的DOM创建/删除 去掉不必要的布局 去掉不必要的渲染

    tsx 复制代码 
    import React, { useCallback, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';

interface VirtualListProps {
  itemHeight: number;
  height: number;
  data: string[];
  buffer: number;
  renderItem?: (item: string, index: number) => React.ReactNode;
}
const FixHeightVirtualListV2 = ({
  itemHeight = 50,
  height = 400,
  data = [],
  buffer = 2,
  renderItem,
}: VirtualListProps) => {
  // 存DOM引用，读取scrollTop
  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

  // 保存滚动实时值，不触发渲染，避免频繁setState
  const scrollTopRef = useRef(0);

  //标识是否已经有rAF回调
  const tickingRef = useRef(false);

  const [scrollTop, setScrollTop] = useState(0);

  const total = data.length;

  // 容器可见行数
  const visible = Math.ceil(height / itemHeight);
  // 真正创建的DOM节点数 = 可视区域 + 缓冲区 缓冲越多滚动越平滑但DOM更多
  const poolCount = visible + buffer;
  // 起始位置
  const start = Math.max(0, Math.floor(scrollTop / itemHeight));

  const onScroll = useCallback(() => {
    // 每次滚动把最新的scrollTop存入ref
    const top = containerRef.current?.scrollTop || 0;
    scrollTopRef.current = top;

    // 如果没有排队的rAF，就排一个
    if (!tickingRef.current) {
      tickingRef.current = true;
      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
        setScrollTop(scrollTopRef.current);
        tickingRef.current = false;
      });
    }
  }, []);

  const containerStyle = useMemo<React.CSSProperties>(
    () => ({
      overflowY: 'auto',
      height: height,
      border: '1px solid #ddd',
      position: 'relative',
      WebkitOverflowScrolling: 'touch',
    }),
    [height]
  );

  const spacerStyle = useMemo<React.CSSProperties>(
    () => ({
      height: total * itemHeight,
      position: 'relative',
    }),
    [total, itemHeight]
  );

  const innerStyle = useMemo<React.CSSProperties>(
    () => ({
      position: 'absolute',
      top: 0,
      left: 0,
      right: 0,
      transform: `translateY(${start * itemHeight}px)`,
      willChange: 'transform',
    }),
    [start, itemHeight]
  );

  const itemBaseStyle = useMemo<React.CSSProperties>(
    () => ({
      height: itemHeight,
      lineHeight: `${itemHeight}px`,
      borderBottom: '1px solid #eee',
      padding: '0 12px',
      boxSizing: 'border-box',
      overflow: 'hidden',
      whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
      textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
    }),
    [itemHeight]
  );

  return (
    <div ref={containerRef} style={containerStyle} onScroll={onScroll}>
      <div style={spacerStyle}>
        <div style={innerStyle}>
          {/* key使用index做索引而非dataIndex  在diff的时候不会将节点当作新节点创建或删除，而是复用DOM只替换文本*/}
          {Array.from({ length: poolCount }).map((_, index) => {
            const dataIndex = start + index;
            const item = dataIndex < total ? data[dataIndex] : null;

            const content =
              item === null
                ? null
                : renderItem
                ? renderItem(item, dataIndex)
                : item ?? String(item);

            return (
              <div
                key={index}
                style={{ ...itemBaseStyle }}
                data-index={dataIndex}
              >
                {content}
              </div>
            );
          })}
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

export default FixHeightVirtualListV2;

不定高度

  • React版

    • 相比于定长列表，我们首先需要获取每个item的高度并将其存起来

    tsx 复制代码 
    import { useState } from 'react';
import VariableHeightVirtualList from './pages/virtual-list/variable-height-virtual-list';


function App() {

  const [dataVariable] = useState(() =>
    new Array(1000).fill(0).map((_, i) => ({
      id: i,
      text: `Row ${i}`,
      height: 20 + Math.round(Math.random() * 80),
    }))
  );

  return (
    <VariableHeightVirtualList
      data={dataVariable}
      poolCount={15}
      estimatedItemHeight={50}
      containerHeight={500}
      renderItem={(item: any) => (
        <div
          style={{
            padding: '10px',
            borderBottom: '1px solid #eee',
            background: '#fafafa',
            height: item.height, // 不定高
          }}
        >
          {item.text} --- height: {item.height}
        </div>
      )}
    />
  );
}

export default App;
    tsx 复制代码 
    import {
  useCallback,
  useEffect,
  useLayoutEffect,
  useMemo,
  useRef,
  useState,
} from 'react';

interface VirtualListProps {
  data: string[];
  renderItem: (item: string, index: number) => React.ReactNode;
  poolCount?: number;
  estimatedItemHeight?: number;
  containerHeight?: number;
}
const VariableHeightVirtualList = ({
  data,
  renderItem,
  poolCount = 15,
  estimatedItemHeight = 40,
  containerHeight = 400,
}: VirtualListProps) => {
  const total = data.length;

  // heightMap存储单项高度，prefixHeight存储累计高度
  // 用来存储已测量的真实高度
  const heightMap = useRef<Record<number, number>>({});

  // 前缀和数组 prefixHeight[i] 表示 0~i 项的总高度 用于快速用二分查找scrollTop对应的startIndex
  const prefixHeight = useRef<number[]>([]);

  // 驱动视图更新
  const [scrollTop, setScrollTop] = useState(0);

  // 保持池内每个DOM节点的引用
  const itemRefs = useRef<Array<React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement>>>([]);

  // 计算前缀和 在不定高情况下，无法直接计算startIndex，需要通过前缀和与二分查找来定位scrollTop对应的item
  const calcPrefix = useCallback(() => {
    const arr = new Array(total);
    let sum = 0;
    for (let i = 0; i < total; i++) {
      const h = heightMap.current[i] || estimatedItemHeight;
      sum += h;
      arr[i] = sum;
    }
    prefixHeight.current = arr;
  }, [total, estimatedItemHeight]);

  // 首次挂载时执行
  useEffect(() => {
    calcPrefix();
  }, [calcPrefix]);

  // 二分查找
  // 给定当前scrollTOp，在prefixHeight中通过二分查找找到最小的k，使prefixHeight[k] >= scrollTop，也就是scrollTop所在Item的索引
  const findStartIndex = useCallback(() => {
    const arr = prefixHeight.current;
    const target = scrollTop;

    let left = 0;
    let right = arr.length - 1;

    while (left < right) {
      const mid = (left + right) >> 1;
      if (arr[mid] < target) left = mid + 1;
      else right = mid;
    }

    return left;
  }, [scrollTop]);

  // 得到起始索引
  const [startIndex, setStartIndex] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    setStartIndex(findStartIndex());
  }, [scrollTop, findStartIndex]);

  // 把DOM池视觉定位到startIndex位置
  const offset = useMemo(
    () => (startIndex === 0 ? 0 : prefixHeight.current[startIndex - 1]),
    [startIndex]
  );

  const scrollLock = useRef(false);
  const onScroll = (e: React.UIEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
    const nextTop = (e.target as HTMLDivElement)?.scrollTop;

    if (!scrollLock.current) {
      scrollLock.current = true;
      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
        setScrollTop(nextTop);
        scrollLock.current = false;
      });
    }
  };

  // 在DOM更新并在浏览器绘制前，测量池中每个已渲染节点的真实offsetHeight，把测量结果写入heightMap
  // useLayoutEffect比useEffect执行更早，
  useLayoutEffect(() => {
    let changed = false;

    for (let i = 0; i < poolCount; i++) {
      const realIndex = startIndex + i;
      if (realIndex >= total) break;

      const dom = itemRefs.current[i];
      if (dom) {
        const h = dom.current?.offsetHeight || 0;
        if (heightMap.current[realIndex] !== h) {
          heightMap.current[realIndex] = h;
          changed = true;
        }
      }
    }

    if (changed) calcPrefix();
  });

  return (
    // 最外层滚动容器
    <div
      style={{
        height: containerHeight,
        overflow: 'auto',
        position: 'relative',
        border: '1px solid #ddd',
      }}
      onScroll={onScroll}
    >
      <div
        style={{
          height: prefixHeight.current[total - 1] || 0,
          position: 'relative',
        }}
      >
        <div
          style={{
            transform: `translateY(${offset}px`,
            position: 'absolute',
            left: 0,
            right: 0,
            color: 'black',
          }}
        >
          {/* 构建DOM池，固定长度为poolCount的数组并map出池内一个个槽位 */}
          {Array.from({ length: poolCount }).map((_, i) => {
            const dataIndex = startIndex + i;
            if (dataIndex >= total) return null;

            return (
              <div
                key={i}
                ref={el => (itemRefs.current[i] = el)}
                style={{ boxSizing: 'border-box', width: '100%' }}
                data-index={dataIndex}
              >
                {renderItem(data[dataIndex], dataIndex)}
              </div>
            );
          })}
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

export default VariableHeightVirtualList;

    • 整体经历以下几个阶段

      • 用户滚动
      • 更新scrollTop
      • 通过前缀和prefixHeight 二分查找 startIndex
      • 计算offset
      • 渲染DOM池
      • useLayoutEffect测量真实高度
      • 写入heightMap
      • 重新计算prefixHeight
      • 视图稳定，等待下一次更新

  • Vue版

    html 复制代码 
    <template>
  <div style="padding: 20px">
    <h3>Variable Height Virtual List</h3>
    <VariableHeightVirtualList
      :items="data"
      :containerHeight="600"
      :estimatedItemHeight="72"
      v-slot="{ item, index }"
      ref="vlist"
    >
      <div @click="toggleExpand(index)" :style="itemStyle(item, index)">
        <strong>#{{ index }}</strong> - {{ item.text }}
        <div v-if="expanded[index]" style="margin-top: 8px">
          额外内容：{{ item.largeText }}
        </div>
      </div>
    </VariableHeightVirtualList>
  </div>
</template>

<script lang="ts" setup>
import { ref } from 'vue';
import VariableHeightVirtualList from '../component/VariableHeightVirtualList.vue';
const vlist = ref<any>(null);

const data = new Array(2000).fill(0).map((_, i) => ({
  id: i,
  text: 'Item ' + i,
  largeText: '详细内容 '.repeat((i % 6) + 1),
  hasImage: i % 10 === 0,
}));

const expanded = ref<Record<number, boolean>>({});

function toggleExpand(idx: number) {
  expanded.value = { ...expanded.value, [idx]: !expanded.value[idx] };
}

function itemStyle(item: any, idx: number) {
  return {
    padding: '12px',
    background: idx % 2 === 0 ? '#fff' : '#fafafa',
    borderBottom: '1px solid #eee',
    cursor: 'pointer',
  };
}
</script>
    html 复制代码 
    <script lang="ts" setup>
import {
  ref,
  computed,
  watch,
  nextTick,
  onMounted,
  onBeforeUnmount,
} from 'vue';

/**
 * Props
 * - items: 数据数组
 * - containerHeight: 可视区高度 (px)
 * - estimatedItemHeight: 估算高度（用于初始 prefix）
 * - poolCount: 可选，覆盖计算得到的池大小
 * - render-slot: 默认插槽 renderItem(item, index)
 */
interface Props<T = any> {
  items: T[];
  containerHeight: number;
  estimatedItemHeight?: number;
  poolCount?: number;
  itemKey?: (item: any, index: number) => string | number;
}

const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
  estimatedItemHeight: 56,
  poolCount: undefined,
  itemKey: undefined,
});

const emit = defineEmits<{
  (e: 'measure', info: { index: number; height: number }): void;
}>();

// 容器元素引用
const containerRef = ref<HTMLElement | null>(null);
// 池子
const poolRefs = ref<Array<HTMLElement | null>>([]);
const ro = ref<ResizeObserver | null>(null);

const items = computed(() => props.items);
const total = computed(() => items.value.length);

const estimatedItemHeight = computed(() => props.estimatedItemHeight!);

// 存储item高度 <索引,高度>
const heightMap = ref<Record<number, number>>({});

// 前缀和数组
const prefix = ref<number[]>([]);

const pendingScroll = ref<number | null>(null);
// 当前滚动位置
const scrollTop = ref(0);

// 计算可视数量 & 池大小
const visibleEstimate = computed(() =>
  Math.max(1, Math.ceil(props.containerHeight / estimatedItemHeight.value))
);
const pool = computed(() => props.poolCount ?? visibleEstimate.value + 3);

// 起始索引与偏移
const startIndex = ref(0);
const offset = ref(0);

// 构建前缀和数组
function calcPrefix() {
  const n = total.value;
  const arr: number[] = new Array(n);
  let s = 0;
  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    s += heightMap.value[i] ?? estimatedItemHeight.value;
    arr[i] = s;
  }
  prefix.value = arr;
}

// 二分法查找起始item
function binaryFindStart(target: number) {
  const arr = prefix.value;
  if (!arr.length) return 0;
  let l = 0,
    r = arr.length - 1;
  while (l < r) {
    const m = (l + r) >> 1;
    if (arr[m] < target) l = m + 1;
    else r = m;
  }
  return l;
}

// 整个列表总高度
const totalHeight = computed(() => {
  const last = prefix.value[prefix.value.length - 1];
  if (last != null) return last;
  return total.value * estimatedItemHeight.value;
});

// 滚动时处理
function onScroll(e: Event) {
  const el = e.target as HTMLElement;
  const top = el.scrollTop;
  if (pendingScroll.value === null) {
    pendingScroll.value = top;
    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
      scrollTop.value = pendingScroll.value as number;
      pendingScroll.value = null;
    });
  } else {
    pendingScroll.value = top;
  }
}

// 监听滚动位置变化，更新起始索引与偏移
watch(scrollTop, top => {
  if (!prefix.value.length) {
    startIndex.value = 0;
    offset.value = 0;
    return;
  }
  const s = binaryFindStart(top);
  startIndex.value = s;
  offset.value = s === 0 ? 0 : prefix.value[s - 1] ?? 0;
});

// 观察元素高度变化
function observeEl(el: HTMLElement | null) {
  if (!el || !ro.value) return;
  ro.value.observe(el);
}

// 测量池中所有项目实际高度，并更新
async function measurePool() {
  await nextTick();
  let changed = false;
  for (let i = 0; i < pool.value; i++) {
    const realIndex = startIndex.value + i;
    if (realIndex >= total.value) break;
    const el = poolRefs.value[i];
    if (!el) continue;
    const h = Math.round(el.offsetHeight);
    if (heightMap.value[realIndex] !== h) {
      heightMap.value = { ...heightMap.value, [realIndex]: h };
      emit('measure', { index: realIndex, height: h });
      changed = true;
    }
    observeEl(el);
  }
  if (changed) {
    requestAnimationFrame(() => calcPrefix());
  }
}

// 组件挂载时创建 监听元素尺寸变化并更新
onMounted(() => {
  ro.value = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
    let changed = false;
    for (const ent of entries) {
      const el = ent.target as HTMLElement;
      const idxAttr = el.dataset.vIndex;
      if (!idxAttr) continue;
      const idx = Number(idxAttr);
      const newH = Math.round(ent.contentRect.height);
      if (heightMap.value[idx] !== newH) {
        heightMap.value = { ...heightMap.value, [idx]: newH };
        emit('measure', { index: idx, height: newH });
        changed = true;
      }
    }
    if (changed) requestAnimationFrame(() => calcPrefix());
  });
  calcPrefix();
});

// 组件卸载前断开观察
onBeforeUnmount(() => {
  ro.value?.disconnect();
  ro.value = null;
});

// 监听 items 变化，重建 prefix 并测量池
watch([startIndex, () => items.value.length], () => {
  measurePool();
});

// 组件挂载后初始化
onMounted(() => {
  nextTick(() => {
    calcPrefix();
    measurePool();
  });
});
</script>

<template>
  <!-- 滚动容器 -->
  <div
    :style="{
      height: props.containerHeight + 'px',
      overflowY: 'auto',
      position: 'relative',
    }"
    ref="containerRef"
    @scroll="onScroll"
  >
    <!-- 实际元素容器 -->
    <div :style="{ height: totalHeight + 'px', position: 'relative' }">
      <div
        :style="{
          transform: `translateY(${offset}px)`,
          position: 'absolute',
          left: 0,
          right: 0,
        }"
      >
        <template v-for="i in pool">
          <div
            v-if="startIndex + (i - 1) < total"
            :key="i - 1"
            :ref="el => (poolRefs[i - 1] = el)"
            :data-v-index="startIndex + (i - 1)"
            class="vhvl-item"
            style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box"
          >
            <slot
              :item="items[startIndex + (i - 1)]"
              :index="startIndex + (i - 1)"
            >
              <div style="padding: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee">
                {{ items[startIndex + (i - 1)] }}
              </div>
            </slot>
          </div>
        </template>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

<style scoped></style>

思路

虚拟列表本质就是：用极少数DOM，模拟海量的内容渲染，并保持页面流畅

复制代码 
JavaScript → Style → Layout → Paint → Composite

  • 减少DOM数量

    • DOM越少，Layout和Paint成本越低

  • DOM池复用

    • 不创建/销毁DOM，减少渲染

    • 在React升级版中，我们会看到如下写法：

      • 无论ItemIndex怎么变化，DOM是不变的，React只会将其内容改变，而不是删除/创建
    css 复制代码 
      <div key={i}>{text}</div>

  • transform位移

  • 使用useLayoutEffect

    • height测量在绘制前完成

    复制代码 
        render
    ↓
    useLayoutEffect（DOM 已存在，但尚未绘制）
    ↓
    浏览器绘制
    ↓
    useEffect

前缀和相关

一维前缀和

leetcode.cn/problems/ra...

当计算数组区间和时，可以通过前缀和的方式，本文在计算不定高度的item和时使用

二维前缀和

leetcode.cn/problems/ra...

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