在认识一个数据库时,必须需要了解它所包含的数据结构有哪些,这样才能辅助进行表结构的设计。
相比传统的数据库,它有什么类似的数据结构,它又有什么特殊的数据结构呢?
数据类型
以下通过与 MySQL 和 PostgreSQL 横向对比一下常见的数据结构
类型 | ClickHouse | MySQL | PostgreSQL |
---|---|---|---|
整型 | UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, UInt128, UInt256, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Int128, Int256 | TINYINT\SMALLINT\MEDIUMINT\INT\INTEGER\BIGINT | smallint\integer\bigint |
浮点型 | Float32\Float64\Decimal | FLOAT\DOUBLE\DECIMAL | decimal\numeric |
布尔型 | Bool | boolean | boolean |
字符型 | String\FixedString | CHAR\VARCHAR\TINYBLOB\TINYTEXT\BLOB\TEXT... | varchar\char\text |
时间类型 | Date\Date32\DateTime\DateTime64 | DATE\TIME\DATETIME\TIMESTAMP | timestamp\date\interval |
枚举 | Enum | ENUM\SET | ENUM |
空间数据 | geo_point | GEOMETRY, POINT, LINESTRING, POLYGON, MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING, MULTIPOLYGON, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION | point\line\lseg\box\path\polygon\circle |
整型
signed int 数值范围:
- Int8 --- [-128 : 127]
- Int16 --- [-32768 : 32767]
- Int32 --- [-2147483648 : 2147483647]
- Int64 --- [-9223372036854775808 : 9223372036854775807]
- Int128 --- [-170141183460469231731687303715884105728 : 170141183460469231731687303715884105727]
- Int256 --- [-57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728792003956564819968 : 57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728792003956564819967]
别名:
- Int8 --- TINYINT, INT1, BYTE, TINYINT SIGNED, INT1 SIGNED.
- Int16 --- SMALLINT, SMALLINT SIGNED.
- Int32 --- INT, INTEGER, MEDIUMINT, MEDIUMINT SIGNED, INT SIGNED, INTEGER SIGNED.
- Int64 --- BIGINT, SIGNED, BIGINT SIGNED, TIME.
- UInt Ranges
- UInt8 --- [0 : 255]
- UInt16 --- [0 : 65535]
- UInt32 --- [0 : 4294967295]
- UInt64 --- [0 : 18446744073709551615]
- UInt128 --- [0 : 340282366920938463463374607431768211455]
- UInt256 --- [0 : 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935]
Unsigned int 数值范围:
- UInt8 --- [0 : 255]
- UInt16 --- [0 : 65535]
- UInt32 --- [0 : 4294967295]
- UInt64 --- [0 : 18446744073709551615]
- UInt128 --- [0 : 340282366920938463463374607431768211455]
- UInt256 --- [0 : 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935]
别名:
- UInt8 --- TINYINT UNSIGNED, INT1 UNSIGNED.
- UInt16 --- SMALLINT UNSIGNED.
- UInt32 --- MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED, INT UNSIGNED, INTEGER UNSIGNED
- UInt64 --- UNSIGNED, BIGINT UNSIGNED, BIT, SET
浮点型
Float 对应关系:
- Float32 --- float.
- Float64 --- double.
别名:
- Float32 --- FLOAT, REAL, SINGLE.
- Float64 --- DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION.
sql
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS float_vs_decimal
(
my_float Float64,
my_decimal Decimal64(3)
)Engine=MergeTree ORDER BY tuple()
INSERT INTO float_vs_decimal SELECT round(randCanonical(), 3) AS res, res FROM system.numbers LIMIT 1000000; # Generate 1 000 000 random number with 2 decimal places and store them as a float and as a decimal
SELECT sum(my_float), sum(my_decimal) FROM float_vs_decimal;
> 500279.56300000014 500279.563
Decimal(P, S), P - 精,有效范围: [ 1 : 76 ],S - 刻度,有效范围:[ 0 : P ]:
- P from [ 1 : 9 ] - for Decimal32(S)
- P from [ 10 : 18 ] - for Decimal64(S)
- P from [ 19 : 38 ] - for Decimal128(S)
- P from [ 39 : 76 ] - for Decimal256(S)
Decimal 代表的数值范围:
- Decimal32(S) - ( -1 * 10^(9 - S), 1 * 10^(9 - S) )
- Decimal64(S) - ( -1 * 10^(18 - S), 1 * 10^(18 - S) )
- Decimal128(S) - ( -1 * 10^(38 - S), 1 * 10^(38 - S) )
- Decimal256(S) - ( -1 * 10^(76 - S), 1 * 10^(76 - S) )
布尔型
Bool值:true (1), false (0).
sql
CREATE TABLE test_bool
(
`A` Int64,
`B` Bool
)
ENGINE = Memory;
INSERT INTO test_bool VALUES (1, true),(2,0);
SELECT * FROM test_bool;
┌─A─┬─B─────┐
│ 1 │ true │
│ 2 │ false │
└───┴───────┘
字符型
String 类型有: LONGTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, TINYTEXT, TEXT, LONGBLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, TINYBLOB, BLOB, VARCHAR, CHAR
定长String,例如:FixedString(16) for MD5, FixedString(32) for SHA256
时间型
常规使用:
sql
CREATE TABLE dt
(
`timestamp` Date,
`event_id` UInt8
)
ENGINE = TinyLog;
枚举型
sql
CREATE TABLE t_enum
(
x Enum('hello' = 1, 'world' = 2)
)
ENGINE = TinyLog
空间数据
sql
CREATE TABLE geo_point (p Point) ENGINE = Memory();
INSERT INTO geo_point VALUES((10, 10));
SELECT p, toTypeName(p) FROM geo_point;
JSON
类似PostgreSQL:
sql
CREATE TABLE json
(
o JSON
)
ENGINE = Memory
INSERT INTO json VALUES ('{"a": 1, "b": { "c": 2, "d": [1, 2, 3] }}')
UUID
类似于PostgreSQL,对分布式系统而言,这种标识符比序列能更好的提供唯一性保证
sql
CREATE TABLE t_uuid (x UUID, y String) ENGINE=TinyLog
INSERT INTO t_uuid SELECT generateUUIDv4(), 'Example 1'
SELECT * FROM t_uuid
Arrays/Maps/元组(Tuple)/Set
数组类型(类似PostgreSQL):
sql
SELECT array(1, 2, NULL) AS x, toTypeName(x)
Map类型:
sql
CREATE TABLE table_map (a Map(String, UInt64)) ENGINE=Memory;
INSERT INTO table_map VALUES ({'key1':1, 'key2':10}), ({'key1':2,'key2':20}), ({'key1':3,'key2':30});
Tuple:
sql
SELECT tuple(1, 'a') AS x, toTypeName(x)
Set:
sql
SELECT UserID IN (123, 456) FROM ...
SELECT (CounterID, UserID) IN ((34, 123), (101500, 456)) FROM ...
IP地址
类似PostgreSQL:
sql
CREATE TABLE hits (url String, from IPv6) ENGINE = MergeTree() ORDER BY url;
┌─url────────────────────────────────┬─from──────────────────────────┐
│ https://clickhouse.com │ 2001:44c8:129:2632:33:0:252:2 │
│ https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/ │ 2a02:e980:1e::1 │
│ https://wikipedia.org │ 2a02:aa08:e000:3100::2 │
└────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┘
嵌套数据型
类似于PostgreSQL 的复合类型
sql
CREATE TABLE test.visits
(
CounterID UInt32,
StartDate Date,
Sign Int8,
IsNew UInt8,
VisitID UInt64,
UserID UInt64,
...
Goals Nested
(
ID UInt32,
Serial UInt32,
EventTime DateTime,
Price Int64,
OrderID String,
CurrencyID UInt32
),
...
) ENGINE = CollapsingMergeTree(StartDate, intHash32(UserID), (CounterID, StartDate, intHash32(UserID), VisitID), 8192, Sign)
聚合数据型
sql
CREATE TABLE simple (id UInt64, val SimpleAggregateFunction(sum, Double)) ENGINE=AggregatingMergeTree ORDER BY id;
CREATE TABLE t
(
column1 AggregateFunction(uniq, UInt64),
column2 AggregateFunction(anyIf, String, UInt8),
column3 AggregateFunction(quantiles(0.5, 0.9), UInt64)
) ENGINE = ...
其他特殊的数据结构
Expression: lambda函数
Nothing: SELECT toTypeName(array())
Interval:SELECT toTypeName(INTERVAL 4 DAY)
基础函数
算术函数
算术运算主要日常进行一些数值统计,通过SQL的方式就得出结果
- a+b / plus(a,b)
- a-b / minus(a,b)
- a*b / multiply(a,b)
- a/b / divide(a,b)
- intDiv(a, b)
- intDivOrZero(a, b)
- a % b / modulo(a, b)
- moduloOrZero(a, b)
- positiveModulo(a, b) / pmod(a, b) / positive_modulo(a, b)
- -a / negate(a)
- abs(a)
- gcd(a, b)
- lcm(a, b)
时间日期函数
时间日期函数在统计和报表应用中会被频繁使用,常见的就是转日期、修改样式、计算间隔、计算星、计算第几天等
- makeDate(year, month, day);makeDate(year, day_of_year); 产生一个Date
- makeDateTime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second[, timezone]),产生一个DateTime
- timestamp(expr[, expr_time]), string转为timestamp,
SELECT timestamp('2023-12-31') as ts;
- toYear(value), toQuarter(value), toMonth(value), toDayOfYear(value), toDayOfMonth(value), toDayOfWeek(t[, mode[, timezone]]) ,toHour(value), toMinute(value),toSecond(value), toMillisecond(value) 简单获悉一个Date/DateTime的年、月、日、时、分、秒、毫秒、星期等
- toStartOfYear(value),toStartOfQuarter(value),toStartOfMonth(value),toLastDayOfMonth(value),toMonday(value),toStartOfWeek(t[, mode[, timezone]]),toLastDayOfWeek(t[, mode[, timezone]]),toStartOfDay(value),toStartOfHour(value),toStartOfMinute(value),toStartOfSecond(value, [timezone]),toStartOfFiveMinutes(value),toStartOfTenMinutes(value),toStartOfFifteenMinutes(value),toStartOfInterval(date_or_date_with_time, INTERVAL x unit [, time_zone]),简单获取基于某一个时间的开始或结束时间,本月月初、本星期初、本年初、本月末、10分钟前、15分钟前、基于某一时间的任意前后一段间隔时间
时间函数部分还是比较常用且重要的,可以学习并理解所有函数
数组函数
数组函数主要是日常对一个数组类型的数据进行初始化、取值等
- range([start, ] end [, step]), 根据范围截取:
SELECT range(5), range(1, 5), range(1, 5, 2), range(-1, 5, 2);
- arrayConcat(arrays), 将数组连接:
SELECT arrayConcat([1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]) AS res
- arrayElement(arr, n), operator arr[n]
- has(arr, elem),确认某个数组是否有某个元素
- hasSubstr,确认某个数组是否有子串
- indexOf(arr, x),确认某个元素的index:
SELECT indexOf([1, 3, NULL, NULL], NULL)
- arrayJoin: 不寻常的函数,参看官方使用方法
数组上的运算方式有很多、很强大,建议查阅官方文档
比较函数
- a = b (operator),a == b (operator),equals(a, b)
- a != b (operator),a <> b (operator),notEquals(a, b)
- a < b (operator),less(a, b)
- a > b (operator),greater(a, b)
- a <= b (operator),lessOrEquals(a, b)
- a >= b (operator),greaterOrEquals(a, b)
JSON函数
JSON函数通常用于存储非固定结构的数据后,需要获取部分字段进行查询、统计等
- simpleJSONHas(json, field_name) 判断是否存在
- simpleJSONExtractUInt(json, field_name),simpleJSONExtractInt(json, field_name),simpleJSONExtractFloat(json, field_name),simpleJSONExtractBool(json, field_name),simpleJSONExtractRaw(json, field_name),simpleJSONExtractString(json, field_name),将json中字段提出出来到指定的类型
字符串操作类函数
字符串的操作也是我们日常使用中经常碰到的
基础操作
- empty(x)
- notEmpty(x)
- length
- leftPad(string, length[, pad_string]),rightPad(string, length[, pad_string]) 填充
SELECT leftPad('abc', 7, '*'), leftPad('def', 7);
- lower,upper,lowerUTF8,upperUTF8
- isValidUTF8,toValidUTF8
- repeat(s, n)
- space(n)
- reverse
- concat(s1, s2, ...),concatWithSeparator(sep, expr1, expr2, expr3...)
- substring(s, offset[, length]),substr,mid,byteSlice
- substringIndex(s, delim, count):
SELECT substringIndex('www.clickhouse.com', '.', 2)
拆分后取子串 - base58Encode(plaintext),base58Encode(plaintext),base64Encode,base64Decode
- endsWith,startsWith
- trim,trimLeft,trimRight,trimBoth
- ascii(s)
替换
- replaceOne(haystack, pattern, replacement)
- replaceAll(haystack, pattern, replacement)
- replaceRegexpOne(haystack, pattern, replacement)
- translate(s, from, to) 转换
查询定位
- position(haystack, needle[, start_pos])
- positionCaseInsensitive
- multiSearchAllPositions(haystack, [needle1, needle2, ..., needleN])
- match(haystack, pattern)
- extract(haystack, pattern)
- like(haystack, pattern)
- notLike
- ilike : insensitive like
- notILike
- countMatches(haystack, pattern)
- regexpExtract(haystack, pattern[, index])
分解
- splitByChar(separator, s[, max_substrings]))
- splitByString(separator, s[, max_substrings]))
- splitByRegexp(regexp, s[, max_substrings]))
- splitByWhitespace(s[, max_substrings]))
- arrayStringConcat(arr[, separator])
- extractAllGroups(text, regexp)
- ngrams(string, ngramsize)
UDF 用户自定义函数
使用XML声明一个函数,放置在 /etc/clickhouse-server
下,比如 /etc/clickhouse-server/test_function.xml
xml
<functions>
<function>
<type>executable</type>
<name>test_function_python</name>
<return_type>String</return_type>
<argument>
<type>UInt64</type>
<name>value</name>
</argument>
<format>TabSeparated</format>
<command>test_function.py</command>
</function>
</functions>
书写自定义脚本,放置在 /var/lib/clickhouse/user_script
下,比如:/var/lib/clickhouse/user_scripts/test_function.py
py
#!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
if __name__ == '__main__':
for line in sys.stdin:
print("Value " + line, end='')
sys.stdout.flush()
在查询中使用:
sql
SELECT test_function_python(toUInt64(2));
更多函数
- Bit
- BitMap
- Conditional
- Dictionaries
- Distance
- Geo
- Encoding
- Encryption
- Files
- Hash
- Ip Address
- Logical
- Machine Learning
- Maps
- Mathmatical
- NLP
- Random Numbers
- Rounding
- Time Series
- Time Window
- Tuples
- ULID
- URLs
- UUIDs
- Aggregate Functions
- Table Functions
- Window Functions