工厂模式详解：简单工厂、工厂方法与抽象工厂

未若君雅裁2026-06-12 9:54

工厂模式解决的不是"怎么 new 一个对象"这么简单。它真正解决的是：对象创建逻辑变化时，业务代码要不要跟着改。

如果对象类型很少，直接 new 没什么问题；一旦产品类型变多、创建过程变复杂、调用方到处写 if-else，代码就会开始腐烂。工厂模式就是把"创建什么对象"的决策从业务流程里拆出去。

为什么需要工厂模式

先看一个咖啡下单场景。咖啡店根据类型创建不同咖啡：

java 复制代码 
public Coffee orderCoffee(String type) {
    Coffee coffee;
    if ("latte".equals(type)) {
        coffee = new LatteCoffee();
    } else if ("american".equals(type)) {
        coffee = new AmericanCoffee();
    } else {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported coffee type");
    }

    coffee.addMilk();
    coffee.addSugar();
    return coffee;
}

这段代码的问题不在于能不能跑，而在于它把两件事揉在了一起：

  1. 根据类型创建咖啡。
  2. 对咖啡做统一加工。

当你新增摩卡咖啡时，orderCoffee 必须修改。新增越多，这个方法越像一张对象创建清单。
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american
mocha
CoffeeStore.orderCoffee
type 是什么
new LatteCoffee
new AmericanCoffee
new MochaCoffee
加奶和加糖

工厂模式的方向是：让咖啡店只关心点单流程，把创建咖啡的细节交给工厂。

简单工厂

简单工厂不是 GoF 设计模式里的标准模式，更像一种常用编码习惯。它把对象创建逻辑集中到一个工厂类里。

java 复制代码 
public class SimpleCoffeeFactory {

    public Coffee createCoffee(String type) {
        if ("latte".equals(type)) {
            return new LatteCoffee();
        }
        if ("american".equals(type)) {
            return new AmericanCoffee();
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported coffee type");
    }
}

咖啡店变成这样：

java 复制代码 
public class CoffeeStore {
    private final SimpleCoffeeFactory factory = new SimpleCoffeeFactory();

    public Coffee orderCoffee(String type) {
        Coffee coffee = factory.createCoffee(type);
        coffee.addMilk();
        coffee.addSugar();
        return coffee;
    }
}

结构图如下：
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SimpleCoffeeFactory
LatteCoffee
AmericanCoffee
Coffee

简单工厂的好处是调用方简单，创建逻辑集中。缺点也明显：新增产品时仍然要改工厂类。

优点 缺点
调用方不直接关心具体类 新增产品要修改工厂
创建逻辑集中管理 工厂类可能越来越大
适合产品类型少的场景 不完全符合开闭原则

如果只有两三个产品，并且变化不频繁，简单工厂很实用。不要为了"设计模式"硬上更复杂的结构。

工厂方法

工厂方法进一步拆分工厂：每个产品有自己的工厂，调用方通过抽象工厂创建产品。

java 复制代码 
public interface CoffeeFactory {
    Coffee createCoffee();
}
java 复制代码 
public class LatteCoffeeFactory implements CoffeeFactory {
    @Override
    public Coffee createCoffee() {
        return new LatteCoffee();
    }
}
java 复制代码 
public class AmericanCoffeeFactory implements CoffeeFactory {
    @Override
    public Coffee createCoffee() {
        return new AmericanCoffee();
    }
}

咖啡店依赖抽象工厂：

java 复制代码 
public class CoffeeStore {
    private final CoffeeFactory coffeeFactory;

    public CoffeeStore(CoffeeFactory coffeeFactory) {
        this.coffeeFactory = coffeeFactory;
    }

    public Coffee orderCoffee() {
        Coffee coffee = coffeeFactory.createCoffee();
        coffee.addMilk();
        coffee.addSugar();
        return coffee;
    }
}

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CoffeeFactory
LatteCoffeeFactory
AmericanCoffeeFactory
LatteCoffee
AmericanCoffee
Coffee

新增摩卡咖啡时，不需要修改已有工厂，只要新增：

  1. MochaCoffee
  2. MochaCoffeeFactory

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新增 MochaCoffee
新增 MochaCoffeeFactory
不修改原有产品
不修改原有工厂

工厂方法的核心价值是扩展性。它更符合开闭原则：对扩展开放，对修改关闭。

但它也有代价：每新增一个产品，就要新增一个产品类和一个工厂类。如果产品很多，类数量会明显变多。

抽象工厂

工厂方法解决的是"同一类产品"的创建，比如只生产咖啡。

抽象工厂解决的是"一个产品族"的创建。产品族可以理解为一组应该一起使用的产品。

比如咖啡店不仅卖咖啡，还卖甜点：

风味产品族 咖啡 甜点
意大利风味 拿铁咖啡 提拉米苏
美式风味 美式咖啡 抹茶慕斯

抽象工厂可以这样设计：

java 复制代码 
public interface DessertFactory {
    Coffee createCoffee();
    Dessert createDessert();
}
java 复制代码 
public class ItalyDessertFactory implements DessertFactory {
    public Coffee createCoffee() {
        return new LatteCoffee();
    }

    public Dessert createDessert() {
        return new Tiramisu();
    }
}

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ItalyDessertFactory
AmericanDessertFactory
LatteCoffee
Tiramisu
AmericanCoffee
MatchaMousse

抽象工厂的关键是保证产品族一致。你选择了意大利风味工厂，就会得到拿铁咖啡和提拉米苏，而不是拿铁咖啡配一个美式甜点。
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创建同一风格咖啡
创建同一风格甜点
客户端拿到一组能配合使用的对象

三种工厂怎么选

模式 适合场景 主要问题
简单工厂 产品少，变化少 新增产品要改工厂
工厂方法 单一产品等级，经常新增产品 类数量增加
抽象工厂 多个产品等级组成产品族 新增产品等级很麻烦

这里的"产品等级"和"产品族"要分清：

概念 例子
产品等级 咖啡、甜点、手机、电脑
产品族 意大利风味、美式风味、华为、小米

如果只是新增一个咖啡类型，工厂方法更合适。

如果要保证"同一个品牌或风味的一组产品一起创建"，抽象工厂更合适。

项目里怎么回答

面试问"你项目里用过工厂模式吗"，不要只说"用过"。可以结合业务说：

我们在多类型对象创建场景里用过工厂模式。比如不同登录方式、不同支付渠道、不同消息发送渠道，它们都有统一接口，但具体实现不一样。如果直接在业务方法里写大量 if-else，新增一种类型就要改核心流程。后来把对象创建放到工厂里，业务层只根据类型拿到对应处理器，再执行统一方法。简单工厂适合类型少的场景；如果类型经常扩展，会进一步结合 Spring 容器，把每个实现注册成 Bean，再由工厂按类型获取。

小结

工厂模式的重点不是写一个类叫 Factory，而是把对象创建从业务流程里拆出来。

可以这样记：

简单工厂集中创建对象，工厂方法把每个产品的创建交给独立工厂，抽象工厂创建一整组能配合使用的产品族。

真正写代码时，别为了模式而模式。对象类型少、变化少，用简单工厂就够；扩展频繁，再升级成工厂方法或结合 Spring 管理。

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