- 本文介绍 REINFORCE with baseline 和 A2C 这两个带 baseline 的策略梯度方法,并在 CartPole-V0 上验证它们和无 baseline 的原始方法 REINFORCE & Actor-Critic 的优势
- 参考:《动手学强化学习》
- 完整代码下载:7_[Gym] CartPole-V0 (REINFORCE with baseline and A2C)
文章目录
- [1. CartPole-V0 环境](#1. CartPole-V0 环境)
- [2. Policy Gradient with Baseline](#2. Policy Gradient with Baseline)
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- [2.1 带 baseline 的策略梯度定理](#2.1 带 baseline 的策略梯度定理)
- [2.2 REINFORCE with baseline](#2.2 REINFORCE with baseline)
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- [2.2.1 伪代码](#2.2.1 伪代码)
- [2.2.2 用 REINFORCE with baseline 方法解决 CartPole 问题](#2.2.2 用 REINFORCE with baseline 方法解决 CartPole 问题)
- [2.2.3 性能](#2.2.3 性能)
- [2.3 Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C)](#2.3 Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C))
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- [2.3.1 伪代码](#2.3.1 伪代码)
- [2.3.2 用 A2C 方法解决 CartPole 问题](#2.3.2 用 A2C 方法解决 CartPole 问题)
- [2.3.3 性能](#2.3.3 性能)
- [2.3.4 引入目标网络](#2.3.4 引入目标网络)
- [3. 总结](#3. 总结)
1. CartPole-V0 环境
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本次实验使用 gym 自带的 CartPole-V0 环境。这是一个经典的一阶倒立摆控制问题,agent 的任务是通过左右移动保持车上的杆竖直,若杆的倾斜度数过大,或者车子离初始位置左右的偏离程度过大,或者坚持时间到达 200 帧,则游戏结束
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此环境的状态空间为
维度 意义 取值范围 0 滚球 x 轴坐标 [ 0 , width ] [0,\space \text{width}] [0, width] 1 滚球 y 轴坐标 [ − inf , inf ] [-\inf, \space \inf] [−inf, inf] 2 滚球 x 轴速度 [ − 41.8 ° , 41.8 ° ] [-41.8°,\space ~ 41.8°] [−41.8°, 41.8°] 3 滚球 y 轴速度 [ − inf , inf ] [-\inf, \space \inf] [−inf, inf] 动作空间为
维度 意义 0 向左移动小车 1 向右移动小车 奖励函数为每个 timestep 得到 1 的奖励,agent 坚持时间越长,则最后的分数越高,坚持 200 帧即可获得最高的分数 200
倒立摆问题传统上可以用 pid 方法良好地解决。如果对 PID 这一套感兴趣,可以参考我的视频
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下面给出环境的测试代码
pythonimport os import sys import gym base_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')) sys.path.append(base_path) import time from gym.utils.env_checker import check_env env_name = 'CartPole-v0' env = gym.make(env_name, render_mode='human') check_env(env.unwrapped) # 检查环境是否符合 gym 规范 env.action_space.seed(10) observation, _ = env.reset(seed=10) # 测试环境 for i in range(100): while True: action = env.action_space.sample() state, reward, terminated, truncated, _ = env.step(action) if terminated or truncated: env.reset() break time.sleep(0.01) env.render() # 关闭环境渲染 env.close()
2. Policy Gradient with Baseline
- 上文 RL 实践(5)------ 二维滚球环境【REINFORCE & Actor-Critic】 介绍了两种经典的 Policy-Gradient 方法,Actor-Critic 和 REINFORCE,本文介绍这两种方法通用的一个改进技巧,可以有效提高算法的性能,并减小方差。
- 首先回顾一下策略梯度方法的基本原理:对于用参数 θ \theta θ 形式化的策略网络 π θ : S → A \pi_\theta:\mathcal{S}\to\mathcal{A} πθ:S→A,策略学习可以转换为如下优化问题
max θ { J ( θ ) = △ E s [ V π θ ( s ) ] } \max_\theta \left\{J(\theta) \stackrel{\triangle}{=} \mathbb{E}s[V{\pi_\theta}(s)] \right\} θmax{J(θ)=△Es[Vπθ(s)]} 这个优化问题可以用梯度上升来解
θ ← θ + β ⋅ ▽ θ J ( θ ) \theta \leftarrow \theta + \beta ·\triangledown_{\theta}J(\theta) θ←θ+β⋅▽θJ(θ) 其中策略梯度可以用策略梯度定理计算
▽ θ J ( θ ) ∝ E S ∼ d ( ⋅ ) [ E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ S ) [ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ S ) ⋅ Q π θ ( S , A ) ] ] \triangledown_{\theta}J(\theta)\propto \mathbb{E}{S \sim d(\cdot)}\Big[\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi_\theta(\cdot \mid S)}\left[\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid S) \cdot Q_{\pi_\theta}(S, A)\right]\Big] ▽θJ(θ)∝ES∼d(⋅)[EA∼πθ(⋅∣S)[▽θlnπθ(A∣S)⋅Qπθ(S,A)]] 我们通过两次 MC 近似消去两个积分,得到随机策略梯度
g θ ( s , a ) = △ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ Q π θ ( s , a ) g_\theta(s,a) \stackrel{\triangle}{=} \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a) gθ(s,a)=△▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅Qπθ(s,a) 其中 s , a s,a s,a 来自策略 π θ \pi_\theta πθ 和环境环境的某个具体 transition。最后,对动作价值函数 Q π ( s , a ) Q_\pi(s, a) Qπ(s,a) 的两种近似方案引出了两种策略梯度方法:REINFORCE
:用实际 return u u u MC 近似 Q π ( s , a ) Q_\pi(s, a) Qπ(s,a)Actor-Critic
:用神经网络(Critic) q w ( s , a ) q_w(s, a) qw(s,a) 近似 Q π ( s , a ) Q_\pi(s, a) Qπ(s,a)
2.1 带 baseline 的策略梯度定理
- 我们首先证明一个引理:设 b b b 是任意函数, b b b 不依赖于 A A A。那么对于任意的 s s s,有
E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ s ) [ b ⋅ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ s ) ] = 0 \mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(\cdot \mid s )}\left[b \cdot \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid s)\right]=0 EA∼πθ(⋅∣s)[b⋅▽θlnπθ(A∣s)]=0 由于 b b b 不依赖于动作 A A A,首先把 b b b 提取到期望外面E A ∼ π ( ⋅ ∣ s ; θ ) [ b ⋅ ∂ ln π ( A ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ ] = b ⋅ E A ∼ π ( ⋅ ∣ s ; θ ) [ ∂ ln π ( A ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ ] = b ⋅ ∑ a ∈ A π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ⋅ ∂ ln π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ = b ⋅ ∑ a ∈ A π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ⋅ 1 π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ⋅ ∂ π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ = b ⋅ ∑ a ∈ A ∂ π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ \begin{aligned} \mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi(\cdot \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}\left[b \cdot \frac{\partial \ln \pi(A \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}\right] & =b \cdot \mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi(\cdot \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}\left[\frac{\partial \ln \pi(A \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}\right] \\ & =b \cdot \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta}) \cdot \frac{\partial \ln \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} \\ & =b \cdot \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta}) \cdot \frac{1}{\pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})} \cdot \frac{\partial \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} \\ & =b \cdot \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \frac{\partial \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} \end{aligned} EA∼π(⋅∣s;θ)[b⋅∂θ∂lnπ(A∣s;θ)]=b⋅EA∼π(⋅∣s;θ)[∂θ∂lnπ(A∣s;θ)]=b⋅a∈A∑π(a∣s;θ)⋅∂θ∂lnπ(a∣s;θ)=b⋅a∈A∑π(a∣s;θ)⋅π(a∣s;θ)1⋅∂θ∂π(a∣s;θ)=b⋅a∈A∑∂θ∂π(a∣s;θ) 上式最右边的连加是关于 a a a 求的,而偏导是关于 θ \theta θ 求的,因此可以把连加放入偏导内部
E A ∼ π ( ⋅ ∣ s ; θ ) [ b ⋅ ∂ ln π ( A ∣ s ; θ ) ∂ θ ] = b ⋅ ∂ ∂ θ ∑ a ∈ A π ( a ∣ s ; θ ) ⏟ 恒等于 1 . = b ⋅ ∂ 1 ∂ θ = 0. \begin{aligned} \mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi(\cdot \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}\left[b \cdot \frac{\partial \ln \pi(A \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}\right]&=b \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}} \underbrace{\sum{a \in \mathcal{A}} \pi(a \mid s ; \boldsymbol{\theta})}_{\text {恒等于 } 1} . \\ &=b \cdot \frac{\partial 1}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}}=0 . \end{aligned} EA∼π(⋅∣s;θ)[b⋅∂θ∂lnπ(A∣s;θ)]=b⋅∂θ∂恒等于 1 a∈A∑π(a∣s;θ).=b⋅∂θ∂1=0. - 证明此引理后,我们可以把这一项引入到策略梯度定义给出的策略梯度中
▽ θ J ( θ ) ∝ E S ∼ d ( ⋅ ) [ E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ S ) [ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ S ) ⋅ Q π θ ( S , A ) ] ] = E S ∼ d ( ⋅ ) [ E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ S ) [ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ S ) ⋅ Q π θ ( S , A ) ] − 0 ] = E S ∼ d ( ⋅ ) [ E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ S ) [ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ S ) ⋅ Q π θ ( S , A ) ] − E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ s ) [ b ⋅ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ s ) ] ] = E S ∼ d ( ⋅ ) [ E A ∼ π θ ( ⋅ ∣ S ) [ ▽ θ ln π θ ( A ∣ S ) ⋅ ( Q π θ ( S , A ) − b ) ] ] \begin{aligned} \triangledown_{\theta}J(\theta) &\propto \mathbb{E}{S \sim d(\cdot)}\Big[\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi_\theta(\cdot \mid S)}\left[\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid S) \cdot Q_{\pi_\theta}(S, A)\right]\Big] \\ &= \mathbb{E}{S \sim d(\cdot)}\Big[\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi_\theta(\cdot \mid S)}\left[\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid S) \cdot Q_{\pi_\theta}(S, A)\right]-0\Big] \\ &= \mathbb{E}{S \sim d(\cdot)}\Big[\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi_\theta(\cdot \mid S)}\left[\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid S) \cdot Q_{\pi_\theta}(S, A)\right]-\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(\cdot \mid s )}\left[b \cdot \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid s)\right]\Big] \\ &= \mathbb{E}{S \sim d(\cdot)}\Big[\mathbb{E}{A \sim \pi_\theta(\cdot \mid S)}\left[\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(A \mid S) \cdot \big(Q_{\pi_\theta}(S, A)-b\big)\right]\Big] \\ \end{aligned} ▽θJ(θ)∝ES∼d(⋅)[EA∼πθ(⋅∣S)[▽θlnπθ(A∣S)⋅Qπθ(S,A)]]=ES∼d(⋅)[EA∼πθ(⋅∣S)[▽θlnπθ(A∣S)⋅Qπθ(S,A)]−0]=ES∼d(⋅)[EA∼πθ(⋅∣S)[▽θlnπθ(A∣S)⋅Qπθ(S,A)]−EA∼πθ(⋅∣s)[b⋅▽θlnπθ(A∣s)]]=ES∼d(⋅)[EA∼πθ(⋅∣S)[▽θlnπθ(A∣S)⋅(Qπθ(S,A)−b)]] 进而可以得到带基线的随机策略梯度
,它仍是对原策略梯度的无偏估计
g θ ( s , a ; b ) = △ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ [ Q π θ ( s , a ) − b ] g_\theta(s,a;b) \stackrel{\triangle}{=} \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot \Big[Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a)-b\Big] gθ(s,a;b)=△▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅[Qπθ(s,a)−b] 其中不依赖于 A A A 的任意函数 b b b 就是所谓的基线(baseline)
,它的引入不会影响策略梯度(期望不变),但会影响随机策略梯度 g θ ( s , a ; b ) g_\theta(s,a;b) gθ(s,a;b) ,进而影响随机策略梯度的方差
Var = E S , A [ ∥ g θ ( s , a ; b ) − ∇ θ J ( θ ) ∥ 2 ] \operatorname{Var}=\mathbb{E}{S, A}\left[\left\|g\theta(s,a;b) -\nabla_{\boldsymbol{\theta}} J(\boldsymbol{\theta})\right\|^{2}\right] Var=ES,A[∥gθ(s,a;b)−∇θJ(θ)∥2] 如果 b b b 很接近 Q π θ ( s , a ; b ) Q_{\pi_\theta}(s, a;b) Qπθ(s,a;b) 关于 a a a 的均值,那么方差会比较小。因此 b = V π θ ( s ) b = V_{\pi_\theta}(s) b=Vπθ(s) 是很好的基线
2.2 REINFORCE with baseline
- 我们使用 2.1 节得到的带基线的随机策略梯度 g θ ( s , a ; b ) g_\theta(s,a;b) gθ(s,a;b) 改写前文的 REINFORCR 算法,基线设置为 b = V π θ ( s ) b = V_{\pi_\theta}(s) b=Vπθ(s),即
g θ ( s , a ) = △ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ [ Q π θ ( s , a ) − V π θ ( s ) ] g_\theta(s,a) \stackrel{\triangle}{=} \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot \Big[Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a)-V_{\pi_\theta}(s)\Big] gθ(s,a)=△▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅[Qπθ(s,a)−Vπθ(s)] 其中 Q π θ ( s , a ) Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a) Qπθ(s,a) 仍然和 REINFORCR 一样使用轨迹的真实 return u u u 来估计, V π θ ( s ) V_{\pi_\theta}(s) Vπθ(s) 则引入一个价值网络 v ω v_\omega vω 来估计,估计方式为 MC(而非 TD bootstrap)
2.2.1 伪代码
- 每轮迭代我们用当前策略 π θ \pi_\theta πθ 交互得到一条轨迹,然后计算出每一个 transition ( s , a , r , s ′ ) (s,a,r,s') (s,a,r,s′) 对应的 return u u u,首先用 u u u 作为标签用 mse loss 优化价值网络 v ω v_\omega vω(这样价值网络可以更好地估计 V π θ V_{\pi_\theta} Vπθ),然后利用更新后的 v w v_w vw 计算 g θ ( s , a ) g_\theta(s,a) gθ(s,a) 来更新策略网络 π θ \pi_\theta πθ 。伪代码如下
初始化策略网络 π θ 和价值网络 v ω f o r e p i s o d e e = 1 → E d o : 用当前策略 π θ 交互一条轨迹 s 1 , a 1 , r 1 , . . . , s n , a n , r n 计算所有 r e t u r n u t = ∑ k = t m γ k − t r k , t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n 更新 v ω 参数 l ω = 1 2 n ∑ t = 1 n [ v ω ( s t ) − u t ] 2 更新 π θ 参数 θ ← θ + β ⋅ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a t ∣ s t ) ⋅ ( u t − v ω ( s t ) ) , t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n e n d f o r \begin{aligned} &初始化策略网络 \space \pi_\theta \space 和价值网络 \space v_\omega \\ &for \space\space episode \space\space e=1 \rightarrow E \space\space do :\\ &\quad\quad 用当前策略 \pi_{\theta} 交互一条轨迹\space s_1, a_1, r_1,...,s_n, a_n, r_n \\ & \quad\quad 计算所有 \space return \space u_t = \sum_{k=t}^m \gamma^{k-t} r_k, \space t=1,2,...,n\\ &\quad\quad 更新 \space v_\omega \space 参数 \space l_\omega = \frac{1}{2n}\sum_{t=1}^n\Big[v_\omega(s_t) - u_t \Big]^2\\ &\quad\quad更新 \space \pi_\theta \space参数\space \theta \leftarrow \theta + \beta ·\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a_t|s_t) \cdot \big(u_t - v_\omega(s_t)\big), \space t=1,2,...,n \\ &end \space\space for \end{aligned} 初始化策略网络 πθ 和价值网络 vωfor episode e=1→E do:用当前策略πθ交互一条轨迹 s1,a1,r1,...,sn,an,rn计算所有 return ut=k=t∑mγk−trk, t=1,2,...,n更新 vω 参数 lω=2n1t=1∑n[vω(st)−ut]2更新 πθ 参数 θ←θ+β⋅▽θlnπθ(at∣st)⋅(ut−vω(st)), t=1,2,...,nend for
2.2.2 用 REINFORCE with baseline 方法解决 CartPole 问题
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定义策略网络和价值网络
pythonclass PolicyNet(torch.nn.Module): ''' 策略网络是一个两层 MLP ''' def __init__(self, input_dim, hidden_dim, output_dim): super(PolicyNet, self).__init__() self.fc1 = torch.nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim) self.fc2 = torch.nn.Linear(hidden_dim, output_dim) def forward(self, x): x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) # (1, hidden_dim) x = F.softmax(self.fc2(x), dim=1) # (1, output_dim) return x class VNet(torch.nn.Module): ''' 价值网络是一个两层 MLP ''' def __init__(self, input_dim, hidden_dim): super(VNet, self).__init__() self.fc1 = torch.nn.Linear(input_dim, hidden_dim) self.fc2 = torch.nn.Linear(hidden_dim, 1) def forward(self, x): x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) x = self.fc2(x) return
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定义 REINFORCE with baseline agent
pythonclass REINFORCE_Baseline(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self, state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range, lr_policy, lr_value, gamma, device): super().__init__() self.policy_net = PolicyNet(state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range).to(device) self.v_net = VNet(state_dim, hidden_dim).to(device) self.optimizer_policy = torch.optim.Adam(self.policy_net.parameters(), lr=lr_policy) # 使用Adam优化器 self.optimizer_value = torch.optim.Adam(self.v_net.parameters(), lr=lr_value) # 使用Adam优化器 self.gamma = gamma self.device = device def take_action(self, state): # 根据动作概率分布随机采样 state = torch.tensor(state, dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) state = state.unsqueeze(0) probs = self.policy_net(state).squeeze() action_dist = torch.distributions.Categorical(probs) action = action_dist.sample() return action.item() def update(self, transition_dict): G, returns = 0, [] for reward in reversed(transition_dict['rewards']): G = self.gamma * G + reward returns.insert(0, G) rewards = torch.tensor(transition_dict['rewards'], dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device).squeeze() # (bsz, ) returns = torch.tensor(returns, dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device).squeeze() # (bsz, ) states = torch.tensor(np.array(transition_dict['states']), dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) # (bsz, state_dim) actions = torch.tensor(transition_dict['actions']).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) # (bsz, action_dim) # 梯度清零 self.optimizer_value.zero_grad() self.optimizer_policy.zero_grad() # 更新价值网络 value_predicts = self.v_net(states).squeeze() # (bsz, ) value_loss = torch.mean(F.mse_loss(value_predicts, returns)) value_loss.backward() self.optimizer_value.step() # 更新策略网络, 从轨迹最后一步起往前计算 return,每步回传累计梯度 for i in reversed(range(len(rewards))): action = actions[i] state = states[i] value = self.v_net(state).squeeze() # 使用更新过的价值网络预测价值 G = returns[i] # (state_dim, ) probs = self.policy_net(state.unsqueeze(0)).squeeze() # (action_range, ) log_prob = torch.log(probs[action]) policy_loss = -log_prob * (G - value.detach()) # value 是 v_net 给出的,将其 detach 以确保只更新 policy 参数 policy_loss.backward() self.optimizer_policy.step()
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进行训练并绘制性能曲线
pythonif __name__ == "__main__": def moving_average(a, window_size): ''' 生成序列 a 的滑动平均序列 ''' cumulative_sum = np.cumsum(np.insert(a, 0, 0)) middle = (cumulative_sum[window_size:] - cumulative_sum[:-window_size]) / window_size r = np.arange(1, window_size-1, 2) begin = np.cumsum(a[:window_size-1])[::2] / r end = (np.cumsum(a[:-window_size:-1])[::2] / r)[::-1] return np.concatenate((begin, middle, end)) def set_seed(env, seed=42): ''' 设置随机种子 ''' env.action_space.seed(seed) env.reset(seed=seed) random.seed(seed) np.random.seed(seed) torch.manual_seed(seed) state_dim = 4 # 环境观测维度 action_range = 2 # 环境动作空间大小 lr_policy = 2e-3 lr_value = 3e-3 num_episodes = 500 hidden_dim = 64 gamma = 0.98 device = torch.device("cuda") if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.device("cpu") # build environment env_name = 'CartPole-v0' env = gym.make(env_name, render_mode='rgb_array') check_env(env.unwrapped) # 检查环境是否符合 gym 规范 set_seed(env, 42) # build agent agent = REINFORCE_Baseline(state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range, lr_policy, lr_value, gamma, device) # start training return_list = [] for i in range(10): with tqdm(total=int(num_episodes / 10), desc='Iteration %d' % i) as pbar: for i_episode in range(int(num_episodes / 10)): episode_return = 0 transition_dict = { 'states': [], 'actions': [], 'next_states': [], 'rewards': [], 'dones': [] } state, _ = env.reset() # 以当前策略交互得到一条轨迹 while True: action = agent.take_action(state) next_state, reward, terminated, truncated, _ = env.step(action) transition_dict['states'].append(state) transition_dict['actions'].append(action) transition_dict['next_states'].append(next_state) transition_dict['rewards'].append(reward) transition_dict['dones'].append(terminated or truncated) state = next_state episode_return += reward if terminated or truncated: env.render() break #env.render() # 用当前策略收集的数据进行 on-policy 更新 agent.update(transition_dict) # 更新进度条 return_list.append(episode_return) pbar.set_postfix({ 'episode': '%d' % (num_episodes / 10 * i + i_episode + 1), 'return': '%.3f' % episode_return, 'ave return': '%.3f' % np.mean(return_list[-10:]) }) pbar.update(1) # show policy performence mv_return_list = moving_average(return_list, 29) episodes_list = list(range(len(return_list))) plt.figure(figsize=(12,8)) plt.plot(episodes_list, return_list, label='raw', alpha=0.5) plt.plot(episodes_list, mv_return_list, label='moving ave') plt.xlabel('Episodes') plt.ylabel('Returns') plt.title(f'{agent._get_name()} on CartPole-V0') plt.legend() plt.savefig(f'./result/{agent._get_name()}.png') plt.show()
2.2.3 性能
- 对比前文介绍的普通 REINFORCE 方法和以上 REINFORCE with baseline 方法的性能曲线,如下
可见引入 baseline 有效降低了方差,且加快了收敛速度
2.3 Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C)
- 我们使用 2.1 节得到的带基线的随机策略梯度 g θ ( s , a ; b ) g_\theta(s,a;b) gθ(s,a;b) 改写前文的 REINFORCR 算法,基线设置为 b = V π θ ( s ) b = V_{\pi_\theta}(s) b=Vπθ(s),即
g θ ( s , a ) = △ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ [ Q π θ ( s , a ) − V π θ ( s ) ] g_\theta(s,a) \stackrel{\triangle}{=} \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot \Big[Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a)-V_{\pi_\theta}(s)\Big] gθ(s,a)=△▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅[Qπθ(s,a)−Vπθ(s)] 其中 Q π θ ( s , a ) − V π θ ( s ) Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a)-V_{\pi_\theta}(s) Qπθ(s,a)−Vπθ(s) 被称作优势函数 (advantage function)
,因此基于上面公式得到的 actor-critic 方法被称为 advantage actor-critic (A2C)。A2C 属于 actor-critic 方法,有一个策略网络 π θ \pi_\theta πθ 作为 Actor 用于控制 agent 运动,还有一个价值网络 v ω v_\omega vω 作为 Critic,他的评分可以帮助 Actor 改进。两个神经网络的结构与上一节中的完全相同,但是本节和上一节用不同的方法训练两个神经网络
2.3.1 伪代码
- 这里训练价值网络时不像 REINFORCE with baseline 那样直接优化 mse loss 去靠近真实 return(MC),而是用 mse loss 去优化 Sarsa TD error 。具体而言,给定 transition ( s , a , r , s ′ ) (s,a,r,s') (s,a,r,s′),如下得到 TD error 的 mse loss
l ω = 1 2 [ v ω ( s ) − ( r + v ω ( s ′ ) ) ] 2 l_\omega = \frac{1}{2}\Big[v_\omega(s) - \big(r+v_\omega(s')\big)\Big]^2 lω=21[vω(s)−(r+vω(s′))]2 - 训练策略网络时利用 Bellman 公式得到 Q Q Q 和 V V V 的关系
Q π ( s t , a t ) = E S t + 1 ∼ p ( ⋅ ∣ s t , a t ) [ R t + γ V π ( S t + 1 ) ] Q_{\pi}\left(s_{t}, a_{t}\right) = \mathbb{E}{S{t+1}\sim p(·|s_t,a_t)}\Big[R_t + \gamma V_\pi(S_{t+1})\Big] Qπ(st,at)=ESt+1∼p(⋅∣st,at)[Rt+γVπ(St+1)] 把带基线的随机策略梯度中的 Q π θ ( s , a ) Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a) Qπθ(s,a) 进行替换
g θ ( s , a ) = ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ [ Q π θ ( s , a ) − V π θ ( s ) ] = ▽ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) ⋅ [ E S t + 1 [ R t + γ V π θ ( S t + 1 ) ] − V π θ ( s ) ] \begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{g}\theta\left(s,a\right) & =\triangledown{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot \Big[Q_{\pi_\theta}(s,a)-V_{\pi_\theta}(s)\Big] \\ & = \triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a|s) \cdot \Big[\mathbb{E}{S{t+1}}\left[R_t+\gamma V_{\pi_\theta}\left(S_{t+1}\right)\right]-V_{\pi_\theta}(s)\Big] \end{aligned} gθ(s,a)=▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅[Qπθ(s,a)−Vπθ(s)]=▽θlnπθ(a∣s)⋅[ESt+1[Rt+γVπθ(St+1)]−Vπθ(s)] 使用真实的 transition ( s , a , r , s ′ ) (s,a,r,s') (s,a,r,s′) 进行 MC 近似,得到随机策略梯度
g ~ θ ( s , a ) ≜ [ r + γ ⋅ v ω ( s ′ ) − v ω ( s ) ⏟ T D Error ] ⋅ ∇ θ ln π θ ( a ∣ s ) . \tilde{\boldsymbol{g}}\theta\left(s,a\right) \triangleq[\underbrace{r+\gamma \cdot v\omega\left(s'\right)-v_\omega\left(s\right)}{\mathrm{TD} \text { Error} }] \cdot \nabla{\boldsymbol{\theta}} \ln \pi_\theta\left(a \mid s\right) . g~θ(s,a)≜[TD Error r+γ⋅vω(s′)−vω(s)]⋅∇θlnπθ(a∣s). 用这个随机策略梯度做梯度上升即可优化策略网络 - A2C 的伪代码如下
初始化策略网络 π θ 和价值网络 v ω f o r e p i s o d e e = 1 → E d o : 用当前策略 π θ 交互一条轨迹 s 1 , a 1 , r 1 , . . . , s n , a n , r n 计算所有 TD erro r δ t = r t + γ ⋅ v ω ( s t + 1 ) − v ω ( s t ) 更新 v ω 参数 l ω = 1 2 n ∑ t = 1 n [ δ t ] 2 更新 π θ 参数 θ ← θ + β ⋅ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a t ∣ s t ) ⋅ δ t , t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n e n d f o r \begin{aligned} &初始化策略网络 \space \pi_\theta \space 和价值网络 \space v_\omega \\ &for \space\space episode \space\space e=1 \rightarrow E \space\space do :\\ &\quad\quad 用当前策略 \pi_{\theta} 交互一条轨迹\space s_1, a_1, r_1,...,s_n, a_n, r_n \\ & \quad\quad 计算所有 \space \text{TD erro}r \space \delta_t = r_t+\gamma \cdot v_\omega\left(s_{t+1}\right)-v_\omega\left(s_t\right)\\ &\quad\quad 更新 \space v_\omega \space 参数 \space l_\omega = \frac{1}{2n}\sum_{t=1}^n\Big[ \delta_t \Big]^2\\ &\quad\quad更新 \space \pi_\theta \space参数\space \theta \leftarrow \theta + \beta ·\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a_t|s_t) · \delta_t , \space t=1,2,...,n \\ &end \space\space for \end{aligned} 初始化策略网络 πθ 和价值网络 vωfor episode e=1→E do:用当前策略πθ交互一条轨迹 s1,a1,r1,...,sn,an,rn计算所有 TD error δt=rt+γ⋅vω(st+1)−vω(st)更新 vω 参数 lω=2n1t=1∑n[δt]2更新 πθ 参数 θ←θ+β⋅▽θlnπθ(at∣st)⋅δt, t=1,2,...,nend for
2.3.2 用 A2C 方法解决 CartPole 问题
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只需要重新定义 A2C agent,其他代码全部和 REINFORCE with baseline 一致
pythonclass A2C(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self, state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range, actor_lr, critic_lr, gamma, device): super().__init__() self.gamma = gamma self.device = device self.actor = PolicyNet(state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range).to(device) self.critic = VNet(state_dim, hidden_dim).to(device) self.actor_optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(self.actor.parameters(), lr=actor_lr) self.critic_optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(self.critic.parameters(), lr=critic_lr) def take_action(self, state): state = torch.tensor(state, dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) state = state.unsqueeze(0) probs = self.actor(state) action_dist = torch.distributions.Categorical(probs) action = action_dist.sample() return action.item() def update(self, transition_dict): states = torch.tensor(transition_dict['states'], dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) actions = torch.tensor(transition_dict['actions']).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) rewards = torch.tensor(transition_dict['rewards'], dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) next_states = torch.tensor(transition_dict['next_states'], dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) dones = torch.tensor(transition_dict['dones'], dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) # Cirtic loss td_target = rewards + self.gamma * self.critic(next_states) * (1-dones) critic_loss = torch.mean(F.mse_loss(self.critic(states), td_target.detach())) # Actor loss td_error = td_target - self.critic(states) probs = self.actor(states).gather(1, actions) log_probs = torch.log(probs) actor_loss = torch.mean(-log_probs * td_error.detach()) # 更新网络参数 self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad() self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad() actor_loss.backward() critic_loss.backward() self.actor_optimizer.step() self.critic_optimizer.step()
2.3.3 性能
- 对比前文介绍的普通 Actor-Critic 方法和以上 A2C 方法的性能曲线,如下
可见普通 Actor-Critic 方法即使交互轨迹数量翻倍也难以收敛,而 A2C 收敛迅速,性能稳定
2.3.4 引入目标网络
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之前我们讲 DQN 时提到过关于 bootstrap 迭代的一个问题
TD bootstrap 是在使用由 DQN 生成的优化目标 TD target 来优化 DQN 网络。这就导致优化目标随着训练进行不断变化,违背了监督学习的 i.i.d 原则,导致训练不稳定
A2C 中的 critic 网络同样具有此问题,为了稳定训练,我们可以像 DQN 那样引入一个参数更新频率更低的目标网络来稳定 TD target,从而稳定训练过程。考虑到 A2C 本身是 on-policy 方法,这里不适合像 DQN 那样按照一定周期去替换目标网络参数,而是应该使用加权平均的方式来更新 。设引入目标网络 v w ′ v_{w'} vw′ 和更新权重 τ \tau τ,A2C 算法的伪代码变为
初始化策略网络 π θ , 价值网络 v ω 和目标网络 v ω ′ f o r e p i s o d e e = 1 → E d o : 用当前策略 π θ 交互一条轨迹 s 1 , a 1 , r 1 , . . . , s n , a n , r n 计算所有 TD erro r δ t = r t + γ ⋅ v ω ′ ( s t + 1 ) − v ω ( s t ) 更新 v ω 参数 l ω = 1 2 n ∑ t = 1 n [ δ t ] 2 更新 v ω ′ 参数 ω ′ ← τ w ′ + ( 1 − τ ) w 更新 π θ 参数 θ ← θ + β ⋅ ▽ θ ln π θ ( a t ∣ s t ) ⋅ δ t , t = 1 , 2 , . . . , n e n d f o r \begin{aligned} &初始化策略网络 \space \pi_\theta \space ,价值网络 \space v_\omega 和目标网络 \space v_{\omega'} \\ &for \space\space episode \space\space e=1 \rightarrow E \space\space do :\\ &\quad\quad 用当前策略 \pi_{\theta} 交互一条轨迹\space s_1, a_1, r_1,...,s_n, a_n, r_n \\ & \quad\quad 计算所有 \space \text{TD erro}r \space \delta_t = r_t+\gamma \cdot v_{\omega'}\left(s_{t+1}\right)-v_\omega\left(s_t\right)\\ &\quad\quad 更新 \space v_\omega \space 参数 \space l_\omega = \frac{1}{2n}\sum_{t=1}^n\Big[ \delta_t \Big]^2\\ &\quad\quad 更新 \space v_{\omega'} \space 参数 \space \omega' \leftarrow \tau w' \space + \space (1-\tau)w \\ &\quad\quad更新 \space \pi_\theta \space参数\space \theta \leftarrow \theta + \beta ·\triangledown_{\theta}\ln \pi_\theta(a_t|s_t) · \delta_t , \space t=1,2,...,n \\ &end \space\space for \end{aligned} 初始化策略网络 πθ ,价值网络 vω和目标网络 vω′for episode e=1→E do:用当前策略πθ交互一条轨迹 s1,a1,r1,...,sn,an,rn计算所有 TD error δt=rt+γ⋅vω′(st+1)−vω(st)更新 vω 参数 lω=2n1t=1∑n[δt]2更新 vω′ 参数 ω′←τw′ + (1−τ)w更新 πθ 参数 θ←θ+β⋅▽θlnπθ(at∣st)⋅δt, t=1,2,...,nend for -
带目标网络的的 A2C agent 实现如下,其他代码基本和 A2C 一致
pythonclass A2C_Target(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self, state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range, target_weight, actor_lr, critic_lr, gamma, device): super().__init__() self.gamma = gamma self.device = device self.target_weight = target_weight self.actor = PolicyNet(state_dim, hidden_dim, action_range).to(device) self.critic = VNet(state_dim, hidden_dim).to(device) self.target = VNet(state_dim, hidden_dim).to(device) self.actor_optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(self.actor.parameters(), lr=actor_lr) self.critic_optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(self.critic.parameters(), lr=critic_lr) def take_action(self, state): state = torch.tensor(state, dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) state = state.unsqueeze(0) probs = self.actor(state) action_dist = torch.distributions.Categorical(probs) action = action_dist.sample() return action.item() def update(self, transition_dict): states = torch.tensor(transition_dict['states'], dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) actions = torch.tensor(transition_dict['actions']).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) rewards = torch.tensor(transition_dict['rewards'], dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) next_states = torch.tensor(transition_dict['next_states'], dtype=torch.float).to(self.device) dones = torch.tensor(transition_dict['dones'], dtype=torch.float).view(-1, 1).to(self.device) # Cirtic loss td_target = rewards + self.gamma * self.target(next_states) * (1-dones) critic_loss = torch.mean(F.mse_loss(self.critic(states), td_target.detach())) # Actor loss td_error = td_target - self.critic(states) probs = self.actor(states).gather(1, actions) log_probs = torch.log(probs) actor_loss = torch.mean(-log_probs * td_error.detach()) # 更新网络参数 self.actor_optimizer.zero_grad() self.critic_optimizer.zero_grad() actor_loss.backward() critic_loss.backward() self.actor_optimizer.step() self.critic_optimizer.step() # 更新 target 网络参数为 target 和 critic 的加权平均 w = self.target_weight params_target = list(self.target.parameters()) params_critic = list(self.critic.parameters()) for i in range(len(params_target)): new_param = w * params_target[i] + (1 - w) * params_critic[i] params_target[i].data.copy_(new_param)
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当 τ = 0.95 \tau=0.95 τ=0.95 时性能较好,和 A2C 相比如下
可见引入目标网络后收敛更快,收敛后也更稳定
3. 总结
- 在策略梯度中加入基线 (baseline) 可以降低方差,显著提升实验效果。实践中常用 b = V π ( s ) b = V_\pi(s) b=Vπ(s) 作为 baseline。
- 可以用基线来改进 REINFORCE 算法。这时我们仍然用真实 return 来估计策略梯度中的 Q Q Q 价值,并引入价值网络 v w v_w vw,使用 MC 方法来估计状态价值函数 V π ( s ) V_\pi(s) Vπ(s) 作为 baseline。如此计算出随机策略梯度后,和原始 REINFORCE 一样用随机策略梯度上升更新策略网络 π θ ( a ∣ s ) π_\theta(a|s) πθ(a∣s)
- 可以用基线来改进 actor-critic,得到的方法叫做 advantage actor-critic (A2C)。A2C 也有一个策略网络 π θ ( a ∣ s ) π_\theta(a|s) πθ(a∣s) 和一个价值网络 v ω ( s ) v_\omega(s) vω(s)。它使用 TD 算法(Sarsa)来更新价值网络计算随机策略梯度,并同样用梯度上升更新策略网络 π θ ( a ∣ s ) π_\theta(a|s) πθ(a∣s)。为了稳定 TD bootstarp,可以像 DQN 那样引入目标价值网络 v ω ′ ( s ) v_{\omega'}(s) vω′(s) 用于计算 TD target,目标网络通过加权平均方式进行 soft update,可以进一步提高 A2C 的性能