Java多线程编程：Thread与Runnable的并发控制

Thread与Runnable的区别

Thread是Java中表示线程的类，直接继承Thread类并重写run方法即可创建线程。

Runnable是一个接口，需要实现run方法，并通过Thread类的构造函数传入Runnable实例来创建线程。

创建线程的方式

继承Thread类：

class MyThread extends Thread {
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Thread running");
    }
}

实现Runnable接口：

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Runnable running");
    }
}

并发控制机制

同步代码块：

synchronized(lockObject) {
    // 临界区代码
}

同步方法：

public synchronized void method() {
    // 同步方法体
}

线程安全的数据结构

使用并发集合类：

ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

线程间通信

wait/notify机制：

synchronized(sharedObject) {
    while(conditionNotMet) {
        sharedObject.wait();
    }
    // 处理共享数据
    sharedObject.notifyAll();
}

线程池的使用

通过Executor框架管理线程：

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
executor.submit(new MyRunnable());
executor.shutdown();

原子操作类

使用java.util.concurrent.atomic包：

AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
counter.incrementAndGet();

线程中断处理

正确响应中断请求：

public void run() {
    while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
        // 执行任务
    }
}

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最佳实践

优先选择实现Runnable接口，避免单继承限制。

同步范围尽量缩小，减少性能影响。

考虑使用更高层次的并发工具如CountDownLatch、CyclicBarrier等。