docker基础命令快速入门

docker快速入门

Docker是一个虚拟环境容器，可以将你的开发环境、代码、配置文件等一并打包到这个容器中，并发布和应用到任意平台中。

Docker的三个概念

镜像

Docker镜像是一个特殊的文件系统，除了提供容器运行时所需的程序、库、资源、配置等文件外，还包含了一些为运行时准备的配置参数。 镜像不包含任何动态数据，其内容在构建之后也不会被改变。镜像可以用来创建Docker容器，用户可以使用设备上已有的镜像来安装多个相同的Docker容器。

docker镜像是一个多层的文件系统，最底层是引导文件系统，即bootfs。第二层是rootfs，是一种或者多种操作系统（例如：Debian或者Ubuntu）。再上层是只读的其他文件系统（镜像层），最上层是读写的文件系统，运行的程序是在这层执行。

容器

Docker镜像是一个特殊的文件系统，除了提供容器运行时所需的程序、库、资源、配置等文件外，还包含了一些为运行时准备的配置参数。 镜像不包含任何动态数据，其内容在构建之后也不会被改变。镜像可以用来创建Docker容器，用户可以使用设备上已有的镜像来安装多个相同的Docker容器。

仓库

集中存放镜像文件的地方。用户创建完镜像后，可以将其上传到公共仓库或者私有仓库，需要在另一台主机上使用该镜像时，只需要从仓库上下载即可。

运行我们的第一个容器

（下载）启动一个ubuntu系统，并启动shell交互

docker run -i -t ubuntu /bin/bash
# 查看系统版本
uname -a
# 退出，并停止容器
exit
# 退出，不停止容器
CTRL+P+Q

守护方式启动一个支持shell交互的ubuntu系统

docker run --name daemon_dave -i -t -d ubuntu /bin/bash

附着到一个容器

# docker attach [docker container name or id]
docker attach daemon_dave

查看容器

# 查看运行中的容器
docker ps
# 查看所有容器
docker ps -a

重启和关闭容器

# docker start [docker container name or id]
docker start daemon_dave

# docker stop [docker container name or id]
docker stop daemon_dave

查看容器日志

# docker logs [docker container name or id]
docker logs daemon_dave

查看容器内进程

# docker top [docker container name or id]
docker top daemon_dave

统计信息

docker stats
# docker stats [docker container name or id list]
docker stats daemon_dave deamon_dave

在容器内部运行进程

docker exec -t -i daemon_dave /bin/bash

获取容器信息

# docker inspect [docker container name or id list]
docker inspect daemon_dave
# 指定标志查看
docker inspect  --format='{{ . State.Running }}' daemon_dave

删除容器

# docker rm [docker container name or id]
docker rm daemon_dave

Docker镜像

查看镜像列表

docker images

拉去镜像

docker pull ubuntu

查找镜像

docker search ubuntu

Docker构建镜像

使用docker commit命令（不讲解）

使用dockerfile和docker build命令（推荐）

编写dockerfile文件

# Version: 0.0.1
FROM ubuntu
MAINTAINER Ziegler "550360139@qq.com"
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y nginx
RUN echo 'Hi, I am in your container' > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
EXPOSE 80

编译docker镜像

docker build -t="mydocker" .
# 忽略缓存构建
docker build --no-cache -t="mydocker" .

查看指定镜像

docker images mydocker

镜像历史

docker history mydocker

用新镜像启动容器

docker run -d -p 80:80 --name static_web mydocker nginx -g "daemon off;"

# 查看端口
> docker port static_web
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:80

查看最近的容器

docker ps -l

删除镜像

docker rmi static_web
# 删除所有镜像
docker rmi 'docker images -a -q'

docker network

• 注意：docker容器是一个虚拟机，它有自己的网络，固不能直接访问。

创建app网络

docker network create app

查看app网络

> docker network inspect myweb
[
    {
        "Name": "app",
        "Id": "977f98e232619890bf096d7dc05cafb5e864c2923343d32bfbf2b24807c653b6",
        "Created": "2023-09-21T12:27:31.975736849Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": {},
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.27.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.27.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {},
        "Options": {},
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

上面的app网络没有任何容器

app网络下启动一个redis容器

docker run -d --net=app --name db redis 

再次查看app网络

> docker network inspect app
[
    {
        "Name": "app",
        "Id": "977f98e232619890bf096d7dc05cafb5e864c2923343d32bfbf2b24807c653b6",
        "Created": "2023-09-21T12:27:31.975736849Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": {},
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.27.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.27.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {
            "0c5cd9ccb641d3e6fd0a36d8afb20892186d4a24024db5dd6e73ad1bc758ef4c": {
                "Name": "db",
                "EndpointID": "90b79286dd7a415bfc4f7d957fcf98bbd826667d019c6ab5192c731bcb42b5a3",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:02",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.2/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            }
        },
        "Options": {},
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

包含一个名字为db的容器，容器的IP：172.27.0.2

创建另外一个容器，通过app网路连接redis

docker run -it --net=app --rm redis redis-cli -h db

> docker run -it --net=app --rm redis redis-cli -h db
db:6379> keys *
(empty array)
db:6379> set greet "hello world"
OK
db:6379> keys *
1) "greet"
db:6379>

再次检测app网络

> docker network inspect app
[
    {
        "Name": "app",
        "Id": "977f98e232619890bf096d7dc05cafb5e864c2923343d32bfbf2b24807c653b6",
        "Created": "2023-09-21T12:27:31.975736849Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": {},
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.27.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.27.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {
            "0c5cd9ccb641d3e6fd0a36d8afb20892186d4a24024db5dd6e73ad1bc758ef4c": {
                "Name": "db",
                "EndpointID": "90b79286dd7a415bfc4f7d957fcf98bbd826667d019c6ab5192c731bcb42b5a3",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:02",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.2/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            },
            "9da11d04a018d7bbdba840c14c13e03c2d4fe528e228b040cf1c9c6112be0af8": {
                "Name": "peaceful_knuth",
                "EndpointID": "02ffb2e2cfe5c4af104583e5bbb46b45e064683a2a36dfd26f5f97db923494e5",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:03",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.3/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            }
        },
        "Options": {},
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

上面app网络包含2个容器，一个是名称为db的redis容器，另外一个是用redis-cli连接db的容器。

将已存在的容器连接Docker网络

在启动一个redis的bash容器

> docker run -it --rm --name rc redis bash
root@62b018e3b79e:/data# redis-cli -h db
Could not connect to Redis at db:6379: Name or service not known
not connected>

连接失败

检查app网络

C:\Users\Administrator>docker network inspect app
[
    {
        "Name": "app",
        "Id": "977f98e232619890bf096d7dc05cafb5e864c2923343d32bfbf2b24807c653b6",
        "Created": "2023-09-21T12:27:31.975736849Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": {},
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.27.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.27.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {
            "0c5cd9ccb641d3e6fd0a36d8afb20892186d4a24024db5dd6e73ad1bc758ef4c": {
                "Name": "db",
                "EndpointID": "90b79286dd7a415bfc4f7d957fcf98bbd826667d019c6ab5192c731bcb42b5a3",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:02",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.2/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            }
        },
        "Options": {},
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

将rc容器添加到app网络

docker network connect app rc

再看app网络

C:\Users\Administrator>docker network inspect app
[
    {
        "Name": "app",
        "Id": "977f98e232619890bf096d7dc05cafb5e864c2923343d32bfbf2b24807c653b6",
        "Created": "2023-09-21T12:27:31.975736849Z",
        "Scope": "local",
        "Driver": "bridge",
        "EnableIPv6": false,
        "IPAM": {
            "Driver": "default",
            "Options": {},
            "Config": [
                {
                    "Subnet": "172.27.0.0/16",
                    "Gateway": "172.27.0.1"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Internal": false,
        "Attachable": false,
        "Ingress": false,
        "ConfigFrom": {
            "Network": ""
        },
        "ConfigOnly": false,
        "Containers": {
            "0c5cd9ccb641d3e6fd0a36d8afb20892186d4a24024db5dd6e73ad1bc758ef4c": {
                "Name": "db",
                "EndpointID": "90b79286dd7a415bfc4f7d957fcf98bbd826667d019c6ab5192c731bcb42b5a3",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:02",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.2/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            },
            "6a10947555ddeba0415334b031f18bceac0d00877ea300a6ae35dc1e1a9f6445": {
                "Name": "rc",
                "EndpointID": "edb6cdd445160b1f1bacd8878bb1c3f02b1b6247a47fa002843fc2f03591d167",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:1b:00:03",
                "IPv4Address": "172.27.0.3/16",
                "IPv6Address": ""
            }
        },
        "Options": {},
        "Labels": {}
    }
]

再rc容器再次连接db的redis，成功

I:\my-docker\mongo.git\trunk\7.0>docker run -it --rm --name rc redis bash
root@6a10947555dd:/data# redis-cli -h db
Could not connect to Redis at db:6379: Name or service not known
not connected> redis-cli -h db
(error) ERR unknown command 'redis-cli', with args beginning with: '-h' 'db'
db:6379> exit
root@6a10947555dd:/data# redis-cli -h db
db:6379>

断开rc容器与app网络的连接

docker network disconnect app rc

rc容器redis-cli无法与db的redis交互

移除网络

docker network rm app

罗列所有网络

docker network ls

docker compose

编写docker-compose.yaml，启动上面的nginx的dockerfile

services:
  myweb:
    build: .
    command: nginx -g "daemon off;"
    ports:
      - "80:80"

目录结构

./
 - Dockerfile
 - docker-compose.yaml

docker compose命令

# 在存在docker-compose.yaml的目录执行下面指令
# 启动
docker compose up
# 后台启动
docker compose up -d
# 查看
docker compose ps
# 查看日志
docker compose logs
# 停止服务
docker compose stop
# 删除服务
docker compose rm
# 停止并删除服务
docker compose down
# 查看进程
docker compose top
# 查看镜像
docker compose images
# 重启
docker compose restart
# 编译
docker compose build
# 执行命令
# docker compose exec [OPTIONS] SERVICE COMMAND [ARGS...]
docker compose exec myweb bash
# 一次性执行
docker compose run myweb bash