线程概述
线程创建
一般情况下,main函数所在的线程我们称之为主线程,其余创建的线程称之为子线程
程序中默认只有一个进程,fork()函数调用,2个进程
程序中默认只有一个线程,pthread_create()函数调用,2个线程
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr,
void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);
功能:创建一个子线程
参数:
thread:传出参数,线程创建成功后,子线程的线程ID被写到该变量中
attr:设置线程的属性,一般使用默认值,NULL
start_routine:函数指针,这个函数是子线程需要处理的逻辑代码
arg:给第三个参数使用,传参
返回值:
成功:0
失败:返回错误号,这个错误号和之前errno不太一样
获取错误号信息,char *strerror(int errnum); //#include <string.h>
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread...\n"); printf("arg value :%d\n",*(int *)arg); return NULL; } int main() { pthread_t tid; int num = 10; //创建一个子线程 int ret = pthread_create(&tid,NULL,callback,(void*)&num); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error : %s\n",errstr); } for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { printf("%d\n",i); } sleep(1); return 0; }
线程终止
#include <pthread.h>
void pthread_exit(void *retval);
功能:终止一个线程,在哪个线程中调用,就表示终止哪个线程
参数:
reval:需要传递一个指针,作为一个返回值,可以在pthread_join()中
pthread_t pthread_self(void);
功能:获取当前的线程的线程ID
int pthread_equal(pthread_t t1,pthread_t t2);
功能:比较两个线程ID是否相等
不同的操作系统,pthread_t类型的实现,有的是无符号的长整型,有的是使用结构体去实现的
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread id:%ld\n",pthread_self()); return NULL; //pthread_exit(NULL) } int main() { //创建一个子线程 pthread_t tid; int ret = pthread_create(&tid,NULL,callback,NULL); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error:%s\n",errstr); } //主线程 for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { printf("%d\n",i); } printf("tid :%ld ,main thread id:%ld\n",tid,pthread_self()); //让主线程退出 pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **retval);
功能:和一个已经终止的线程进行连接
回收子线程的资源,这个函数是阻塞函数,调用一次只能回收一个子线程,
一般在主线程中使用
参数:
thread:需要回收的子线程的ID
retval:接收子线程退出时的返回值
返回值:
0:成功
非0:失败,返回的错误号
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> int value = 10; void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread id:%ld\n",pthread_self()); //sleep(3); pthread_exit((void*)&value); } int main() { //创建一个子线程 pthread_t tid; int ret = pthread_create(&tid,NULL,callback,NULL); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error:%s\n",errstr); } //主线程 for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { printf("%d\n",i); } printf("tid :%ld ,main thread id:%ld\n",tid,pthread_self()); //主线程调用pthread_join()回收子线程的资源 int *thread_retval; ret = pthread_join(tid,(void **)&thread_retval);//不需要传参则可以写NULL if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error:%s\n",errstr); } printf("exit data : %d\n",*thread_retval); printf("回收子线程资源成功\n"); //让主线程退出 pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
线程分离
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_detach(pthread_t thread);
功能:分离一个线程,被分离的线程在终止的时候会自动释放资源返回给系统
1、不能多次分离,会产生不可预料的行为
2、不能用pthread_join()连接一个已经分离的线程,操作会报错
参数:需要分离的线程ID
返回值:
成功:0
失败:返回错误号
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread id : %ld\n",pthread_self()); return NULL; } int main() { pthread_t tid; int ret = pthread_create(&tid,NULL,callback,NULL); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error1:%s\n",errstr); } //输出主线程和子线程的id printf("tid : %ld,main thread id:%ld\n",tid,pthread_self()); //设置子线程分离,子线程分离后,子线程结束时对应的资源就不需要主线程释放 ret = pthread_detach(tid); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error2:%s\n",errstr); } pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
线程取消
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);
功能:取消线程,让线程终止
取消线程可以终止某个线程的运行
但是并不是立马终止,而是当子线程执行到一个取消点,线程才会终止
取消点:系统规定好的一些系统调用,我们可以粗略的理解为从用户区到内核区
的切换,这个位置称为取消点
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread id : %ld\n",pthread_self()); for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { printf("child :%d\n",i); } return NULL; } int main() { pthread_t tid; int ret = pthread_create(&tid,NULL,callback,NULL); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error1:%s\n",errstr); } //输出主线程和子线程的id printf("tid : %ld,main thread id:%ld\n",tid,pthread_self()); //取消线程 pthread_cancel(tid); for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { printf("%d\n",i); } pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
线程属性
int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *attr);
-初始化线程属性变量
int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t *attr);
- 释放线程属性的资源
int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *detachstate);
- 获取线程分离的状态属性
int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *attr, int detachstate);
- 设置线程分离的状态属性
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> void *callback(void *arg) { printf("child thread id : %ld\n",pthread_self()); return NULL; } int main() { //创建一个线程属性变量 pthread_attr_t attr; //初始化属性变量 pthread_attr_init(&attr); //设置属性 pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr,PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED); pthread_t tid; int ret = pthread_create(&tid,&attr,callback,NULL); if(ret != 0) { char *errstr = strerror(ret); printf("error1:%s\n",errstr); } //输出主线程和子线程的id printf("tid : %ld,main thread id:%ld\n",tid,pthread_self()); //获取线程栈的大小 size_t size; pthread_attr_getstacksize(&attr,&size); printf("Thread stack size:%ld\n",size); //释放线程属性资源 pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
线程同步
互斥量/互斥锁
互斥量的类型 pthread_mutex_t◼ int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr);
功能:初始化互斥量
参数:
-mutex:需要初始化的互斥量变量
-attr:互斥量相关的属性,NULL
- restrict:C语言的修饰符,被修饰的指针,不能由另外的一个指针进行操作
◼ int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 功能:释放互斥量的资源
◼ int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 功能:加锁,如果有一个线程加锁,那么其他线程只能阻塞等待
◼ int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 功能:尝试加锁,如果加锁失败,不会阻塞,会直接返回
◼ int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 功能:解锁
死锁
多线程多锁的情况
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> //创建2个互斥量 pthread_mutex_t mutex1,mutex2; void *worka(void *arg) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex1); sleep(1); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex2); printf("worka...\n"); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex2); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex1); return NULL; } void *workb(void *arg) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex2); sleep(1); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex1); printf("workb...\n"); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex1); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex2); return NULL; } int main() { //初始化互斥量 pthread_mutex_init(&mutex1,NULL); pthread_mutex_init(&mutex2,NULL); //创建2个子线程 pthread_t tid1,tid2; pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,worka,NULL); pthread_create(&tid2,NULL,workb,NULL); //回收子线程资源 pthread_join(tid1,NULL); pthread_join(tid2,NULL); //释放互斥量资源 pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex1); pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex2); return 0; }
读写锁
◼ 读写锁的类型 pthread_rwlock_t◼ int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock,
const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
◼ int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
cpp#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> /* 案例:8个线程操作同一个全局变量 3个线程不定时写这个全局变量,5个线程不定时的读这个全局变量 */ int num = 1; pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; void *writeNum(void *arg) { while (1) { pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock); num ++; printf("++write,tid:%ld,num:%d\n",pthread_self(),num); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); usleep(100); } return NULL; } void *readNum(void *arg) { while(1) { pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock); printf("==read,tid:%ld,num : %d\n",pthread_self(),num); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); usleep(100); } return NULL; } int main() { pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock,NULL); //创建3个写线程,5个读线程 pthread_t wtids[3],rtids[5]; for(int i = 0;i < 3;i ++) { pthread_create(&wtids[i],NULL,writeNum,NULL); } for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_create(&rtids[i],NULL,readNum,NULL); } //设置线程分离 for(int i = 0;i < 3;i ++) { pthread_detach(wtids[i]); } for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_detach(rtids[i]); } pthread_exit(NULL); pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock); return 0; }
生产者消费者模型
条件变量
与互斥锁一起用
◼ 条件变量的类型 pthread_cond_t
◼ int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr);
功能:初始化条件变量
◼ int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);
功能:释放条件变量
◼ int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex);
功能:阻塞函数,调用该函数线程会阻塞
当这个函数调用阻塞的时候,会对互斥锁进程解锁,当不阻塞的时候,继续向下执行,会重新加锁
◼ int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const struct timespec *restrict abstime);
功能:设置等待多少时间,调用这个函数,线程会阻塞直到指定时间结束
◼ int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
功能:唤醒一个或者多个等待线程
◼ int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);
功能:唤醒所有等待的线程
cpp/* 生产者消费者模型(粗略的版本) */ #include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> struct Node{ int num; struct Node *next; }; pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t cond; //头结点 struct Node *head = NULL; void *producer(void *arg) { //不断创建新的结点,添加到链表中 while(1) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); struct Node *newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node)); newNode->next = head; head = newNode; newNode->num = rand() % 1000; printf("add node,num:%d,tid:%ld\n",newNode->num,pthread_self()); //只要生产一个就通知消费者消费 pthread_cond_signal(&cond); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); usleep(100); } return NULL; } void *customer(void *arg) { while(1) { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); //判断是否有数据 if(head != NULL) { //保存头结点的指针 struct Node *tmp = head; head = head->next; printf("del node,num : %d,tid :%ld\n",tmp->num,pthread_self()); free(tmp); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); usleep(100); } else{ //没有数据需要等待 pthread_cond_wait(&cond,&mutex); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); } } return NULL; } int main() { //创建5个生产者线程和5个消费者线程 pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL); pthread_cond_init(&cond,NULL); pthread_t ptids[5],ctids[5]; for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_create(&ptids[i],NULL,producer,NULL); pthread_create(&ctids[i],NULL,customer,NULL); } for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_detach(ptids[i]); pthread_detach(ctids[i]); } while(1) { sleep(10); } pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); pthread_cond_destroy(&cond); pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }
信号量
#include <semaphore.h>
◼ 信号量的类型 sem_t
◼ int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
功能:初始化信号量
参数:
sem:信号量
psshared:0:用在线程间 非0:用在进程间
value:信号量中的值
◼ int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
功能:释放资源
◼ int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
功能:对信号量加锁,调用一次对这个信号量的值-1,如果值为0,就阻塞
◼ int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem);
功能:尝试等待
◼ int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem, const struct timespec *abs_timeout);
◼ int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
功能:对信号量解锁,调用一次对信号量的值+1
◼ int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval);
cpp/* 生产者消费者模型(粗略的版本) */ #include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <semaphore.h> struct Node{ int num; struct Node *next; }; pthread_mutex_t mutex; //创建两个信号量 sem_t psem; sem_t csem; //头结点 struct Node *head = NULL; void *producer(void *arg) { //不断创建新的结点,添加到链表中 while(1) { sem_wait(&psem); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); struct Node *newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node)); newNode->next = head; head = newNode; newNode->num = rand() % 1000; printf("add node,num:%d,tid:%ld\n",newNode->num,pthread_self()); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); sem_post(&csem); usleep(100); } return NULL; } void *customer(void *arg) { while(1) { sem_wait(&csem); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); //判断是否有数据 //保存头结点的指针 struct Node *tmp = head; head = head->next; printf("del node,num : %d,tid :%ld\n",tmp->num,pthread_self()); free(tmp); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); sem_post(&psem); usleep(100); } return NULL; } int main() { pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL); sem_init(&psem,0,8); sem_init(&csem,0,0); //创建5个生产者线程和5个消费者线程 pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL); pthread_t ptids[5],ctids[5]; for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_create(&ptids[i],NULL,producer,NULL); pthread_create(&ctids[i],NULL,customer,NULL); } for(int i = 0;i < 5;i ++) { pthread_detach(ptids[i]); pthread_detach(ctids[i]); } while(1) { sleep(10); } pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; }







