软件工程：可行性研究的方法步骤

梁辰兴2026-07-23 16:19

📌目录

⚖️ 可行性研究的方法步骤：系统化分析的科学流程

可行性研究是软件开发生命周期的关键阶段，需要采用系统化的方法和步骤进行。本文将详细介绍可行性研究的具体方法、实施步骤以及各种分析技术，为项目决策提供科学指导。

🎯 一、可行性研究概述

（一）可行性研究的本质

可行性研究的实质是一次简化了的系统分析和设计过程。

研究本质：
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简化分析
快速评估
决策支持
不做详细设计
只关注关键问题
用最小代价
在最短时间
判断是否值得做
判断是否能做

核心问题：

问题 说明 回答方式
问题是什么？ 明确问题定义 问题定义阶段
有解吗？ 技术可行性 技术可行性分析
值得做吗？ 经济可行性 经济可行性分析
能做吗？ 操作可行性 操作可行性分析

（二）可行性研究的特点

研究特点：

特点 说明 体现
简化性 高度抽象和简化 不做详细设计
系统性 系统化分析 系统化步骤
比较性 多方案比较 备选方案
快速性 快速得出结论 控制研究成本
决策性 为决策服务 给出明确结论

📦 二、可行性研究的步骤

（一）总体步骤

可行性研究的系统化步骤：
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复查系统规模
第二步

研究现有系统
第三步

导出新系统逻辑模型
第四步

导出和评价方案
第五步

推荐可行方案
第六步

编写可行性报告

步骤概览：

步骤 任务 产出
第一步 复查系统规模和目标 确认项目范围
第二步 研究现有系统 现有系统模型
第三步 导出新系统逻辑模型 新系统逻辑模型
第四步 导出和评价方案 备选方案及评价
第五步 推荐可行方案 推荐意见
第六步 编写可行性报告 可行性报告

（二）第一步：复查系统规模和目标

任务说明：
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确认问题定义
确认系统规模
确认系统目标
明确问题
确认边界
系统范围
系统边界
系统目标
预期效果

工作内容：

工作内容 说明 方法
确认问题定义 明确要解决的问题 与用户沟通
确认系统规模 确定系统大小 功能点估算
确认系统目标 确定预期目标 目标分解
确认系统边界 确定系统范围 边界划分

注意事项：

注意事项 说明
与用户沟通 确保理解一致
明确边界 避免范围蔓延
量化目标 目标要可度量
文档记录 记录确认结果

（三）第二步：研究现有系统

任务说明：
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了解现状
收集数据
建立模型
现有系统结构
现有系统功能
运行数据
用户反馈
系统流程图
数据流图

工作内容：

工作内容 说明 方法
了解现状 了解现有系统 实地调研
收集数据 收集运行数据 问卷调查
发现问题 找出存在问题 用户访谈
建立模型 建立现有系统模型 绘制图表

现有系统模型：
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处理1
处理2
处理3
输出
问题点1
问题点2
问题点3

调研方法：

方法 说明 适用场景
实地观察 现场观察系统运行 了解实际操作
用户访谈 与用户深入交流 了解需求痛点
问卷调查 发放调查问卷 收集广泛意见
文档分析 分析现有文档 了解系统结构

（四）第三步：导出新系统逻辑模型

任务说明：
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分析需求
设计逻辑
建立模型
用户需求
系统需求
功能设计
数据设计
数据流图
实体关系图

工作内容：

工作内容 说明 产出
分析需求 分析用户需求 需求列表
设计逻辑 设计系统逻辑 逻辑设计
建立模型 建立逻辑模型 数据流图
验证模型 验证模型正确性 验证报告

新系统逻辑模型：
#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc{font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc svg{font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .label{font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .label text,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node rect,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node circle,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node ellipse,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node polygon,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .rough-node .label text,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node .label text,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .rough-node .label,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node .label,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .image-shape .label,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:2.0px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster text{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .cluster span{color:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;background:hsl(80, 100%, 96.2745098039%);border:1px solid #aaaa33;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .flowchartTitleText{text-anchor:middle;font-size:18px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc rect.text{fill:none;stroke-width:0;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .icon-shape,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .image-shape{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .icon-shape p,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .image-shape p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);padding:2px;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .icon-shape .label rect,#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .image-shape .label rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#mermaid-svg-Mm7ydfE6OF4aZLsc :root{--mermaid-font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;} 输入
处理1
处理2
处理3
输出
改进点1
改进点2
改进点3

数据流图示例：
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订单数据
库存查询
库存数据
发货通知
用户
订单处理
订单数据库
库存管理
库存数据库
仓库

（五）第四步：导出和评价方案

任务说明：
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导出方案
评价方案
选择方案
方案1
方案2
方案N
技术评价
经济评价
操作评价
综合比较
选择最优

工作内容：

工作内容 说明 方法
导出方案 提出备选方案 头脑风暴
技术评价 评价技术可行性 技术评估
经济评价 评价经济可行性 成本效益分析
操作评价 评价操作可行性 用户调研
综合比较 综合比较方案 多准则决策

方案评价矩阵：

评价准则 权重 方案1 方案2 方案3
技术可行性 0.3 8 9 7
经济可行性 0.3 7 8 9
操作可行性 0.2 9 8 7
时间可行性 0.2 8 7 9
加权总分 1.0 7.9 8.1 7.9

（六）第五步：推荐可行方案

任务说明：
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分析比较
确定推荐
说明理由
方案对比
优劣分析
选择最优
备选方案
推荐理由
实施建议

工作内容：

工作内容 说明
分析比较 详细比较各方案
确定推荐 选择推荐方案
说明理由 说明推荐理由
实施建议 给出实施建议

推荐方案说明：

内容 说明
推荐方案 推荐的方案名称
推荐理由 为什么推荐该方案
方案优势 方案的主要优势
潜在风险 可能存在的风险
实施建议 实施的建议和计划

（七）第六步：编写可行性报告

任务说明：
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整理资料
编写报告
审核修改
提交报告
收集数据
整理文档
撰写正文
制作图表
内部审核
修改完善
提交用户
提交领导

报告结构：

章节 内容
1. 引言 项目背景、研究目的、研究范围
2. 现有系统 现有系统分析、存在问题
3. 新系统方案 新系统逻辑模型、技术方案
4. 可行性分析 技术、经济、操作可行性
5. 方案比较 备选方案比较、推荐方案
6. 结论建议 可行性结论、实施建议

🌐 三、可行性研究的方法

（一）系统流程图

系统流程图是描述系统物理结构的工具。

系统流程图符号：

符号 名称 说明
○ 处理 数据处理过程
= 数据流 数据流动方向
\[\] 数据存储 数据存储位置
□ 外部实体 系统外部实体
→ 流向 数据流向

系统流程图示例：
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验证数据
是
否
存储数据
输出结果
输出信息
错误信息
用户
输入处理
数据有效?
数据处理
错误处理
数据库
输出处理
用户

（二）数据流图

数据流图（DFD） 是描述系统逻辑模型的工具。

数据流图符号：

符号 名称 说明
○ 加工 数据处理
→ 数据流 数据流动
= 数据存储 数据存储
□ 外部实体 数据来源/去向

数据流图层次：
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0层DFD
1层DFD
2层DFD
系统整体
主要功能
子功能
详细功能

数据流图示例：
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订单数据
查询库存
库存数据
发货单
用户
订单处理
订单库
库存处理
库存库
仓库

（三）成本估算方法

成本估算方法：

方法 说明 适用场景
代码行法 按代码行数估算 有历史数据
功能点法 按功能点估算 需求明确
类比法 类比类似项目 有类似项目
专家法 专家经验估算 缺乏数据

功能点估算：
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计算未调整功能点
计算复杂度因子
计算调整后功能点
计算工作量
外部输入
外部输出
外部查询
内部逻辑文件
外部接口文件

成本估算公式：

方法 公式 说明
代码行法 工作量=代码行数/生产率 简单直接
功能点法 工作量=功能点数×系数 基于功能
COCOMO 工作量=a×(KLOC)^b 经验模型

（四）效益分析方法

效益分析方法：

方法 说明 适用场景
投资回收期 回收投资所需时间 简单直观
投资回报率 投资收益比率 衡量效益
净现值法 考虑时间价值 长期项目
内部收益率 项目收益率 项目比较

投资回收期计算：
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否
投资回收期
确定投资额
确定年净收益
计算回收期
判断可行性
回收期=投资额/年净收益
回收期<标准?
经济可行
经济不可行

效益分析示例：

年份 投资 收益 净收益 累计净收益
0 100 0 -100 -100
1 0 40 40 -60
2 0 50 50 -10
3 0 50 50 40
4 0 50 50 90
5 0 50 50 140

投资回收期 = 2 + 10/50 = 2.2年

📊 四、可行性研究工具

（一）建模工具

建模工具：

工具 功能 特点
Visio 绘制图表 功能全面
PowerDesigner 系统建模 专业建模
Enterprise Architect 企业建模 UML支持
draw.io 在线绘图 免费开源

（二）估算工具

估算工具：

工具 功能 适用场景
COCOMO 成本估算 软件项目
Function Point 功能点估算 需求估算
Excel 数据分析 通用分析

（三）项目管理工具

项目管理工具：

工具 功能 特点
MS Project 项目计划 功能强大
JIRA 任务管理 敏捷支持
Trello 看板管理 简单易用

📝 五、可行性研究实例

（一）实例背景

项目背景：某公司需要开发一套库存管理系统。

现有问题：

问题 说明
手工管理 手工记录库存
效率低下 查询效率低
数据不准 库存数据不准确
无法分析 缺乏数据分析

（二）可行性研究过程

研究过程：
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现状调研
需求分析
方案设计
可行性分析
方案推荐
编写报告

现状分析：
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手工记录
纸质台账
人工盘点
手工报表
效率低
易出错
耗时长

新系统方案：
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入库管理
出库管理
库存查询
报表分析
采购入库
退货入库
销售出库
领用出库
实时查询
历史查询
库存报表
分析报表

（三）可行性分析

技术可行性：

分析项 分析结果 结论
开发语言 Java/Python 技术成熟
数据库 MySQL 广泛使用
开发框架 Spring Boot 成熟稳定
开发团队 5人团队 能力足够
结论 技术可行 可行

经济可行性：

项目 金额（万元）
开发成本 50
硬件成本 10
年运行成本 5
年效益 30
投资回收期 2年
结论 经济可行

操作可行性：

分析项 分析结果 结论
用户接受度 用户强烈需要 接受度高
操作习惯 界面友好 易于接受
培训需求 简单培训 培训成本低
结论 操作可行 可行

（四）可行性结论

研究结论：

可行性 结论 说明
技术可行性 可行 技术成熟，团队有能力
经济可行性 可行 投资回报率高
操作可行性 可行 用户接受度高
总体结论 可行 建议立项开发

📝 总结

可行性研究是软件开发的关键阶段，需要采用系统化的方法和步骤。

🎯 研究步骤：复查系统规模→研究现有系统→导出新系统逻辑模型→导出和评价方案→推荐可行方案→编写可行性报告。六个步骤环环相扣，逐步深入。

📦 研究方法：系统流程图描述物理结构；数据流图描述逻辑模型；成本估算方法包括代码行法、功能点法等；效益分析方法包括投资回收期、净现值法等。

🌐 研究工具：建模工具（Visio、PowerDesigner）用于绘制图表；估算工具（COCOMO、Excel）用于成本估算；项目管理工具用于进度计划。

💡 关键要点：明确研究范围，避免范围蔓延；多方案比较，选择最优方案；数据准确可靠，分析客观公正；结论明确，给出清晰建议。

核心启示：可行性研究不是走过场，而是项目成功的重要保障。系统化的方法和步骤能够确保研究的全面性和科学性。在实际工作中，我们需要：第一，严格按照步骤进行，不遗漏任何环节；第二，采用合适的工具和方法，提高研究效率；第三，保持客观公正，不带偏见；第四，给出明确结论，为决策提供依据。可行性研究的质量直接影响项目的成败，必须给予足够重视。通过科学的可行性研究，可以避免盲目投资，降低项目风险，提高项目成功率。

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