一、Bitwise Operations（位运算）
Examination Point 4: Bitwise Operations
- C language provides 6 bitwise operators
- Bitwise AND (
&): If both corresponding binary bits are 1, the result of this bit is 1; otherwise it is 0. - Bitwise OR (
|): If one of the two corresponding binary bits is 1, the result of this bit is 1; otherwise it is 0. - Bitwise XOR (
^): If the two binary bits are the same, the result is 0; if different, the result is 1. - Bitwise NOT (
~): Bitwise inversion. 0 becomes 1, and 1 becomes 0. - Left shift (
<<): Shift all binary bits of a number to the left by several positions. - Right shift (
>>): Shift all binary bits of a number to the right by several positions.
- Notes
- Except for Bitwise NOT, all other bitwise operators are binary operators. Each side requires one operand.
- Operands can only be integer or char type data; floating-point data is not allowed.
二、fopen () Function（文件打开函数）
Examination Point3: File Opening and Closing
- fopen() function (1) General calling format:
fopen(filename, file usage mode);
- The function returns a pointer of
FILEtype. - No matter which mode is used, if an error occurs when opening the file, fopen will return
NULL.
(2) Common file usage modes and meanings:
"r": Open a text file for reading."rb": Open a binary file for reading."w": Open a text file for writing."wb": Open a binary file for writing."a": Append to the end of a text file."ab": Append to the end of a binary file."r+": Open a text file for reading and writing."rb+": Open a binary file for reading and writing."w+": First create a new file for reading and writing. If the specified file already exists, its original content will be completely erased."wb+": The function is the same as"w+", only reading and writing operations are performed on binary files."a+": Can read and write. It only adds new data after the end of the file. Reading can start from the beginning."ab+": The function is the same as"a+". New data is appended at the end of the file. After adding new data, the starting position for reading can be set by the position function.
- fclose() function
术语严格使用 C 语言标准英文，没有自由意译：
- binary operator：双目运算符
- operand：运算对象
- integer：整型
- character type：字符型
- floating-point /real type：实型
- text file：文本文件
- binary file：二进制文件
- append：追加
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