鸿蒙多功能工具箱开发实战(二十四)-单元测试与自动化测试

前言

测试是保证代码质量的重要手段。本文将讲解HarmonyOS应用的单元测试和自动化测试方法。

一、测试框架

1.1 测试目录结构

复制代码

entry/
├── src/
│   └── main/
│       └── ets/
└── src/
    └── ohosTest/
        └── ets/
            ├── test/
            │   ├── calculator/
            │   │   └── TaxCalculator.test.ets
            │   └── utils/
            │       └── DateUtil.test.ets
            └── testability/
                └── TestAbility.ets

1.2 测试配置

typescript 复制代码

// ohosTest/ets/testability/TestAbility.ets
import TestRunner from '@ohos.application.testRunner'
import AbilityDelegatorRegistry from '@ohos.application.abilityDelegatorRegistry'

export default class OpenHarmonyTestRunner implements TestRunner {
  onPrepare() {
    console.info('TestRunner onPrepare')
  }

  onRun() {
    console.info('TestRunner onRun')
    let abilityDelegator = AbilityDelegatorRegistry.getAbilityDelegator()

    let testConfig = {
      bundleName: 'com.example.harmonytoolbox',
      moduleName: 'entry',
      abilityName: 'EntryAbility',
      testCaseName: 'test'
    }

    abilityDelegator.executeShellCommand('aa test -p com.example.harmonytoolbox -m entry -a EntryAbility', (err, data) => {
      console.info('Test result: ' + data.stdResult)
    })
  }
}

二、单元测试

2.1 测试用例编写

typescript 复制代码

// ohosTest/ets/test/calculator/TaxCalculator.test.ets
import { describe, it, expect } from '@ohos/hypium'
import { TaxCalculator } from '../../../../main/ets/utils/TaxCalculator'

export default function taxCalculatorTest() {
  describe('TaxCalculator', () => {
    // 测试基本计算
    it('should calculate basic tax correctly', () => {
      const result = TaxCalculator.calculate({
        salary: 10000,
        socialInsurance: 2000,
        specialDeduction: 1000,
        bonus: 0
      })

      // 应纳税所得额 = 10000 - 2000 - 5000 - 1000 = 2000
      // 应纳税额 = 2000 * 0.03 = 60
      expect(result.taxableIncome).assertEqual(2000)
      expect(result.tax).assertEqual(60)
    })

    // 测试边界情况
    it('should handle zero tax case', () => {
      const result = TaxCalculator.calculate({
        salary: 5000,
        socialInsurance: 0,
        specialDeduction: 0,
        bonus: 0
      })

      expect(result.taxableIncome).assertEqual(0)
      expect(result.tax).assertEqual(0)
    })

    // 测试高收入
    it('should calculate high income tax correctly', () => {
      const result = TaxCalculator.calculate({
        salary: 50000,
        socialInsurance: 5000,
        specialDeduction: 2000,
        bonus: 0
      })

      // 应纳税所得额 = 50000 - 5000 - 5000 - 2000 = 38000
      expect(result.taxableIncome).assertEqual(38000)
      expect(result.tax).assertClose(6490, 10)  // 允许误差
    })

    // 测试年终奖计算
    it('should calculate bonus tax correctly', () => {
      const result = TaxCalculator.calculateBonusTax(36000)

      // 36000 / 12 = 3000，适用3%税率
      expect(result.tax).assertEqual(1080)
    })
  })
}

2.2 工具类测试

typescript 复制代码

// ohosTest/ets/test/utils/DateUtil.test.ets
import { describe, it, expect } from '@ohos/hypium'
import { DateUtil } from '../../../../main/ets/utils/DateUtil'

export default function dateUtilTest() {
  describe('DateUtil', () => {
    // 测试天数差计算
    it('should calculate days diff correctly', () => {
      const date1 = new Date(2024, 0, 1)
      const date2 = new Date(2024, 0, 10)

      const diff = DateUtil.getDaysDiff(date1, date2)
      expect(diff).assertEqual(9)
    })

    // 测试闰年判断
    it('should detect leap year correctly', () => {
      expect(DateUtil.isLeapYear(2024)).assertTrue()
      expect(DateUtil.isLeapYear(2023)).assertFalse()
      expect(DateUtil.isLeapYear(2000)).assertTrue()
      expect(DateUtil.isLeapYear(1900)).assertFalse()
    })

    // 测试月份天数
    it('should get correct days in month', () => {
      expect(DateUtil.getDaysInMonth(2024, 2)).assertEqual(29)  // 闰年2月
      expect(DateUtil.getDaysInMonth(2023, 2)).assertEqual(28)  // 平年2月
      expect(DateUtil.getDaysInMonth(2024, 1)).assertEqual(31)  // 1月
    })
  })
}

三、UI测试

3.1 组件测试

typescript 复制代码

// ohosTest/ets/test/components/NavBar.test.ets
import { describe, it, expect, Driver, Component } from '@ohos/hypium'

export default function navBarTest() {
  describe('NavBar Component', () => {
    let driver: Driver

    it('should display title correctly', async () => {
      // 查找标题元素
      const title = await driver.findComponent(Component.byId('nav_title'))

      // 验证文本内容
      const text = await title.getText()
      expect(text).assertEqual('首页')
    })

    it('should trigger back event on click', async () => {
      // 查找返回按钮
      const backButton = await driver.findComponent(Component.byId('nav_back'))

      // 点击返回按钮
      await backButton.click()

      // 验证是否触发了返回事件
      // ...
    })
  })
}

3.2 页面测试

typescript 复制代码

// ohosTest/ets/test/pages/TaxCalculatorPage.test.ets
import { describe, it, expect, Driver } from '@ohos/hypium'

export default function taxCalculatorPageTest() {
  describe('TaxCalculatorPage', () => {
    let driver: Driver

    it('should calculate tax after input', async () => {
      // 导航到页面
      await driver.navigateTo('pages/calculator/TaxCalculator')

      // 输入工资
      const salaryInput = await driver.findComponent(Component.byId('salary_input'))
      await salaryInput.setText('15000')

      // 点击计算按钮
      const calcButton = await driver.findComponent(Component.byId('calculate_button'))
      await calcButton.click()

      // 等待结果
      await driver.waitFor(500)

      // 验证结果
      const result = await driver.findComponent(Component.byId('result_text'))
      const text = await result.getText()
      expect(text).assertContain('税后工资')
    })
  })
}

四、测试执行

4.1 运行测试

bash 复制代码

# 运行所有测试
hvigorw test

# 运行特定测试文件
hvigorw test --module entry@default --test-file TaxCalculator.test

# 生成测试报告
hvigorw test --coverage

4.2 测试报告

测试完成后会生成报告，包含：

测试用例数量
通过/失败数量
覆盖率统计
错误详情

五、高级测试技巧

5.1 测试流程图

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否
编写测试用例
执行测试
测试通过?
生成覆盖率报告
修复代码
提交代码

5.2 Mock数据

typescript 复制代码

// Mock天气服务
class MockWeatherService {
  static getWeather(): WeatherData {
    return {
      city: '北京',
      temperature: 25,
      condition: '晴',
      humidity: 60
    }
  }
}

// 在测试中使用
it('should display weather correctly', () => {
  const weather = MockWeatherService.getWeather()
  expect(weather.city).toBe('北京')
})

5.3 测试工具函数

typescript 复制代码

// 等待异步操作
async function waitFor(condition: () => boolean, timeout = 5000) {
  const start = Date.now()
  while (!condition()) {
    if (Date.now() - start > timeout) {
      throw new Error('Timeout')
    }
    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 100))
  }
}

图1 测试进行中

六、小结

本文详细讲解了测试方法：

✅ 测试目录结构
✅ 单元测试编写
✅ 工具类测试
✅ UI组件测试
✅ 测试执行与报告
✅ Mock数据
✅ 测试工具函数

系列文章导航 ：

下期预告：鸿蒙多功能工具箱开发实战(二十五)-国际化与多语言支持