ES索引Json格式字段设计

properties

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/properties.html

嵌套对象

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/object.html

创建索引

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "mappings": {
        "dynamic": "false",
        "properties": {
            "orderId": {
                "type": "keyword"
            },
            "orderItems" : {
            	"properties": {
            		"itemType": {
            			"type": "keyword"
            		},
            		"itemName": {
            			"type": "keyword"
            		}
            	}
            }
        }
    }
}'

写数据

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index/_doc/1' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "orderId": "1_1",
    "orderItems": [{
        "itemType": "food",
        "itemName": "egg"
    },
    {
        "itemType": "clothes",
        "itemName": "T-shirt"
    }
    ]
}'

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index/_doc/2' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "orderId": "2_2",
    "orderItems": [{
        "itemType": "food",
        "itemName": "pork"
    },
    {
        "itemType": "poultryEggs",
        "itemName": "egg"
    }
    ]
}'

读数据

curl --location --request GET 'https://myhost/order_index/_search' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "query":{
        "bool":{
            "must":[
                {
                    "match":{
                        "orderItems.itemType":"food"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "match":{
                        "orderItems.itemName":"egg"
                    }
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}'

查询结果

{
    "took": 763,
    "timed_out": false,
    "_shards": {
        "total": 5,
        "successful": 5,
        "skipped": 0,
        "failed": 0
    },
    "hits": {
        "total": {
            "value": 2,
            "relation": "eq"
        },
        "max_score": 0.723315,
        "hits": [
            {
                "_index": "order_index",
                "_type": "_doc",
                "_id": "2",
                "_score": 0.723315,
                "_source": {
                    "orderId": "2_2",
                    "orderItems": [
                        {
                            "itemType": "food",
                            "itemName": "pork"
                        },
                        {
                            "itemType": "poultryEggs",
                            "itemName": "egg"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            },
            {
                "_index": "order_index",
                "_type": "_doc",
                "_id": "1",
                "_score": 0.723315,
                "_source": {
                    "orderId": "1_1",
                    "orderItems": [
                        {
                            "itemType": "food",
                            "itemName": "egg"
                        },
                        {
                            "itemType": "clothes",
                            "itemName": "T-shirt"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            }
        ]
    }
}

优劣势

1. 劣势：item对象中字段之间的映射关系丢弃了（官方文档有说明：https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/nested.html），通过两个字段检索数据得到的结果是"or"的关系，例如：案例中错误的检索结果："orderItems.itemType":"food" 或者 "orderItems.itemType":"food"
2. 优势：底层实现简单，而且针对一对一场景，上述缺点不存在，即：案例中可以得到正确的结果 "orderItems.itemType":"food" 并且 "orderItems.itemType":"food"

tips：如果数据库中order与orderItems存储关系是一对一，那么使用嵌套对象没有任何问题。如果是一对多则检索会有问题，则只能选择下面的方案

数据如何扁平化处理的？

{
  "group" :        "fans",
  "user.first" : [ "alice", "john" ],
  "user.last" :  [ "smith", "white" ]
}

嵌套文档

https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/nested.html

创建索引

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "mappings": {
        "dynamic": "false",
        "properties": {
            "orderId": {
                "type": "keyword"
            },
            "orderItems" : {
            	"type": "nested",
            	"properties": {
            		"itemType": {
            			"type": "keyword"
            		},
            		"itemName": {
            			"type": "keyword"
            		}
            	}
            }
        }
    }
}'

写数据

同嵌套对象

读数据

curl --location --request GET 'https://myhost/order_index/_search' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "query": {
        "nested": {
            "path": "orderItems",
            "query": {
                "bool": {
                    "must": [
                        {
                            "match": {
                                "orderItems.itemType": "food"
                            }
                        },
                        {
                            "match": {
                                "orderItems.itemName": "egg"
                            }
                        }
                    ]
                }
            }
        }
    }
}'

查询结果

{
    "took": 580,
    "timed_out": false,
    "_shards": {
        "total": 5,
        "successful": 5,
        "skipped": 0,
        "failed": 0
    },
    "hits": {
        "total": {
            "value": 1,
            "relation": "eq"
        },
        "max_score": 1.3862942,
        "hits": [
            {
                "_index": "order_index",
                "_type": "_doc",
                "_id": "1",
                "_score": 1.3862942,
                "_source": {
                    "orderId": "1_1",
                    "orderItems": [
                        {
                            "itemType": "food",
                            "itemName": "egg"
                        },
                        {
                            "itemType": "clothes",
                            "itemName": "T-shirt"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            }
        ]
    }
}

优劣势

优势：可以解决嵌套对象的局限性，并且数据更精简，文档是独立存储的，不会冗余存储多份

劣势：无法支持多级嵌套，例如：一个问题对应子级答案，答案对应子级投票（ES官方不建议使用该功能）。无法支持一个父多个子场景，例如：一个问题对应答案+评论

例如如果存储多层级document会报错

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index/_doc/3' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "orderId": "3_3",
    "orderItems": [{
        "itemType": {
        	"myType": 1
        },
        "itemName": "egg"
    }
    ]
}'

报错

{"error":{"root_cause":[{"type":"mapper_parsing_exception","reason":"failed to parse field [orderItems.itemType] of type [keyword] in document with id '3'. Preview of field's value: '{myType=1}'"}],"type":"mapper_parsing_exception","reason":"failed to parse field [orderItems.itemType] of type [keyword] in document with id '3'. Preview of field's value: '{myType=1}'","caused_by":{"type":"illegal_state_exception","reason":"Can't get text on a START_OBJECT at 4:21"}},"status":400}

数据如何存储的？

官方文档中有描述，嵌套文档是独立的document，因此上述案例中实际底层存储了6个document，使用cat名称可以看到实际也是如此

Join

官方文档案例很详细，不再搬运了，详情参考：https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/parent-join.html

优劣势

优势：可以支持一个父document对应多个子document（数据结构不一样的子文档），也可以支持多级关系（官方不推荐使用）

劣势：join实现成本高，需要花费更高的服务资源，cpu，内存

Ingest Pipeline

成本较高，需要增加Ingest节点，本文不再关注，详情参数官方文档：https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/json-processor.html

总结

1. properties嵌套对象，基本满足的大部分需求，并且实现简单
2. properties嵌套索引，查询用法会有些差异，如果子properties对于数组json的检索场景要求对象字段之间匹配关系是与运算关系（and关系），则需要使用该类型
3. 子properties的字段可以动态添加，如果dynamic=false新增的字段不能用于检索，新增字段想要用于检索需要reindex，如果dynamic=true新增的字段可以用于检索，例如：下面案例，新增itemId字段可以直接用检索，dynamic=true时。

curl --location --request PUT 'https://myhost/order_index/_doc/3' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data '{
    "orderId": "2_1",
    "orderItems": [{
        "itemType": "food",
        "itemName": "pork",
        "itemId": 2
    }]
}'

注意，子对象如果没有指定dynamic将继承父的设置，详情可以参考官方文档：https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.8/dynamic.html