Oracle TDE wallet - 技术栈

钱夹密码千万不能忘记，这也是使用TDE 需要承担的风险。
只要将wallet cwallet.sso 拷贝过去，加密没有意义！

钱夹的备份

正如上述，已经加密过的表列或者表空间，钱夹必须打开才能够查询到里面的数据。如果钱夹丢失，那就意味着加密数据的丢失，所以钱夹的备份是及其重要的。钱夹一开始创建就应该得到有效的备份，放在不同的磁盘上。不要和数据库文件所在磁盘相同，这可以避免数据文件和钱夹同时被盗（当然了，如果同时被盗，想通过数据库查询加密数据，不知道钱夹的密码，也是无法查询到加密数据的）。

除了钱夹需要有效的备份之外，钱夹的密码千万不能忘记。如果忘记了钱夹密码，钱夹就无法打开，加密的数据也就无法查询到，这也就意味着加密数据的丢失。 Oracle 没有提供解决钱夹密码丢失的方法 。

综上，如果使用透明加密来加密数据，要想加密数据不丢失，必须做到两点：1. 钱夹必须存在（备份的重要性）；2. 钱夹的密码不能够忘记。

这以加密表空间为例：

用户连入数据库进行数据更新或者查询时，所涉及到的对象会自动加密或自动解密；

但加密表空间里的所有数据都是以加密的格式被存储在磁盘上，磁盘或备份介质被盗时，里面的数据也不会被盗取，因为里面是乱码的。

如果使用操作系统命令 strings 直接查看文件中内容，未加密表空间的数据文件中的内容为明文，而加密过表空间对应的数据文件中的内容则为乱码。

[root@ljw jiami]# strings books01.dbf （未加密）

}|{z

WORCL

BOOKS

name,

good,

note

[root@ljw jiami]# strings secure01.dbf （加密过）

MMFJ?8E

iHa!c

jVIa9`o

y8wt0

zcnf

。

（内存中为明文，硬盘中为密文）

（注：如果文件很大，则可以使用管道 head --n 行数 指定要显示的行数）

例： [oracle@ljw orcl]$ strings books01.dbf | head -n 3

结论：导出工具 EXP 无法导出加密过的表，具体测试如下：

（钱包打开和钱包关闭时，导出加密过的表进行测试）

钱包关闭时：

SQL> select * from dba_encrypted_columns;

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

CLOSED

[oracle@ljw backup]$ exp system/oracle tables=test.tde file=tde.dmp log=tde.log

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...

Current user changed to TEST

EXP-00107: Feature (COLUMN ENCRYPTION) of column DATA in table TEST.TDE is not supported. The table will not be exported.

Export terminated successfully with warnings.

钱包打开时：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

[oracle@ljw backup]$ exp system/oracle tables=test.tde file=tde.dmp log=tde.log

Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Jun 24 03:58:43 2017

About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...

Current user changed to TEST

EXP-00107: Feature (COLUMN ENCRYPTION) of column DATA in table TEST.TDE is not supported. The table will not be exported.

Export terminated successfully with warnings.

结论：expdp 1. 导出时，钱包需要打开，否则都会报错。

2. 导出后，导入时，钱包也需要打开，否则也都会报错。

3. 导出后，导入另一个数据库，如果那个数据库没有钱夹，导入失败。如果那个数据库有钱夹，并且钱夹打开（测试中另一库中新建钱夹密码与原库不一样），也会导入成功，具体测试如下：

1. 导出时，钱包需要打开，否则都会报错

钱夹关闭：

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

CLOSED

导出：

[oracle@ljw backup]$ expdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp tables=test.tde

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

ORA-39173: Encrypted data has been stored unencrypted in dump file set.

Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded

2. 导出后，导入时，钱包也需要打开，否则也都会报错

钱夹打开：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by " hzmcdba123";

. . exported "TEST"."TDE" 5.570 KB 10 rows

ORA-39173: Encrypted data has been stored unencrypted in dump file set.

Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded

******************************************************************************

Dump file set for SYSTEM.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:

/oracle/backup/tde.dmp

Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Sat Jun 24 04:33:44 2017 elapsed 0 00:00:06

导入同一个库：

钱夹关闭时导入：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";

[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp

Import: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Jun 24 04:59:04 2017

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

钱夹打开导入：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp

注：钱夹打开，从同一个库中导出后导入成功。

导入：（另一个库）

[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp

Starting "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01": system/******** directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE

ORA-39083: Object type TABLE:"TEST"."TDE" failed to create with error:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

注：导入另一个库失败，因为没有启用透明加密钱夹。

创建钱包，导入

SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba";

[oracle@ljw backup]$ impdp system/oracle directory=dump_file_dir dumpfile=tde.dmp

. . imported "TEST"."TDE" 5.570 KB 10 rows

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS

Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully completed at Sat Jun 24 05:41:37 2017 elapsed 0 00:00:04

注：导入另一库，需要有钱包，钱包打开即可。

结论：不管钱包是否打开都可以正常备份，恢复时需要打开钱包。

备份：

SQL> select table_name from user_tables where tablespace_name='ENCRYPTEDTBS';

钱夹关闭：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";

RMAN> backup datafile 7;

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17

piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1471212201-20170624-09 comment=NONE

Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17

钱夹打开：

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

RMAN> backup datafile 7;

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17

piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1471212201-20170624-0a comment=NONE

Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-JUN-17

恢复：

钱夹关闭：

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ rm secure01.dbf

1. 用之前关闭钱夹备份的备份集经进行恢复：

RMAN> restore datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished restore at 24-JUN-17

RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084727';

Finished recover at 24-JUN-17

2. 用打开钱夹备份的备份集经进行恢复：

RMAN> restore datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';

Starting restore at 24-JUN-17

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=17 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00007 to /oracle/app/orcl/secure01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/2vs7j77a_1_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/2vs7j77a_1_1 tag=TAG20170624T084842

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished restore at 24-JUN-17

RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

RMAN> recover datafile 7 from tag='TAG20170624T084842';

Starting recover at 24-JUN-17

using channel ORA_DISK_1

starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00

Finished recover at 24-JUN-17

打开，数据能否可查测试（异地回复）

结论：数据文件可打开，加密数据可查（当然了，钱夹也拷过去，钱夹密码也知道）。

只拷贝数据文件，钱夹没有拷贝，加密数据不可查（模拟数据文件被盗）

情景一：

SQL> drop tablespace dabiao including contents and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.

SQL> create tablespace dabiao datafile '/oracle/app/orcl/dabiao.dbf' size 100m autoextend on;

Tablespace created.

SQL> create table dabiao(id number,name varchar(10)) tablespace dabiao;

Table created.

SQL> begin

2 for i in 1 .. 10

3 loop

4 insert into dabiao values ( i, 'ljw' );

5 end loop;

6 commit;

7 end;

8 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt);

Table altered.

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> select * from dabiao;

select * from dabiao

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

关闭数据：

SQL> conn / as sysdba

Connected.

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

scp -r /oracle/* oracle@192.168.142.11:/oracle/

另一台：

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes

Fixed Size 2257352 bytes

Variable Size 448794168 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL> conn test/test;

Connected.

SQL> select * from dabiao;

select * from dabiao

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> select * from dabiao;

10 rows selected.

打开查询成功！

目标库：

相关文件被传过来

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes

Fixed Size 2257352 bytes

Variable Size 448794168 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL> conn test/test;

Connected.

SQL> select * from tde;

select * from tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28367: wallet does not exist

注：如果文件被盗，如果想通过数据库查看数据，已被加密的表是无法查询到数据的，因为有钱夹的保护。

，测试其随着表的变大，加密表空间大小和加密时间所需长短

结论： 1 . 当数据文件没有打开自动扩展，对表中列进行加密，空间不足时，加密会失败。

2 ．如下表所示（数据文件打开自动扩展）：

|----------------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 加密数据量 | 50 万行（ 8M ） | 100 万行（ 16M ） | 300 万行（ 49M ） |
| 加密前数据文件大小 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 加密后数据文件大小 | 100 | 119.25 | 345.5 |
| 加密前表空间 FREE 大小 | 91 | 83 | 50 |
| 加密前表大小 | 8 | 16 | 49 |
| 加密后表空间 FREE 大小 | 44 | 6.25 | 16.5 |
| 加密后表大小 | 55 | 112 | 328 |
| 加密所用时间 | 1 分钟 | 1 分 45 秒 | 5 分 35 秒 |

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> create tablespace dabiao datafile '/oracle/app/orcl/dabiao.dbf' size 100m;

Tablespace created.

SQL> create table dabiao(id number,name varchar(10)) tablespace dabiao;

Table created.

SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024

DABIAO 100

SYSAUX 600

UNDOTBS1 200

BOOKS 5

USERS 5

TEST 5

SYSTEM 700

7 rows selected.

SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024

DABIAO 99

SYSAUX 475.5

UNDOTBS1 189.5625

BOOKS 3.875

USERS 3.9375

TEST 3.9375

SYSTEM 423.9375

7 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';

no rows selected

SQL> begin

2 for i in 1 .. 3000000

3 loop

4 insert into dabiao values ( i, 'ljw' );

5 end loop;

6 commit;

7 end;

8 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024

DABIAO 50

SYSAUX 475.5

UNDOTBS1 2

BOOKS 3.875

USERS 3.9375

TEST 3.9375

SYSTEM 423.9375

7 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';

TABLENAME

BYTES/1024/1024||'M'

DABIAO

49M

为该表加密

SQL> alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt);

alter table dabiao modify(name encrypt)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01653: unable to extend table TEST.DABIAO by 1024 in tablespace DABIAO

SQL> select tablespace_name ,sum(bytes)/1024/1024 from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024

DABIAO 3

SYSAUX 475.5

UNDOTBS1 1.625

BOOKS 3.875

USERS 3.9375

TEST 3.9375

SYSTEM 423.9375

7 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT segment_name AS TABLENAME,BYTES/1024/1024||'M' FROM user_segments WHERE segment_name='DABIAO';

TABLENAME

BYTES/1024/1024||'M'

DABIAO

96M

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> select * from dabiao where id > 2999995;

ID NAME

2999996 ljw

2999997 ljw

2999998 ljw

2999999 ljw

3000000 ljw

结论：钱夹丢失后，恢复即可重新打开钱包。（重新创建一个一模一样的钱包是不可行的，无法查询到之前已经加密过的数据）

1. 备份钱包后，删掉钱包进行测试

数据库没关掉之前，加密的数据仍然是可查的

SQL> select * from tde;

关库重启

SQL> shutdown immediate;

SQL> startup;

SQL> select * from tde;

select * from tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28367: wallet does not exist

把钱包恢复

[oracle@ljw db_1]$ cp ewallet.p12.bak ewallet.p12

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

SQL> select * from tde;

ID DATA

34 JSS

35 TEST

0 SYS

5 SYSTEM

31 APPQOSSYS

9 OUTLN

14 DIP

30 DBSNMP

32 WMSYS

21 ORACLE_OCM

10 rows selected.

数据可查

2. 重新创建一个一模一样钱夹可行性测试

删除钱夹文件

[oracle@ljw db_1]$ rm ewallet.p12

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123"; // 钱包可关闭

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28367: wallet does not exist

SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28362: master key not found

重启

SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28396: rekey of enc$ dictionary table failed

虽然报错，但新的 wallet 文件还是生成了，上面的 ORA-28362 意指数据库中还存在有使用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key ，但这个老的 masterkey 没有包含在当前新建的 wallet 文件里

-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2845 Jun 25 07:11 ewallet.p12

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1

OPEN

SQL> select * from test.tde;

select * from test.tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28362: master key not found

（重新建钱包不可行，只能有之前的备份进行恢复）即使密码一样

场景九：钱夹的重建测试

结论：钱夹可以重建，但是重建后的钱夹不能查询使用旧钱夹中的主密钥加密的数据，即先前加密的数据丢失。

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ mv ewallet.p12 ewallet.p12.bak

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID

CLOSED

SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1: （其实就是一条告警信息）

ORA-28362: master key not found

（新的 wallet 文件会生成。提示信息，上面的 ORA-28362 意指数据库中还存在有使用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key ，但这个老的 masterkey 没有包含在当前新建的 wallet 文件里，这意味着用老的 masterkey 加密的 encryption key 无法被解密，之前加密的数据不可访问，即数据丢失。）

（新的钱夹生成）

SQL> conn test/test;

Connected.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID

OPEN

SQL> select * from tde; （之前加密的表tde ）

select * from tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28362: master key not found

（之前加密的数据丢失）

SQL> create table new_tde (id number(10),data varchar2(50) encrypt);

Table created.

SQL> insert into new_tde select user_id,username from dba_users;

10 rows created.

SQL> select * from new_tde;

10 rows selected.

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

SQL> select * from tde;

select * from tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

SQL> select * from new_tde;

select * from new_tde

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

结论：创建一个表（加密列），默认 salt ，不能再该加密列上创建索引。如果需要创建索引，必须指定为 no salt 。

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

OPEN

SQL> create table salt (id number,name varchar(10) encrypt);

SQL> insert into salt values(1,'dba');

SQL> create index salt_name_index on salt(name);

create index salt_name_index on salt(name)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28338: Column(s) cannot be both indexed and encrypted with salt

SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt no salt);

Table altered.

SQL> create index salt_name_index on salt(name);

Index created.

SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt);

alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28338: Column(s) cannot be both indexed and encrypted with salt

SQL> drop index salt_name_index;

Index dropped.

SQL> alter table salt modify(name encrypt salt);

Table altered.

结论：主外键列不能够被加密

SQL> conn test/test;

Connected.

SQL> create table primarykey(id number,name varchar(10),constraint pkey primary key(name));

Table created.

SQL> insert into primarykey values(1,'hzmcdba');

1 row created.

SQL> create table foreignkey(name varchar(10),score number,constraint fkey foreign key(name) references primarykey(name));

Table created.

SQL> insert into foreignkey values('hzmcdba','98');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1

CLOSED

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1

OPEN

为主键加密：

SQL> alter table primarykey modify(name encrypt);

alter table primarykey modify(name encrypt)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28335: referenced or referencing FK constraint column cannot be encrypted

为外键加密：

SQL> alter table foreignkey modify(name encrypt);

alter table foreignkey modify(name encrypt)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28335: referenced or referencing FK constraint column cannot be encrypted

结论： blob 字段不能被加密

SQL> alter table table_blob modify(ph encrypt);

alter table table_blob modify(ph encrypt)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-43856: Unsupported LOB type for SECUREFILE LOB operation

结论：不能将加密列作为分区键，这样会导致，虽然表能成功创建，但是创建出来的表不是分区表的情况。但是不作为分区键的列，可以成为加密列。

创建加密表空间：

SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE encryptedtbs02

2 DATAFILE '/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/encryptedtbs02.dbf' SIZE 100M

3 ENCRYPTION USING 'AES256'

4 DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);

Tablespace created.

SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE encryptedtbs03

2 DATAFILE '/oracle/app/oradata/orcl/encryptedtbs03.dbf' SIZE 100M

3 ENCRYPTION USING 'AES256'

4 DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);

创建加密表：

CREATE TABLE test (

first_name VARCHAR2(128),

empID NUMBER ENCRYPT 'NOMAC' NO SALT ,

salary NUMBER(6)

)

partition by hash(empID)

(

partition part_01 tablespace encryptedtbs02,

partition part_02 tablespace encryptedtbs03

);

Table created.

虽然表是创建成功，但是有一个错误提示：

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28346: an encrypted column cannot serve as a partitioning column

ora - 28346: 一个加密列不能作为分区列

那么我们去查询表的加密信息及分区信息：

SQL> select table_name,column_name from DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;

TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME

EMPLOYEE ID

TEST EMPID

SQL> select * from USER_TAB_PARTITIONS;

no rows selected

可以看到该表虽然创建成功，但是并没有分区成功，作为对比，我们创建另外一个分区列不是加密列的表：

CREATE TABLE test01 (

first_name VARCHAR2(128),

empID NUMBER ENCRYPT 'NOMAC' NO SALT ,

salary NUMBER(6)

)

partition by hash(first_name)

(

partition part_01 tablespace encryptedtbs02,

partition part_02 tablespace encryptedtbs03

);

Table created.

同样查询信息：

SQL> select table_name,column_name from DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;

TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME

EMPLOYEE ID

TEST EMPID

TEST01 EMPID

SQL> select table_name,partition_name,tablespace_name from USER_TAB_PARTITIONS where table_name='TEST01';

TABLE_NAME PARTITION_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME

TEST01 PART_01 ENCRYPTEDTBS02

TEST01 PART_02 ENCRYPTEDTBS03

结论：如果一台服务器上有多个数据库，创建一个钱夹即可使用于多个数据库。（钱夹的配置只需在 sqlnet.ora 中指定钱夹存放位置，然后 alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba" 创建钱夹，此时只有记住这个密码，这个钱夹 copy 到哪个数据库中都可以使用）但是不建议这样做， oracle 建议还是一个钱夹对一个库，具体测试看情节二。

情景一：

[oracle@ljw ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=test;

[oracle@ljw ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

test

[oracle@ljw ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;

SQL> show parameter db_name;

NAME TYPE VALUE

db_name string test

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

CLOSED

SQL> show user;

USER is "SYS"

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

OPEN

SQL> create user test identified by "test";

User created.

SQL> grant dba to test;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn test/test;

Connected.

SQL> create table jiami(id number,name varchar(10) encrypt);

Table created.

SQL> insert into jiami values(1,'hzmcdba');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from jiami;

ID NAME

1 hzmcdba

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";

System altered.

SQL> select * from jiami;

select * from jiami

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet is not open

情景二：

[oracle@ljw admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora

ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=

(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID)))

test 库：

SQL> exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

[oracle@ljw ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Jun 30 08:29:37 2017

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

CLOSED

SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123";

alter system set encryption key identified by "hzmcdba123"

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28362: master key not found （ 因为之前已经配置，钱包照样生成）

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba123";

System altered.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID

OPEN

场景十五：数据库文件和自动打开钱夹文件被拷到另一台数据库上打开测试

结论：相关数据文件被拷贝到其他数据库进行打开，如果自动打开钱夹也被拷过去，能查询到被加密的数据。

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ orapki wallet create -wallet /oracle/app/wallet/orcl/ -auto_login_local

Oracle PKI Tool : Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

Enter wallet password:

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes

Fixed Size 2257352 bytes

Variable Size 448794168 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID

OPEN

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ ls -rtl

total 8

-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2845 Jun 24 05:40 ewallet.p12

-rw------- 1 oracle oinstall 2923 Jul 4 01:15 cwallet.sso

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ scp * oracle@192.168.142.11:/oracle/app/orcl/

oracle@192.168.142.11's password:

Permission denied, please try again.

oracle@192.168.142.11's password:

books01.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00

control01.ctl 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00

control02.ctl 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00

redo01.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:01

redo02.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:01

redo03.log 100% 50MB 50.0MB/s 00:00

sysaux01.dbf 100% 600MB 26.1MB/s 00:23

system01.dbf 100% 700MB 31.8MB/s 00:22

temp01.dbf 100% 20MB 20.0MB/s 00:00

test.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00

test_tde 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:01

undotbs01.dbf 100% 1710MB 30.0MB/s 00:57

users01.dbf 100% 5128KB 5.0MB/s 00:00

[oracle@ljw dbs]$ scp * oracle@192.168.142.11:/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/

oracle@192.168.142.11's password:

25s4jm22_1_1 100% 307MB 43.9MB/s 00:07

27s4k331_1_1 100% 279MB 23.3MB/s 00:12

arch1_152_944363414.dbf 100% 50MB 49.9MB/s 00:01

c-1471212201-20170519-00 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170519-05 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170519-06 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170617-00 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01

c-1471212201-20170617-01 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01

c-1471212201-20170617-02 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170617-03 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170617-04 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170617-05 100% 9664KB 9.4MB/s 00:01

c-1471212201-20170627-00 100% 9728KB 9.5MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170627-01 100% 9792KB 9.6MB/s 00:01

c-1471212201-20170627-02 100% 9792KB 9.6MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170627-03 100% 9920KB 9.7MB/s 00:00

c-1471212201-20170630-00 100% 9920KB 4.8MB/s 00:02

c-1471212201-20170630-01 100% 9920KB 9.7MB/s 00:00

hc_orcl.dat 100% 1544 1.5KB/s 00:00

hc_test.dat 100% 1544 1.5KB/s 00:00

init.ora 100% 2851 2.8KB/s 00:00

initTEST.ora 100% 705 0.7KB/s 00:00

lkORCL 100% 24 0.0KB/s 00:00

lkTEST 100% 24 0.0KB/s 00:00

orapworcl 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00

orapwtest 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00

snapcf_orcl.f 100% 9840KB 9.6MB/s 00:00

spfileorcl.ora 100% 2560 2.5KB/s 00:00

spfiletest.ora 100% 2560 2.5KB/s 00:00

[oracle@ljw orcl]$ scp cwallet.sso oracle@192.168.142.11:/oracle/app/wallet/orcl/

oracle@192.168.142.11's password:

cwallet.sso 100% 2923 2.9KB/s 00:00

192.168.142.11 ：

[oracle@ljw admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora

ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=

(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/oracle/app/wallet/orcl)))

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes

Fixed Size 2257352 bytes

Variable Size 448794168 bytes

Database Buffers 331350016 bytes

Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;

WRL_TYPE

WRL_PARAMETER

STATUS

file

/oracle/app/wallet/orcl

OPEN

SQL> select * from test.tde;

ID DATA

34 JSS

35 TEST

0 SYS

5 SYSTEM

31 APPQOSSYS

9 OUTLN

14 DIP

30 DBSNMP

32 WMSYS

21 ORACLE_OCM

10 rows selected.

场景十六：对一张现有的表进行加密，是否影响其触发器测试

结论：对一张已有表进行加密，不会对其触发器产生影响

SQL> create table clean (id number(10),data varchar2(50));

Table created.

SQL> insert into clean select user_id,username from dba_users;

10 rows created.

SQL> create table del_clean (id number(10),data varchar2(50));

Table created.

SQL> create or replace trigger tr_del_clean

2 before delete

3 on clean

4 for each row

5 begin

6 insert into del_clean(id,data) values(:old.id,:old.data);

7 end;

8 /

Trigger created.

SQL> select * from clean;

ID DATA

34 JSS

35 TEST

14 DIP

21 ORACLE_OCM

31 APPQOSSYS

30 DBSNMP

32 WMSYS

0 SYS

5 SYSTEM

9 OUTLN

10 rows selected.

SQL> delete clean where id=0;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from del_clean;

ID DATA

0 SYS

SQL> select * from clean;

ID DATA

34 JSS

35 TEST

14 DIP

21 ORACLE_OCM

31 APPQOSSYS

30 DBSNMP

32 WMSYS

5 SYSTEM

9 OUTLN

9 rows selected.

对表clean 进行加密：

SQL> alter table clean modify(data encrypt);

Table altered.

SQL> delete clean where id=5;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from clean;

ID DATA

34 JSS

35 TEST

14 DIP

21 ORACLE_OCM

31 APPQOSSYS

30 DBSNMP

32 WMSYS

9 OUTLN

8 rows selected.

SQL> select * from del_clean;

ID DATA

0 SYS

5 SYSTEM

1. 现有表空间是否能够直接加密？？？

验证结果：现有表空间不能直接加密，但可以建个加密表空间，然后将该表空间中表move 到加密表空间中。

2. 钱夹密码忘记了怎么办，是否有恢复方法？？？

Oracle 没有提供解决钱夹密码丢失的方法。所以，钱夹密码千万不能忘记，这也是使用TDE 需要承担的风险。