学习笔记应用——创建用户账户并且拥有自己的信息

一、创建用户账户

将建立一个用户注册和身份验证系统，让用户能够注册账户，进而登录和注销。我们将创建一个新的应用程序，其中包含与处理用户账户相关的所有功能。

创建user

我们首先使用命令 startapp 来创建一个名为 users 的应用程序：

python manage.py startapp users

成功后，出现如图文件

修改settings.py

修改项目根目录中的urls.py

python 复制代码

path(r'^users/', include('users.urls', namespace='users')),

为用户加入登录，注销，注册页面

编写users/urls.py

python 复制代码

"""为应用程序users定义URL模式"""
from django.urls import path
#从当前的urls.py模块所在的文件夹中导入视图

#变量urlpatterns是一个列表，包含可在应用程序learning_logs中请求的网页
app_name = 'users'
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
# 登录页面
path(r'^login/$',LoginView.as_view(template_name='users/login.html'), name='login'),
# 注销
path(r'^logout/$', views.logout_view, name='logout'),
# 注册页面
path(r'^register/$', views.register, name='register'),
]

编写users/views.py

python 复制代码

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse
from django.contrib.auth import logout,login,authenticate
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm
# Create your views here.

def logout_view(request):
    """注销用户"""
    logout(request)
    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))

def register(request):
    """注册新用户"""
    if request.method != 'POST':
        # 显示空的注册表单
        form = UserCreationForm()
    else:
        # 处理填写好的表单
        form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_user = form.save()
            # 让用户自动登录，再重定向到主页
            authenticated_user = authenticate(username=new_user.username,
            password=request.POST['password1'])
            login(request, authenticated_user)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
    context = {'form': form}
    return render(request, 'users/register.html', context)

编写模板

在users文件下建立如图文件结构

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% if form.errors %}
<p>Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.</p>
{% endif %}
 <form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
 <button name="submit">log in</button>
     <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
</form>
{% endblock content %}
</body>
</html>

register.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">register</button>
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
</form>
{% endblock content %}
</body>
</html>

链接到登录页面

修改base.html文件

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Log</a> -
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a>
     {% if user.is_authenticated %}
    Hello, {{ user.username }}.
    <a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">log out</a>
    {% else %}
    <a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">register</a> -
        <a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">log in</a>
    {% endif %}
</p>

{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
</body>
</html>

查看效果

首页

注册页

登录页

登录后

二、用户拥有自己的信息

使用 @login_required限制访问

限制对topics页面的访问

每个主题都归特定用户所有，因此应只允许已登录的用户请求 topics 页面。
修改learning_logs/views.py

python 复制代码

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect,Http404
from django.urls import reverse
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    """学习笔记的主页"""
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
    """显示所有的主题"""
    topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
    context = {'topics': topics}
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/topics.html', context)

@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
    """显示单个主题及其所有的条目"""
    topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
    # 确认请求的主题属于当前用户
    if topic.owner != request.user:
        raise Http404
    entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
    context = {'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)

@login_required
def new_topic(request):
    """添加新主题"""
    if request.method != 'POST':
        # 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
        form = TopicForm()
    else:
        # POST提交的数据,对数据进行处理
        form = TopicForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_topic = form.save(commit=False)
            new_topic.owner = request.user
            new_topic.save()

            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))
    context = {'form': form}
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)

@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
    """在特定的主题中添加新条目"""
    topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
    if request.method != 'POST':
        # 未提交数据,创建一个空表单
        form = EntryForm()
    else:
        # POST提交的数据,对数据进行处理
        form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
            new_entry.topic = topic
            new_entry.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',
                                                args=[topic_id]))
    context = {'topic': topic, 'form': form}
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)

@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
    """编辑既有条目"""
    entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
    topic = entry.topic
    if topic.owner != request.user:
        raise Http404
    if request.method != 'POST':
        #   初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
        form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
    else:
        # POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
        form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic', args=[topic.id]))
    context = {'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)

为实现这种重定向，修改settings.py

在最后加入一行代码：

python 复制代码

# 我的设置
LOGIN_URL = '/users/login/'

将数据关联到用户

修改模型 Topic

对models.py进行修改

python 复制代码

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.
class Topic(models.Model):
    # """用户学习的主题"""
    text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    owner = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    def __str__(self):
        # """返回模型的字符串表示"""
        return self.text
class Entry(models.Model):
    """学到的有关某个主题的具体知识"""
    topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    text = models.TextField()
    date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    class Meta:
        verbose_name_plural = 'entries'
    def __str__(self):
        """返回模型的字符串表示"""
        return self.text[:50] + "..."

在控制台确定当前有哪些用户

再确定用户id

迁移数据库

为验证迁移符合预期，可在 shell 会话中像下面这样做：

查看效果

登录账号为11_admin时，数据库的内容都显示

登录账号为其它时，内容为空，需要添加内容