实体继承
在面向对象的编程,继承是一个重要的概念,子类可以继承父类属性,方法,字段。常规的关系型数据库没有继承的概念,但JPA提供了几种方式,用来实现继承。
@MappedSuperclass继承
这种继承应该是最常见的继承方式。
需求场景:
继续之前的示例,我们现在有两个实体了,一个用户,一个角色。这两个实体都有几个共同的属性,id,cratedTime,lastModifiedTime,以及后面的实体都有相同的属性。我们就可以声明一个抽象类,来声明这些属性,并在类上面添加@MappedSuperclass注解。其它的子类只需要继承自该类。就可以自动获得这些属性,不仅仅是代码上获得该属性,在数据库表上也会出现该字段。
- 声明 AbstractModel
kotlin
@MappedSuperclass
abstract class AbstractModel {
@Id
@Column(name = "id_")
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
val id: Long? = null
@Column(name = "created_time_")
val cratedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
@Column(name = "last_modified_time_")
var lastModifiedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
}
// 让User和Role继承自该实体
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_user_")
class User : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "username_", length = 50)
var username: String = ""
@Column(name = "password_", length = 64)
var password: String = ""
}
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_role_")
class Role : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "name_", length = 50)
var name: String = ""
}
生成的表结构如下
sql
create table t_role_ (
id_ bigint generated by default as identity,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
name_ varchar(50),
primary key (id_)
);
create table t_user_ (
id_ bigint generated by default as identity,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
password_ varchar(64),
username_ varchar(50),
primary key (id_)
)
继承效果:
- AbstractModel不会生成表,只会生成t_user_表和t_role_表,
- 每个表都会生成id,cratedTime,lastModifiedTime属性相应的字段,
- 每个表的ID生成策略是独立的。User和Role之间没有任何关系。
单表继承
单表继承,子类和父类的的数据都保存在一张数据库表中。在数据库表中通过dtype区分子类。只需要在父类上声明@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE)
kotlin
@Entity
@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE)
open class AbstractModel {
@Id
@Column(name = "id_")
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
open val id: Long? = null
@Column(name = "created_time_")
open val cratedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
@Column(name = "last_modified_time_")
open var lastModifiedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
}
@Entity
class Role : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "name_", length = 50)
var name: String = ""
}
@Entity
class User : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "username_", length = 50)
var username: String = ""
@Column(name = "password_", length = 64)
var password: String = ""
}
生成的建表语句如下
sql
create table abstract_model (
dtype varchar(31) not null check ((dtype in ('AbstractModel','Role','User'))),
id_ bigint generated by default as identity,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
name_ varchar(50),
password_ varchar(64),
username_ varchar(50),
primary key (id_)
)
继承效果:
- 子类不能有@Table注解,因为子类不会生成表
- 只有AbstractModel会生成表,但在表中会有一列dtype用于标识这一行数据属于哪个子类
- 所有的子类的字段都会被添加到父类表中
表Join继承
表Join继承,则是子类和父类的表通过主键Join实现继承。只需要在父类上声明@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED)
kotlin
@Entity
@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED)
open class AbstractModel {
@Id
@Column(name = "id_")
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
val id: Long? = null
@Column(name = "created_time_")
val cratedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
@Column(name = "last_modified_time_")
var lastModifiedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
}
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_role_")
class Role : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "name_", length = 50)
var name: String = ""
}
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_user_")
class User : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "username_", length = 50)
var username: String = ""
@Column(name = "password_", length = 64)
var password: String = ""
}
生成的表结构如下
sql
create table abstract_model (
id_ bigint generated by default as identity,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
primary key (id_)
);
create table t_role_ (
name_ varchar(50),
id_ bigint not null,
primary key (id_)
);
create table t_user_ (
password_ varchar(64),
username_ varchar(50),
id_ bigint not null,
primary key (id_)
);
alter table if exists t_role_ add constraint FKs5f8aqfjxmnt60k5w5ecfatpn foreign key (id_) references abstract_model;
alter table if exists t_user_ add constraint FK1m8egvri3dc7pswqyhis6jmpg foreign key (id_) references abstract_model
继承效果:
- AbstractModel会生成表,
- 每个子类都会生成表,但不会包含cratedTime,lastModifiedTime属性相应的字段,
- 子类表和父类表之间通过一对一的关系实现关联。
- 子表的ID序列由父表决定。
- 会同时创建子表和父表之间的外键约束
每个类一个表继承
在这种模式下,每个类都会生成自己的表。只需要在父类上添加注解@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS) 实体定义如下:
kotlin
@Entity
@Inheritance(strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS)
open class AbstractModel {
@Id
@Column(name = "id_")
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE)
open val id: Long? = null
@Column(name = "created_time_")
open val cratedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
@Column(name = "last_modified_time_")
open var lastModifiedTime: ZonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now()
}
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_role_")
class Role : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "name_", length = 50)
var name: String = ""
}
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_user_")
class User : AbstractModel() {
@Column(name = "username_", length = 50)
var username: String = ""
@Column(name = "password_", length = 64)
var password: String = ""
}
生成的建表语句如下
sql
create table abstract_model (
id_ bigint not null,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
primary key (id_)
);
create table t_role_ (
id_ bigint not null,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
name_ varchar(50),
primary key (id_)
);
create table t_user_ (
id_ bigint not null,
created_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
last_modified_time_ timestamp(6) with time zone,
password_ varchar(64),
username_ varchar(50),
primary key (id_)
);
继承效果:
- AbstractModel会生成表,
- 每个子类都会生成表,都会生成父相关字段,
- 子类表和父类表之间没有外键关联。
- 所有的相关类共享一个ID空间,即父类,子类,之间的ID不能重复。
小结
各种继承方式的总结表格如下:
| 继承方式 | 创建父表 | 创建子表 | 子表包含所有字段 | 共享ID空间 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| @MappedSuperclass | 否 | 是 | 是 | 否 |
| SINGLE_TABLE | 是 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| TABLE_PER_CLASS | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| JOINED | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是 |
我们需要根据场景来选择不同的继承方式。
后续会持续的更新其它内容。直到jpa的进阶应用,欢迎关注。