linux 网卡模式
linux网卡支持非vlan模式、vlan模式、bond模式、bridge模式，macvlan模式、ipvlan模式等，下面介绍交换机端及服务器端配置示例。
前置要求：
- 准备一台物理交换机，以 H3C S5130 三层交换机为例
- 准备一台物理服务器，以 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS 操作系统为例
交换机创建2个示例VLAN，vlan10和vlan20，及VLAN接口。
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]vlan 10 20
[H3C]interface Vlan-interface 10
[H3C-Vlan-interface10]ip address 172.16.10.1 24
[H3C-Vlan-interface10]undo shutdown
[H3C-Vlan-interface10]exit
[H3C]
[H3C]interface Vlan-interface 20
[H3C-Vlan-interface20]ip address 172.16.20.1 24
[H3C-Vlan-interface20]undo shutdown
[H3C-Vlan-interface20]exit
[H3C]网卡非vlan模式
网卡非vlan模式，一般直接配置IP地址，对端上连交换机配置为access口，access口一般用于连接纯物理服务器或办公终端设备。
示意图如下
交换机配置，交换机接口配置为access模式，并加入对应vlan
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 10
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/2
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]port access vlan 20
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]exit
[H3C]服务器1配置，服务器网卡直接配置IP地址
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
version: 2服务器2配置，服务器网卡直接配置IP地址
yaml
root@server2:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.20.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.20.1
version: 2应用网卡配置
netplan apply
查看服务器接口信息
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever通过server1 ping server2测试连通性，三层交换机支持路由功能，能够打通二层隔离的vlan网段。
bash
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.20.10 -c 4
PING 172.16.20.10 (172.16.20.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.20.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.10: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.10: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.10: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.047 ms
--- 172.16.20.10 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3061ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.044/0.048/0.006 ms网卡vlan模式
vlan模式下，对端上连交换机需要配置为trunk口，允许多个vlan通过。
示意图如下
交换机配置，交换机需要配置为trunk口，允许多个vlan通过
bash
H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type trunk
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port trunk permit vlan 10 20
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]服务器配置，服务器需要配置vlan子接口
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: true
vlans:
vlan10:
id: 10
link: enp1s0
addresses: [ "172.16.10.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
metric: 200
vlan20:
id: 20
link: enp1s0
addresses: [ "172.16.20.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.20.1
metric: 300
version: 2查看接口信息，新建了两个vlan子接口vlan10和vlan20
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
10: vlan10@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global vlan10
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
11: vlan20@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.20.10/24 brd 172.16.20.255 scope global vlan20
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever通过vlan10 和 vlan20测试与网关连通性
bash
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.10.1 -c 4
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.047 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3061ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.044/0.048/0.006 ms
root@server1:~#
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.20.1 -c 4
PING 172.16.20.1 (172.16.20.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.047 ms
--- 172.16.20.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3061ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.044/0.048/0.006 ms网卡bond模式
bond模式下，对端交换机需要配置bond聚合口。
示意图如下
交换机配置，配置动态链路聚合，将端口g1/0/1和g1/0/3加入聚合组。然后将bond口配置为trunk模式。
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface Bridge-Aggregation 1
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]link-aggregation mode dynamic
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]quit
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-aggregation group 1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/3
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]port link-aggregation group 1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]exit
[H3C]interface Bridge-Aggregation 1
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]port link-type trunk
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]port trunk permit vlan 10 20
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]exit服务器配置
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
version: 2
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: no
enp2s0:
dhcp4: no
bonds:
bond0:
interfaces:
- enp1s0
- enp2s0
parameters:
mode: 802.3ad
lacp-rate: fast
mii-monitor-interval: 100
transmit-hash-policy: layer2+3
vlans:
vlan10:
id: 10
link: bond0
addresses: [ "172.16.10.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
metric: 200
vlan20:
id: 20
link: bond0
addresses: [ "172.16.20.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.20.1
metric: 300查看网卡信息，新建了bond0网口，并且基于bond0网口创建了两个vlan子接口vlan10和vlan20，enp1s0和enp2s0显示master bond0，说明两个网卡属于bond0成员接口。
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master bond0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff permaddr 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71
3: enp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master bond0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff permaddr e4:54:e8:dc:e5:88
7: bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::acfd:60ff:fe48:841a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
8: vlan10@bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global vlan10
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::acfd:60ff:fe48:841a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
9: vlan20@bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.20.10/24 brd 172.16.20.255 scope global vlan20
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::acfd:60ff:fe48:841a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever查看bond状态，Bonding Mode显示为IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation，并且下面Slave Interface显示了两个成员接口的信息。
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0
Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v5.15.0-60-generic
Bonding Mode: IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation
Transmit Hash Policy: layer2+3 (2)
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 100
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0
Peer Notification Delay (ms): 0
802.3ad info
LACP active: on
LACP rate: fast
Min links: 0
Aggregator selection policy (ad_select): stable
System priority: 65535
System MAC address: ae:fd:60:48:84:1a
Active Aggregator Info:
Aggregator ID: 1
Number of ports: 2
Actor Key: 9
Partner Key: 1
Partner Mac Address: fc:60:9b:35:ad:18
Slave Interface: enp1s0
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 2
Permanent HW addr: 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71
Slave queue ID: 0
Aggregator ID: 1
Actor Churn State: none
Partner Churn State: none
Actor Churned Count: 0
Partner Churned Count: 0
details actor lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: ae:fd:60:48:84:1a
port key: 9
port priority: 255
port number: 1
port state: 63
details partner lacp pdu:
system priority: 32768
system mac address: fc:60:9b:35:ad:18
oper key: 1
port priority: 32768
port number: 2
port state: 61
Slave Interface: enp2s0
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 3
Permanent HW addr: e4:54:e8:dc:e5:88
Slave queue ID: 0
Aggregator ID: 1
Actor Churn State: none
Partner Churn State: none
Actor Churned Count: 0
Partner Churned Count: 0
details actor lacp pdu:
system priority: 65535
system mac address: ae:fd:60:48:84:1a
port key: 9
port priority: 255
port number: 2
port state: 63
details partner lacp pdu:
system priority: 32768
system mac address: fc:60:9b:35:ad:18
oper key: 1
port priority: 32768
port number: 1
port state: 61测试连通性，测试与交换机网关地址的连通性：
bash
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.10.1 -c 4
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.64 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.59 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.95 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=1.93 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.589/1.776/1.953/0.165 ms
root@server1:~# 关闭一个接口，再次测试连通性，依然能够ping通
bash
root@server1:~# ip link set dev enp2s0 down
root@server1:~# ip link show enp2s0
3: enp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master bond0 state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff permaddr e4:54:e8:dc:e5:88
root@server1:~#
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.10.1 -c 4
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.54 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.64 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.73 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=1.47 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.470/1.844/2.732/0.516 ms网卡桥接模式
桥接模式下，对端交换机可配置access模式或trunk模式。
示意图如下
交换机配置，交换机接口配置为access模式为例，并加入对应vlan
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 10
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]服务器配置，物理网卡加入到网桥中，IP地址配置到网桥接口br0上。
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
version: 2
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: no
dhcp6: no
bridges:
br0:
interfaces: [enp1s0]
addresses: [172.16.10.10/24]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
metric: 100
on-link: true
mtu: 1500
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
parameters:
stp: true
forward-delay: 4查看网卡信息
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
12: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 0e:d0:7e:31:9c:74 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::cd0:7eff:fe31:9c74/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever查看网桥及接口，当前网桥上只有一个物理接口enp1s0。
bash
root@server1:~# apt install -y bridge-utils
root@ubuntu:~# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.0ed07e319c74 yes enp1s0
root@server1:~# 这样在KVM虚拟化环境，虚拟机实例连接到网桥后，虚拟机可以配置与物理网卡相同网段的IP地址。访问虚拟机可以像访问物理机一样方便。
网卡macvlan模式
macvlan(MAC Virtual LAN)是Linux内核提供的一种网络虚拟化技术，它允许在一个物理网卡接口上创建多个虚拟网卡接口，每个虚拟接口都有自己独立的MAC地址，也可以配置上 IP 地址进行通信。Macvlan 下的虚拟机或者容器网络和主机在同一个网段中，共享同一个广播域。
macvlan模式下，对端交换机可配置access模式或trunk模式，trunk模式下macvlan能够与vlan很好的结合使用。
示意图如下：
macvlan IP模式
该模式下，上连交换机接口配置为access模式，服务器macvlan主网卡和子接口直接配置相同网段的IP地址。
交换机配置
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 10
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit服务器配置，macvlan支持多种模式，这里使用bridge模式，并持久化配置
bash
cat >/etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-macvlan-interfaces.sh<<EOF
#! /bin/bash
ip link add macvlan0 link enp1s0 type macvlan mode bridge
ip link add macvlan1 link enp1s0 type macvlan mode bridge
EOF
chmod o+x,g+x,u+x /etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-macvlan-interfaces.sh配置netplan
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
macvlan0:
addresses:
- 172.16.10.11/24
macvlan1:
addresses:
- 172.16.10.12/24
version: 2应用网卡配置
bash
netplan apply查看网卡信息，新建了两个macvlan接口，IP地址与主网卡位于同一网段，并且每个接口都有独立的MAC地址。
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
13: macvlan0@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 32:e8:b4:0a:47:62 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.11/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global macvlan0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::30e8:b4ff:fe0a:4762/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
14: macvlan1@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether d2:73:75:14:b2:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.12/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global macvlan1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::d073:75ff:fe14:b204/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever测试与网关的连通性
bash
root@server1:~# ping -c 3 172.16.10.1
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=3.60 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.44 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.441/2.163/3.602/1.017 ms
root@server1:~# macvlan vlan模式
该模式下，上连交换机接口配置为trunk模式，服务器macvlan主网卡不配置IP地址，每个macvlan子接口配置为不同的vlan子接口。
交换机配置
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]port link-type trunk
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]port trunk permit vlan 10 20
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]服务器配置，macvlan支持多种模式，这里使用bridge模式，并持久化配置
bash
cat >/etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-macvlan-interfaces.sh<<EOF
#! /bin/bash
ip link add macvlan0 link enp1s0 type macvlan mode bridge
ip link add macvlan1 link enp1s0 type macvlan mode bridge
EOF
chmod o+x,g+x,u+x /etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-macvlan-interfaces.sh配置netplan，两个macvlan接口macvlan0和macvlan1分别配置vlan子接口vlan10和vlan20。
yaml
root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
macvlan0:
dhcp4: false
macvlan1:
dhcp4: false
vlans:
vlan10:
id: 10
link: macvlan0
addresses: [ "172.16.10.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
metric: 200
vlan20:
id: 20
link: macvlan1
addresses: [ "172.16.20.10/24" ]
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.20.1
metric: 300
version: 2应用网卡配置
bash
netplan apply查看网卡信息，新建了两个macvlan接口，以及对应的两个vlan子接口。
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
11: macvlan0@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 32:e8:b4:0a:47:62 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::30e8:b4ff:fe0a:4762/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
12: macvlan1@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether d2:73:75:14:b2:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::d073:75ff:fe14:b204/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
13: vlan10@macvlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 32:e8:b4:0a:47:62 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global vlan10
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::30e8:b4ff:fe0a:4762/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
14: vlan20@macvlan1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether d2:73:75:14:b2:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.20.10/24 brd 172.16.20.255 scope global vlan20
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::d073:75ff:fe14:b204/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever测试两个VLAN接口与外部网关的连通性
bash
root@server1:~# ping -c 3 172.16.10.1
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=3.60 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.44 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.441/2.163/3.602/1.017 ms
root@server1:~#
root@server1:~# ping -c 3 172.16.20.1
PING 172.16.20.1 (172.16.20.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.35 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.46 ms
--- 172.16.20.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.353/1.429/1.477/0.054 ms
root@server1:~# 网卡ipvlan模式
IPVLAN(IP Virtual LAN)是Linux内核提供的一种网络虚拟化技术，它可以在一个物理网卡上创建多个虚拟网卡接口，每个虚拟接口都有自己独立的IP地址。
IPVLAN和macvlan类似，都是从一个主机接口虚拟出多个虚拟网络接口。唯一比较大的区别就是ipvlan虚拟出的子接口都有相同的mac地址（与物理接口共用同个mac地址），但可配置不同的ip地址。
ipvlan模式下，对端交换机也可以配置access模式或trunk模式，trunk模式下ipvlan能够与vlan很好的结合使用。
示意图如下
交换机配置
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 10
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]服务器配置，ipvlan支持三种模式(l2、l3、l3s)，这里使用l3模式，并持久化配置
bash
cat >/etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-ipvlan-interfaces.sh<<EOF
#! /bin/bash
ip link add ipvlan0 link enp1s0 type ipvlan mode l3
ip link add ipvlan1 link enp1s0 type ipvlan mode l3
EOF
chmod o+x,g+x,u+x /etc/networkd-dispatcher/routable.d/10-ipvlan-interfaces.sh配置netplan
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
ipvlan0:
addresses:
- 172.16.10.11/24
ipvlan1:
addresses:
- 172.16.10.12/24
version: 2应用网卡配置
bash
netplan apply查看网卡信息，新建了两ipvlan接口，IP地址与主网卡位于同一网段，并且每个接口都有与主网卡相同的MAC地址。
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
9: ipvlan0@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.11/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global ipvlan0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7cb5:9b00:159:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
10: ipvlan1@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.12/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global ipvlan1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7cb5:9b00:259:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever测试与网关的连通性
bash
root@server1:~# ping -c 3 172.16.10.1
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=3.60 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.44 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.441/2.163/3.602/1.017 ms
root@server1:~# 网卡 macvtap 模式
使用 bridge 使 KVM 虚拟机能够进行外部通信的另一种替代方法是使用 Linux MacVTap 驱动程序。当不想创建普通网桥，但希望本地网络中的用户访问虚拟机时，可以使用 MacVTap。
与使用bridge 的一个主要区别是 MacVTap 直接连接到 KVM 主机中的网络接口。这种直接连接绕过了 KVM 主机中与连接和使用软件bridge 相关的大部分代码和组件，有效地缩短了代码路径。这种较短的代码路径通常会提高吞吐量并减少外部系统的延迟。
示意图如下：
交换机配置
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-type access
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port access vlan 10
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit主机网卡配置
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 192.168.137.2
version: 2安装kvm虚拟化环境，创建两个虚拟机，指定从enp1s0主网卡分配mavtap子接口。
bash
virt-install \
--name vm1 \
--vcpus 1 \
--memory 2048 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/vm1/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64.img \
--os-variant ubuntu22.04 \
--noautoconsole \
--import \
--autostart \
--network type=direct,source=enp1s0,source_mode=bridge,model=virtio
virt-install \
--name vm2 \
--vcpus 1 \
--memory 2048 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/vm2/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64.img \
--os-variant ubuntu22.04 \
--noautoconsole \
--import \
--autostart \
--network type=direct,source=enp1s0,source_mode=bridge,model=virtio查看网卡信息，新创建了两个macvtap接口
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::7eb5:9bff:fe59:a71/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:bb:15:22 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: macvtap0@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 500
link/ether 52:54:00:41:8f:a3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe41:8fa3/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
7: macvtap1@enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 500
link/ether 52:54:00:93:2c:4a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe93:2c4a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever虚拟机1配置IP地址
yaml
root@vm1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.11/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
version: 2虚拟机2配置IP地址
yaml
root@vm2:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
addresses:
- 172.16.10.12/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
version: 2测试与网关的连通性
bash
root@vm1:~# ping 172.16.10.1 -c 3
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.38 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.75 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=4.34 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.382/2.491/4.344/1.318 msbond、vlan与桥接混合配置
将服务器两块网卡组成bond口，在bond口之上创建两个vlan子接口，分别加入两个linux bridge中，然后在不同bridge下创建虚拟机，虚拟机将属于不同vlan。
示意图如下：
交换机配置，配置动态链路聚合，将端口g1/0/1和g1/0/3加入聚合组。将聚合口配置为trunk模式，允许vlan 8 10 20通过，并且将vlan8 配置为聚合口的native vlan，作为管理使用。
bash
<H3C>system-view
[H3C]interface Vlan-interface 8
[H3C-Vlan-interface8]ip address 172.16.8.1 24
[H3C-Vlan-interface8]exit
[H3C]
[H3C]interface Bridge-Aggregation 1
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]link-aggregation mode dynamic
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]quit
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]port link-aggregation group 1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]exit
[H3C]interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/3
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]port link-aggregation group 1
[H3C-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]exit
[H3C]interface Bridge-Aggregation 1
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]port link-type trunk
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]port trunk permit vlan 8 10 20
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]port trunk pvid vlan 8
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]undo port trunk permit vlan 1
[H3C-Bridge-Aggregation1]exit
[H3C]服务器网卡配置，注意bond0配置了管理IP地址，匹配交换机native vlan 8。
yaml
root@server1:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
network:
version: 2
ethernets:
enp1s0:
dhcp4: false
enp2s0:
dhcp4: false
bonds:
bond0:
dhcp4: false
dhcp6: false
interfaces:
- enp1s0
- enp2s0
addresses:
- 172.16.8.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
- 223.6.6.6
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.8.1
parameters:
mode: 802.3ad
lacp-rate: fast
mii-monitor-interval: 100
transmit-hash-policy: layer2+3
bridges:
br10:
interfaces: [ vlan10 ]
br20:
interfaces: [ vlan20 ]
vlans:
vlan10:
id: 10
link: bond0
vlan20:
id: 20
link: bond0查看网卡信息，新建了bond0网口，并且基于bond0网口创建了两个vlan子接口vlan10和vlan20。
bash
root@server1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master bond0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff permaddr 7c:b5:9b:59:0a:71
3: enp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master bond0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff permaddr e4:54:e8:dc:e5:88
15: bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.8.10/24 brd 172.16.8.255 scope global bond0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::acfd:60ff:fe48:841a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
16: br10: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ee:df:66:ab:c2:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::ecdf:66ff:feab:c24b/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
17: br20: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 9e:4d:f4:0a:6d:13 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::9c4d:f4ff:fe0a:6d13/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
18: vlan10@bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master br10 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
19: vlan20@bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master br20 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether ae:fd:60:48:84:1a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff查看创建的网桥
bash
root@server1:~# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br10 8000.eedf66abc24b no vlan10
br20 8000.9e4df40a6d13 no vlan20测试bond0 IP与外部网关连通性
bash
root@server1:~# ping 172.16.8.1 -c 3
PING 172.16.8.1 (172.16.8.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.8.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.8.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.61 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.8.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.62 ms
--- 172.16.8.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.550/1.593/1.620/0.030 ms
root@server1:~# 在server1安装kvm虚拟化环境，然后创建两个新的kvm网络，分别绑定到不同网桥
xml
cat >br10-network.xml<<EOF
<network>
<name>br10-net</name>
<forward mode="bridge"/>
<bridge name="br10"/>
</network>
EOF
cat >br20-network.xml<<EOF
<network>
<name>br20-net</name>
<forward mode="bridge"/>
<bridge name="br20"/>
</network>
EOF
virsh net-define br10-network.xml
virsh net-define br20-network.xml
virsh net-start br10-net
virsh net-start br20-net
virsh net-autostart br10-net
virsh net-autostart br20-net查看新建的网络
bash
root@server1:~# virsh net-list
Name State Autostart Persistent
---------------------------------------------
br10-net active yes yes
br20-net active yes yes
default active yes yes创建两个虚拟机，指定使用不同网络
bash
virt-install \
--name vm1 \
--vcpus 1 \
--memory 2048 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/vm1/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64.img \
--os-variant ubuntu22.04 \
--import \
--autostart \
--noautoconsole \
--network network=br10-net
virt-install \
--name vm2 \
--vcpus 1 \
--memory 2048 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/vm2/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64.img \
--os-variant ubuntu22.04 \
--import \
--autostart \
--noautoconsole \
--network network=br20-net查看创建的虚拟机
bash
root@server1:~# virsh list
Id Name State
----------------------
13 vm1 running
14 vm2 running为vm1配置vlan10的IP地址
yaml
virsh console vm1
cat >/etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml<<EOF
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
addresses:
- 172.16.10.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.10.1
version: 2
EOF
netplan apply为vm2配置vlan20的IP地址
yaml
virsh console vm2
cat >/etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml<<EOF
network:
ethernets:
enp1s0:
addresses:
- 172.16.20.10/24
nameservers:
addresses:
- 223.5.5.5
routes:
- to: default
via: 172.16.20.1
version: 2
EOF
netplan apply登录到vm1，测试vm1与外部网关连通性
bash
root@vm1:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:a4:aa:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.10.10/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fea4:aa9d/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@vm1:~#
root@vm1:~# ping 172.16.10.1 -c 3
PING 172.16.10.1 (172.16.10.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.51 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=7.10 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.10.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.10 ms
--- 172.16.10.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.505/3.568/7.101/2.509 ms
root@vm1:~# 登录到vm2，测试vm2与外部网关连通性
bash
root@vm2:~# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:89:61:da brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.16.20.10/24 brd 172.16.20.255 scope global enp1s0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe89:61da/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@vm2:~#
root@vm2:~# ping 172.16.20.1 -c 3
PING 172.16.20.1 (172.16.20.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.73 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=2.00 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.20.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=2.00 ms
--- 172.16.20.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.732/1.911/2.003/0.126 ms
root@vm2:~#