常用ClickHouse问题诊断查询

Clickhouse是一个性能强大的OLAP数据库，在实际使用中会遇到各种各样的问题，同时也有很多可以调优的地方。本文阐述如何对ClickHouse做问题诊断和性能分析。

序号	表名	含义	说明
1	system.asynchronous_insert_log	异步插入数据日志	2023年版本新加的
2	system.asynchronous_metrics	系统当前性能度量指标	异步更新
3	system.asynchronous_metric_log	系统历史性能度量指标	异步更新
4	system.crash_log	系统崩溃日志
5	system.filesystem_cache_log	基于文件的缓存的日志
6	system.metric_log	系统历史性能度量指标	与system.asynchronous_metrics内容不一样
7	system.part_log	系统的数据part的日志，记录数据part的创建、合并、下载、移除、更新、移动	很有用
8	system.processes	当前正在运行的查询	很常用
9	system.query_log	系统的查询日志	很有用
10	system.query_views_log	各种视图的查询日志	通过实验发现并不会记录任何日志，即使打开log_query_views。
11	system.query_thread_log	系统查询的线程方面日志	记录 thread_name, thread_id, master_thread_id 信息
12	system.opentelemetry_span_log	OpenTelemetry的span日志	见下方关于OpenTelemetry 的说明
13	system.processors_profile_log	查询执行过程中的详细i性能信息
14	system.session_log	客户端登录/登出日志	可以用于安全防护
15	system.settings	系统配置的设置信息
16	system.text_log	系统的文本日志，与日志文件的内容相同
17	system.trace_log	系统运行跟踪日志，包含callstack。	很有用
18	system.transactions_info_log	事务工作日志，包括开始和结束时间、状态
19	system.zookeeper_log	对ZooKeeper的操作日志

性能度量

性能度量的数据来源于system.asynchronous_metrics、system.asynchronous_metric_log、system.metric_log。

实时性能度量

展示当前所有的性能度量指标

SQL 复制代码

select
        *,
        formatReadableSize(value),
        value
from
        system.asynchronous_metrics
order by
        metric;

度量指标非常丰富，有300多个。以下是一些指标的说明：

度量指标	含义
CompiledExpressionCacheCount	已编译并保存在缓存中的表达式的数量
jemalloc.*	jemalloc相关指标，需要深入理解jemalloc内存分配
MarkCacheBytes / MarkCacheFiles	.mrk 文件的缓存
MemoryCode	ClickHouse代码所占内存大小
MemoryDataAndStack	数据和堆栈所占内存大小（包括虚拟内存）
MemoryResident	占用真实内存的大小
MemoryShared	共享内存大小
MemoryVirtual	虚拟内存大小
NumberOfDatabases	数据库的数量
NumberOfTables	表的数量
ReplicasMaxAbsoluteDelay	集群副本最大的绝对延迟时间（单位：秒）
ReplicasMaxRelativeDelay	集群副本最大的相对延迟时间（单位：秒）
ReplicasMaxInsertsInQueue	单个Replicated表的要从其他副本抓取的part的最大数量
ReplicasSumInsertsInQueue	所有的Replicated表的从其他副本抓取的part的总计数量
ReplicasMaxMergesInQueue	单个Replicated表的merge队列里的merge任务的最大数量
ReplicasSumMergesInQueue	所有的Replicated表的merge队列里的merge任务的总计数量
ReplicasMaxQueueSize	单个Replicated表的任务队列的任务的最大数量
ReplicasSumQueueSize	全部Replicated表的任务队列的任务的最大数量
UncompressedCacheBytes/UncompressedCacheCells	解压缩后的数据的缓存所占内存空间
Uptime	ClickHouse的在线累计时间（单位：秒）

重点指标 - 内存相关

SQL 复制代码

select
        *,
        formatReadableSize(value)
from
        system.asynchronous_metrics
where
       metric ilike '%memory%' or metric ilike '%cach%'
order by
        metric;

重点指标 - CPU相关

SQL 复制代码

select
        *
from
        system.asynchronous_metrics
where
       metric ilike '%cpu%'
order by
        metric;

CPU的每个核都有对应的CPU指标，目前每个CPU核有大约10个指标，以CPUx为后缀。

度量指标（去掉后缀CPUx）	解释
OSGuestNiceTime	度量虚拟机中的进程的"好"时间（nice time）的指标。Nice time表示进程优先级，范围为-20到+19，默认值是0。nice 值越小，表示该进程的优先级越高，即更容易获得 CPU 时间片。
OSGuestTime	度量虚拟机中的进程的时间的指标，表示虚拟机中运行的进程在使用 CPU 时的总时间，单位为纳秒，可以用来监测虚拟机中进程的 CPU 利用率和主机系统的负载情况。
OSIOWaitTime	进程等待 I/O 操作的时间的指标，可以用来监测进程对 I/O 设备的使用负载情况。一般这个指标如果高，说明瓶颈在I/O上，对强调吞吐量的系统是不利的。
OSIdleTime	CPU空闲时间的指标，单位为纳秒。
OSIrqTime	度量进程在硬件中断（如 I/O 设备完成操作、时钟中断等）服务例程中消耗 CPU 时间的指标。这个指标主要表示I/O中断对系统的影响，单位为纳秒。这个指标过高表示I/O中断处理时间是瓶颈，但优化的方法可能不在软件层面。
OSNiceTime	度量主机中进程的"好"时间（nice time）的指标。Nice time表示进程优先级，范围为-20到+19，默认值是0。nice 值越小，表示该进程的优先级越高，即更容易获得 CPU 时间片。
OSSoftIrqTime	度量软中断服务例程消耗 CPU 时间的指标，单位为纳秒。
OSStealTime	度量虚拟化环境中虚拟机被宿主机"偷走" CPU 时间的指标，表示虚拟机中运行的进程因宿主机"偷走" CPU 时间而被迫等待的时间，单位为纳秒。该指标过高表示宿主机的负载过高，资源争夺激烈。
OSSystemTime	CPU系统态时间的指标，表示进程在内核态中使用 CPU 的总时间，单位为纳秒。
OSUserTime	CPU用户态时间的指标，表示进程在用户态中使用 CPU 的总时间，单位为纳秒。
OSCPUVirtualTimeMicroseconds	虚拟CPU上的运行时间，单位微秒。

参考：Metrics List

历史性能指标

把实时性能度量中的表system.asynchronous_metrics替换成system.asynchronous_metric_log，system.asynchronous_metric_log多了event_date和event_time两列。

例如，看历史内存相关的度量，用如下查询：

SQL 复制代码

select *
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where
       metric ilike '%memory%'
order by
        event_time
desc;

下面介绍一些常用查询。

内存占用峰值变化趋势（由近及远）

SQL 复制代码

with interval 5 minute as time_frame_size -- 时间间隔，当前是5分钟
, 100 as bar_width -- 条状图的宽度，当前是100
, (select max(value) from system.asynchronous_metric_log where metric = 'OSMemoryTotal') as max_mem
, now() - interval 24 hour as time_start
, now() as time_end
select toStartOfInterval(event_time, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
	max(value) as `used_memory`,
    formatReadableSize(`used_memory`) as `used_memory_readable`,
    formatReadableSize(max_mem) as `max_memory`,
    bar(used_memory / max_mem, 0, 1, bar_width)
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where metric = 'MemoryResident' and event_time >= time_start and event_time <= time_end
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

CPU使用峰值变化趋势

SQL 复制代码

with interval 5 minute as time_frame_size -- 时间间隔，当前是5分钟
, 20 as bar_width -- 条状图的宽度，当前是30
, now() - interval 24 hour as time_start
, now() as time_end
select 
   toStartOfInterval(event_time, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
   maxIf(value, metric = 'OSUserTimeNormalized') as cpu_usr,
   maxIf(value, metric = 'OSSystemTimeNormalized') as cpu_sys,
   bar(cpu_usr, 0, 1, bar_width) as barCPU_usr,
   bar(cpu_sys, 0, 1, bar_width) as barCPU_sys
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where metric in ['OSUserTimeNormalized', 'OSSystemTimeNormalized'] and event_time >= time_start and event_time <= time_end
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

CPU与内存峰值变化趋势

SQL 复制代码

with interval 5 minute as time_frame_size -- 时间间隔，当前是5分钟
, 25 as bar_width -- 条状图的宽度，当前是100
, (select max(value) from system.asynchronous_metric_log where metric = 'OSMemoryTotal') as max_mem
, now() - interval 24 hour as time_start
, now() as time_end
select toStartOfInterval(event_time, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
	maxIf(value, metric = 'MemoryResident') as `used_memory`,
    formatReadableSize(`used_memory`) as `used_memory_readable`,
    formatReadableSize(max_mem) as `max_memory`,
    maxIf(value, metric = 'OSUserTimeNormalized') as cpu_usr,
    maxIf(value, metric = 'OSSystemTimeNormalized') as cpu_sys,    
    cpu_usr + cpu_sys as cpu,
    bar(used_memory / max_mem, 0, 1, bar_width) as barMem,
    bar(cpu_usr + cpu_sys, 0, 1, bar_width) as barCPU_usr
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where metric in ['OSUserTimeNormalized', 'OSSystemTimeNormalized', 'MemoryResident']
	and event_time >= time_start
	and event_time <= time_end
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

各种类型查询内存使用统计

用以下查询获得某个时间段的各种类型查询的内存使用统计结果。

SQL 复制代码

WITH 
    now() - INTERVAL 24 HOUR AS min_time,  -- you can adjust that
    now() AS max_time,   -- you can adjust that
    INTERVAL 1 HOUR as time_frame_size
SELECT 
    timeframe,
    formatReadableSize(max(mem_overall)) as peak_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='Insert'))     as inserts_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='Select'))     as selects_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='MergeParts')) as merge_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='MutatePart')) as mutate_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='Alter'))      as alter_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type='Create'))     as create_ram,
    formatReadableSize(maxIf(mem_by_type, event_type not IN ('Insert', 'Select', 'MergeParts','MutatePart', 'Alter', 'Create') )) as other_types_ram,
    groupUniqArrayIf(event_type, event_type not IN ('Insert', 'Select', 'MergeParts','MutatePart', 'Alter', 'Create') ) as other_types
FROM (
    SELECT 
        toStartOfInterval(event_timestamp, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
        toDateTime( toUInt32(ts) ) as event_timestamp,
        t as event_type,
        SUM(mem) OVER (PARTITION BY t ORDER BY ts) as mem_by_type,
        SUM(mem) OVER (ORDER BY ts) as mem_overall
    FROM 
    (
        WITH arrayJoin([(toFloat64(event_time_microseconds) - (duration_ms / 1000), toInt64(peak_memory_usage)), (toFloat64(event_time_microseconds), -peak_memory_usage)]) AS data
        SELECT
        CAST(event_type,'LowCardinality(String)') as t,
        data.1 as ts,
        data.2 as mem
        FROM system.part_log
        WHERE event_time BETWEEN min_time AND max_time AND peak_memory_usage != 0

        UNION ALL 

        WITH arrayJoin([(toFloat64(query_start_time_microseconds), toInt64(memory_usage)), (toFloat64(event_time_microseconds), -memory_usage)]) AS data
        SELECT 
        query_kind,
        data.1 as ts,
        data.2 as mem
        FROM system.query_log
        WHERE event_time BETWEEN min_time AND max_time AND memory_usage != 0
))
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

MergeTree相关的性能指标

Merge的性能指标

sql 复制代码

SELECT
    table,
    round((elapsed * (1 / progress)) - elapsed, 2) AS estimate,
    elapsed,
    progress,
    is_mutation,
    formatReadableSize(total_size_bytes_compressed) AS size,
    formatReadableSize(memory_usage) AS mem
FROM system.merges
ORDER BY elapsed DESC

Mutations的性能指标

sql 复制代码

SELECT
    database,
    table,
    substr(command, 1, 30) AS command,
    sum(parts_to_do) AS parts_to_do,
    anyIf(latest_fail_reason, latest_fail_reason != '')
FROM system.mutations
WHERE NOT is_done
GROUP BY
    database,
    table,
    command

故障处理

在遇到当前系统发生故障的情况下，按照下面介绍的方法一一排除。

当前运行的查询

通过了解当前运行的查询，可以了解目前是否有查询长期运行。

SQL 复制代码

select query_id, * from system.processes;

或者更聚焦一些，

SQL 复制代码

SELECT
    initial_query_id,
    elapsed,
    formatReadableSize(memory_usage),
    formatReadableSize(peak_memory_usage),
    query
FROM system.processes
ORDER BY peak_memory_usage DESC
LIMIT 10;

强制终止查询

对于长期执行而不结束的查询，需要及时终止以释放系统资源给其他查询使用，这样避免整个系统被卡死。

SQL 复制代码

kill query where query_id = '<查询ID>'; -- 替换<查询ID>为真正要终止的查询ID

查询错误分析

首先根据查询的错误提示找出错误关键字，替换keyword，用以下查询得到要找的出错的查询。

SQL 复制代码

with '%<包含关键字>%' as keyword  -- 把<包含关键字>替换为实际关键字
select event_time_microseconds, query_id, query, `exception`, exception_code, stack_trace  from system.query_log where exception ilike keyword order by event_time_microseconds desc;

通过stack_trace可以大致知道抛异常的地方。

系统崩溃分析

查看所有崩溃日志

SQL 复制代码

select * from system.crash_log order by event_time desc;

按照构建版本统计崩溃次数

SQL 复制代码

select min(event_time) as begin_time, max(event_time) as end_time, build_id, count() from system.crash_log group by build_id order by end_time desc;

调优分析

调优分析一般分为两步：1. 找到有问题的一个或者多个查询；2. 仔细审视有问题的查询的执行细节以及相关的性能指标细节。

已加载的表所占用内存分析

如果发现ClickHouse启动后在任何操作都没有的情况下就占用了大量的内存，很可能是加载的表占用过多内存。特别是Join、Memory、Set 引擎的表，这些会把数据全部加载到内存里。我们需要找出这样的加载就占内存的表。

SQL 复制代码

with (select formatReadableSize(sum(total_bytes)) from system.tables where engine in ('Memory','Set','Join')) as all_bytes
select
    database as `数据库名`,
    name as `表名`,
    formatReadableSize(total_bytes) as `占用内存`,
    all_bytes as `总共占用`
from system.tables
where engine in ('Memory','Set','Join')
order by total_bytes desc;

同时MergeTree引擎家族也会预加载一些数据在内存中，也需要找出来。

SQL 复制代码

SELECT
	count() as `parts数量`,
    sumIf(data_uncompressed_bytes, part_type = 'InMemory') as `内存中的数据片大小`,
    formatReadableSize(sum(primary_key_bytes_in_memory)) as `主键占用内存`,
    formatReadableSize(sum(primary_key_bytes_in_memory_allocated)) as `为主键分配的内存大小`
FROM system.parts;

用shell脚本实时刷新

bash 复制代码

echo "         Merges      Processes       PrimaryK       TempTabs          Dicts"; \
for i in `seq 1 600`; do clickhouse-client --empty_result_for_aggregation_by_empty_set=0  -q "select \
(select leftPad(formatReadableSize(sum(memory_usage)),15, ' ') from system.merges)||
(select leftPad(formatReadableSize(sum(memory_usage)),15, ' ') from system.processes)||
(select leftPad(formatReadableSize(sum(primary_key_bytes_in_memory_allocated)),15, ' ') from system.parts)|| \
(select leftPad(formatReadableSize(sum(total_bytes)),15, ' ') from system.tables \
 WHERE engine IN ('Memory','Set','Join'))||
(select leftPad(formatReadableSize(sum(bytes_allocated)),15, ' ') FROM system.dictionaries)
"; sleep 3;  done

需优化的查询的定位

在一个时间段内发生的众多查询中找出最需要优化的查询。

某个时间段的所有查询并按执行时长排序

得到某个时间段里的所有查询并按执行时长从大到小排序。这样可以快速找到最耗时的查询。

SQL 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start  -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end   -- 结束时间
select
		event_time_microseconds,
        initial_query_id,
        query,
        query_start_time,
        query_duration_ms,
        memory_usage,
        formatReadableSize (memory_usage),
        `databases`,
        `tables`,
        stack_trace,
        *
from
        system.query_log
where
        event_time_microseconds >= time_start and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
        and
        type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
order by
        query_duration_ms desc;

某个时间段的所有查询并按内存消耗大小排序

得到某个时间段里的所有查询并按内存消耗从大到小排序。这样可以快速找到最消耗内存的查询。

SQL 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start  -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end   -- 结束时间
select
		event_time_microseconds,
        initial_query_id,
        query,
        query_start_time,
        query_duration_ms,
        memory_usage,
        formatReadableSize (memory_usage),
        `databases`,
        `tables`,
        stack_trace,
        *
from
        system.query_log
where
        event_time_microseconds >= time_start and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
        and
        type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
order by
        memory_usage desc;

某个时间段最耗CPU的SQL语句

SQL 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end -- 结束时间
select any(query), sum(`ProfileEvents.Values`[indexOf(`ProfileEvents.Names`, 'UserTimeMicroseconds')]) as `总消耗CPU(ms)` 
from system.query_log 
where type = 'QueryFinish'
	and event_time_microseconds >= time_start and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
group by normalizedQueryHash(query)
order by `总消耗CPU(ms)` desc
limit 100

某个时间段最耗内存的SQL语句

sql 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end -- 结束时间
select any(query), 
	count() as `出现次数`,
	avg(memory_usage) as avg_memory_usage,
	formatReadableSize(avg(memory_usage)) as `平均内存使用`
from system.query_log 
where type = 'QueryFinish'
	and event_time_microseconds >= time_start and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
group by normalizedQueryHash(query)
order by avg_memory_usage desc
limit 100;

未完成的查询

SQL 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start  -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end   -- 结束时间
select
  query_id as `查询ID`,
  min(event_time) as `查询时间`,
  any(query),
  groupArray(type) as `事件类型`
from system.query_log
where event_time_microseconds >= time_start and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
group by query_id
HAVING countIf(type = 'QueryFinish') = 0
order by `查询时间` desc;

重点关注的高消耗查询

sql 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end -- 结束时间
select query_id,
    query,
    query_duration_ms as `查询时长ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'RealTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `实际CPU时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'UserTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `用户态CPU时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'SystemTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `系统态CPU时间ms`,
    formatReadableSize(memory_usage) as `总内存消耗`,
    read_rows as ReadRows,
    formatReadableSize(read_bytes) as `总计读取字节`,
    written_rows as WrittenTows,
    formatReadableSize(written_bytes) as `总计写入字节`,
    result_rows as ResultRows,
    formatReadableSize(result_bytes) as `总计输出结果字节`
from system.query_log
where (
        event_time_microseconds >= time_start
        and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
    )
    and type in ('QueryFinish', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing')
order by query_duration_ms desc
limit 100;

调查某个查询执行期间的情况

要调查分析某个具体查询的执行性能，首先得到这个查询的开始和结束时间，然后替换历史性能指标等查询中的 time_start 和 time_end，得到该期间的有用的度量指标。

获取查询的时间范围

SQL 复制代码

with '<查询ID>' as q_id -- 替换<查询ID>为真实查询ID，例如 D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==
  , (select
      any(query_start_time_microseconds)
    , any(query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms)
    , any(query_duration_ms)
    from
      system.query_log
    where query_id = q_id and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']) as time_span
  , time_span.1 as time_start
  , time_span.2 as time_end
  , time_span.3 as duration
select time_start, time_end;

用查询时间范围查询历史度量指标

为了方便分析，通常会将查询时间范围前后扩大一些，例如前后增加15秒，这样容易看到变化趋势。用以下with短语替换 time_start 与 time_end 参数。

SQL 复制代码

with '<查询ID>' as q_id -- 替换<查询ID>为真实查询ID，例如 D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==
  , interval 15 second as margin
  , (select
      any(query_start_time_microseconds)
    , any(query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms)
    , any(query_duration_ms)
    from
      system.query_log
    where query_id = q_id and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']) as time_span
  , time_span.1 - margin as time_start
  , time_span.2 + margin as time_end
select time_start, time_end;

例如，以下展示查询D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==执行期间内存的变化。

SQL 复制代码

with interval 5 second as time_frame_size -- 时间间隔
, 100 as bar_width -- 条状图的宽度，当前是100
, (
  select max(value)
  from system.asynchronous_metric_log
  where metric = 'OSMemoryTotal'
) as max_mem
, 'D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==' as q_id -- 替换<查询ID>为真实查询ID，例如 D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==
, interval 15 second as margin
, (
  select any(query_start_time_microseconds),
    any(
      query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms
    ),
    any(query_duration_ms)
  from system.query_log
  where query_id = q_id
    and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
) as time_span
, time_span.1 - margin as time_start  -- 查询范围的开始时间前一点
, time_span.2 + margin as time_end  -- 查询范围的结束时间后一点
select toStartOfInterval(event_time, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
  max(value) as `used_memory`,
  formatReadableSize(`used_memory`) as `used_memory_readable`,
  formatReadableSize(max_mem) as `max_memory`,
  bar(used_memory / max_mem, 0, 1, bar_width) -- 设置搁置
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where metric = 'MemoryResident'
  and event_time >= time_start
  and event_time <= time_end
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

某查询运行时内存与CPU利用率

按照之前的方法，替换time_start与time_end。

SQL 复制代码

with interval 5 minute as time_frame_size -- 时间间隔，当前是5分钟
, 25 as bar_width -- 条状图的宽度，当前是100
, (select max(value) from system.asynchronous_metric_log where metric = 'OSMemoryTotal') as max_mem
, 'D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==' as q_id -- 替换<查询ID>为真实查询ID，例如 D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==
, interval 15 second as margin
, (
  select any(query_start_time_microseconds),
    any(
      query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms
    ),
    any(query_duration_ms)
  from system.query_log
  where query_id = q_id
    and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
) as time_span
, time_span.1 - margin as time_start  -- 查询范围的开始时间前一点
, time_span.2 + margin as time_end  -- 查询范围的结束时间后一点
select toStartOfInterval(event_time, time_frame_size) as timeframe,
	maxIf(value, metric = 'MemoryResident') as `used_memory`,
    formatReadableSize(`used_memory`) as `used_memory_readable`,
    formatReadableSize(max_mem) as `max_memory`,
    maxIf(value, metric = 'OSUserTimeNormalized') as cpu_usr,
    maxIf(value, metric = 'OSSystemTimeNormalized') as cpu_sys,    
    cpu_usr + cpu_sys as cpu,
    bar(used_memory / max_mem, 0, 1, bar_width) as barMem,
    bar(cpu_usr + cpu_sys, 0, 1, bar_width) as barCPU_usr
from system.asynchronous_metric_log
where metric in ['OSUserTimeNormalized', 'OSSystemTimeNormalized', 'MemoryResident']
	and event_time >= time_start
	and event_time <= time_end
group by timeframe
order by timeframe desc;

查询执行期间同时执行的其他查询

某些情况下一个查询运行过慢的原因并不完全是自身原因，而是因为同时有其他查询在并行执行，这就需要研究查询执行期间的其他查询的运行情况。

用以下查询列出查询期间所有的同时发生的查询（包括本查询在内）。

SQL 复制代码

with 'D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==' as q_id -- 替换<查询ID>为真实查询ID，例如 D0V_Yabdl9bP9zixMQIxFA==
  , interval 15 second as margin
  , (select any(query_start_time_microseconds),
      any(query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms),
      any(query_duration_ms)
    from system.query_log
    where query_id = q_id and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
    ) as time_span
  , time_span.1 - margin as time_start  -- 查询范围的开始时间前一点
  , time_span.2 + margin as time_end  -- 查询范围的结束时间后一点
select 
    query_id,
    query,
    event_time_microseconds,
    query_start_time_microseconds,
    (query_start_time_microseconds + interval query_duration_ms ms) as query_end_time_microseconds,
    query_duration_ms,
    formatReadableSize (memory_usage),
    type,
    databases
from
    system.query_log
where
    (query_end_time_microseconds >= time_start and query_end_time_microseconds <= time_end
    or
    query_start_time_microseconds >= time_start and query_start_time_microseconds <= time_end)
    and type in ['QueryFinish', 'ExceptionBeforeStart', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing']
order by event_time_microseconds;

查询执行细节分析

当知道某个查询有问题之后，就可以更细节地分析某个查询的具体的问题（例如速度慢或者内存占用过多）的原因。

很多执行细节信息隐藏在trace_log日志中，在trace_log日志打开的时，CH在代码执行过程中每隔一段时间会记录当前的代码执行快照，即当时的代码执行callstack、线程号、申请内存大小（如果是关于内存的日志）等信息。这些信息对分析死锁、性能瓶颈、内存浪费、内存频繁申请等问题很有帮助。

查看代码执行过程快照

下面查询可以获得某个查询的执行过程中的一系列调用堆栈快照。如果某个callstack频繁出现，就大概率意味着程序执行卡在了这个地方，这个地方可能就是性能瓶颈，或者是出现了死锁。

SQL 复制代码

with '<查询ID>' as qid  -- 替换<查询ID>为真实值，例如：Ep983OmKg4Ya9Zvyu9OB9A==
select
        event_time_microseconds,
        trace_type,
        thread_id,
        arrayMap(addr -> demangle(addressToSymbol(addr)), trace) as callstack
from
        system.trace_log
where
        trace_type in ['CPU']
        and query_id = qid
order by event_time_microseconds desc
settings allow_introspection_functions = 1;

查看代码执行过程的内存申请释放

下面查询可以获得某个查询的执行过程中的一系列申请内存的情况的快照。每次内存的分配都有记录。通过以下查询可以看到内存是怎么一步步被消耗的。

SQL 复制代码

with '<查询ID>' as qid  -- 替换<查询ID>为真实值，例如：Ep983OmKg4Ya9Zvyu9OB9A==
select
        event_time_microseconds,
        size,
        formatReadableSize(size) as `本次分配内存`,
        sum(size) over w as size_running,
        formatReadableSize(size_running) as `累计分配内存`,
        thread_id ,
        arrayMap(addr -> demangle(addressToSymbol(addr)), trace) as callstack
from
        system.trace_log
where
        trace_type in ['Memory']
        and query_id = qid
window w as (rows between unbounded preceding and current row)
order by event_time_microseconds desc
settings allow_introspection_functions = 1;

火焰图分析

<略>

IO分析

要找出磁盘I/O为瓶颈的查询，需要获得一段时间内的所有查询在I/O方面的负载情况，分析其中I/O重的查询。

一段时间内每个SQL的I/O以及CPU详细情况

SQL 复制代码

with now() - interval 24 hour as time_start -- 开始时间
  , now() as time_end -- 结束时间
select query_id,
    query,
    query_duration_ms as `查询时长ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'RealTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `实际CPU时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'UserTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `用户态CPU时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'SystemTimeMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `系统态CPU时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'DiskReadElapsedMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `磁盘读取时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'DiskWriteElapsedMicroseconds')] / 1000 as `磁盘写入时间ms`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'IOBufferAllocs')] as `IO缓冲区分配次数`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'IOBufferAllocBytes')] as `IOBufferAllocBytes`,
    formatReadableSize(IOBufferAllocBytes) as `IO缓冲区分配大小`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'FileOpen')] as `文件打开次数`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'ReadBufferFromFileDescriptorReadBytes')] as ReadBufferFromFileDescriptorReadBytes,
    formatReadableSize(ReadBufferFromFileDescriptorReadBytes) as `文件读取字节数`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'WriteBufferFromFileDescriptorWriteBytes')] as WriteBufferFromFileDescriptorWriteBytes,
    formatReadableSize(WriteBufferFromFileDescriptorWriteBytes) as `文件写入字节数`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'WriteBufferFromFileDescriptorWrite')] as `文件写入次数`,
    ProfileEvents.Values [indexOf(ProfileEvents.Names, 'ZooKeeperTransactions')] as `ZooKeeper事务数`,
    ProfileEvents,
    read_rows as ReadRows,
    formatReadableSize(read_bytes) as `总计读取字节`,
    written_rows as WrittenTows,
    formatReadableSize(written_bytes) as `总计写入字节`,
    result_rows as ResultRows,
    formatReadableSize(result_bytes) as `总计输出结果字节`
from system.query_log
where (
        event_time_microseconds >= time_start
        and event_time_microseconds <= time_end
    )
    and type in ('QueryFinish', 'ExceptionWhileProcessing')
order by query_duration_ms desc
limit 100;

日志分析

按照关键字过滤日志，使用如下命令：

bash 复制代码

grep <关键字> /var/log/clickhouse-server.log

例如，

bash 复制代码

grep MemoryTracker /var/log/clickhouse-server.log

对于旧的已经打包成.gz的日志文件，用zgrep命令去查看，不需要专门解压缩了。命令如下：

bash 复制代码

zgrep <关键字> /var/log/clickhouse-server.log.*.gz

例如，

bash 复制代码

zgrep MemoryTracker /var/log/clickhouse-server.log.*.gz

常用ClickHouse问题诊断查询

常用ClickHouse问题诊断查询

相关的系统表

性能度量

实时性能度量

展示当前所有的性能度量指标

重点指标 - 内存相关

重点指标 - CPU相关

历史性能指标

内存占用峰值变化趋势（由近及远）

CPU使用峰值变化趋势

CPU与内存峰值变化趋势

各种类型查询内存使用统计

MergeTree相关的性能指标

Merge的性能指标

Mutations的性能指标

故障处理

当前运行的查询

强制终止查询

查询错误分析

系统崩溃分析

查看所有崩溃日志

按照构建版本统计崩溃次数

调优分析

已加载的表所占用内存分析

用shell脚本实时刷新

需优化的查询的定位

某个时间段的所有查询并按执行时长排序

某个时间段的所有查询并按内存消耗大小排序

某个时间段最耗CPU的SQL语句

某个时间段最耗内存的SQL语句

未完成的查询

重点关注的高消耗查询

调查某个查询执行期间的情况

获取查询的时间范围

用查询时间范围查询历史度量指标

某查询运行时内存与CPU利用率

查询执行期间同时执行的其他查询

查询执行细节分析

查看代码执行过程快照

查看代码执行过程的内存申请释放

火焰图分析

IO分析

一段时间内每个SQL的I/O以及CPU详细情况

日志分析