MySQL的备份与恢复

使用mysqldump+binlog备份

备份素材：

create database school;
use school

CREATE TABLE stu (
Sno INT PRIMARY KEY,
Sname VARCHAR(50),
Ssex ENUM('Male', 'Female'),
Sage INT,
Sdept VARCHAR(50)
);

INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),
(2, 'Bob', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science'),
(3, 'Charlie', 'Male', 21, 'Engineering'),
(4, 'David', 'Female', 19, 'Literature');

完全备份：

$root@node1 \~\]# mysqldump -B school \> /tmp/fullbackup.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# cat /tmp/fullbackup.sql -- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 8.0.36, for Linux (x86_64) -- -- Host: localhost Database: school -- ------------------------------------------------------ -- Server version 8.0.36 /\*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT \*/; /\*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS \*/; /\*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION \*/; /\*!50503 SET NAMES utf8mb4 \*/; /\*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE \*/; /\*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' \*/; /\*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 \*/; /\*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 \*/; /\*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' \*/; /\*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 \*/; -- -- Current Database: \`school\` -- CREATE DATABASE /\*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS\*/ \`school\` /\*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci \*/ /\*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' \*/; USE \`school\`; -- -- Table structure for table \`stu\` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS \`stu\`; /\*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client \*/; /\*!50503 SET character_set_client = utf8mb4 \*/; CREATE TABLE \`stu\` ( \`Sno\` int NOT NULL, \`Sname\` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL, \`Ssex\` enum('Male','Female') DEFAULT NULL, \`Sage\` int DEFAULT NULL, \`Sdept\` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (\`Sno\`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci; /\*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client \*/; -- -- Dumping data for table \`stu\` -- LOCK TABLES \`stu\` WRITE; /\*!40000 ALTER TABLE \`stu\` DISABLE KEYS \*/; INSERT INTO \`stu\` VALUES (1,'Alice','Female',20,'Mathematics'),(2,'Bob','Male',22,'Computer Science'),(3,'Charlie','Male',21,'Engineering'),(4,'David','Female',19,'Literature'); /\*!40000 ALTER TABLE \`stu\` ENABLE KEYS \*/; UNLOCK TABLES; /\*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE \*/; /\*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE \*/; /\*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS \*/; /\*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS \*/; /\*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT \*/; /\*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS \*/; /\*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION \*/; /\*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES \*/; -- Dump completed on 2024-02-21 14:49:43$

全量备份恢复：

$root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库模拟数据丢失 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +-----------------------------+ \| Database \| +-----------------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +------------------------------+ \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql \< /tmp/fullbackup.sql #恢复 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +-------------------------------+ \| Database \| +-------------------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| school \| \| sys \| +-------------------------------+ \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ #也可以使用source恢复 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'source /tmp/fullbackup.sql' \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| school \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

增量备份：

MySQL 8.0 默认开启binglog日志

素材准备

#第一次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');

mysql> select sleep(10);

+-----------+

| sleep(10) |

+-----------+

| 0 |

+-----------+

1 row in set (10.01 sec)
#第二次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature');

mysql> select sleep(30);

+-----------+

| sleep(30) |

+-----------+

| 0 |

+-----------+

1 row in set (30.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stu;

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |

| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |

| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |

| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |

| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |

| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |

| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |

| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop database school;

#再增量备份前一定有一次完全备份

mysql> source /tmp/fullbackup.sql #先恢复增量备份

mysql> select * from school.stu;

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |

| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |

| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |

| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

增量备份恢复：

1、检查全备后的所有binlog
$root@node1 \~\]# ll /var/lib/mysql/bin\* -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000006 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3717 Feb 21 15:40 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 32 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.index 2.保护现场立即刷新日志 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysqladmin flush-logs \[root@node1 \~\]# ll /var/lib/mysql/bin\* -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000006 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3761 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000008 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.index \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show binary logs;' +---------------+-----------+-----------+ \| Log_name \| File_size \| Encrypted \| +---------------+-----------+-----------+ \| binlog.000006 \| 157 \| No \| \| binlog.000007 \| 3761 \| No \| \| binlog.000008 \| 157 \| No \| +---------------+-----------+-----------+ #现在不会再往binlog.000007里记录数据了 \[root@node1 \~\]# cp /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 /mysqlbak #做个冷备 3、查看刷新的binlog日志, #注意5.7版本，insert语句已经加密，默认看不到，查看时加上选项 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS -vv \[root@node1 \~\]# mysqlbinlog --base64-output=decode-rows -vv /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 #找到后来的insert语句的部分 BEGIN /\*!\*/; # at 1196 #240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1262 CRC32 0xc14ac894 Table_map: \`school\`.\`stu\` mapped to number 90 # has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0 # at 1262 #240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1355 CRC32 0x21da1ca0 Write_rows: table id 90 flags: STMT_END_F ### INSERT INTO \`school\`.\`stu\` ### SET ### @1=5 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 \*/ ### @2='Emma' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @3=2 /\* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @4=20 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @5='Mathematics' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### INSERT INTO \`school\`.\`stu\` ### SET ### @1=6 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 \*/ ### @2='Tom' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @3=1 /\* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @4=22 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @5='Computer Science' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ # at 1355 #240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1386 CRC32 0x5bd46bfd Xid = 48 COMMIT/\*!\*/; # at 1386 #240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1465 CRC32 0x93fd67b9 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=4 sequence_number=5 rbr_only=yes original_committed_timestamp=1708501007176819 immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 transaction_length=341 /\*!50718 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED\*//\*!\*/; # original_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 (2024-02-21 15:36:47.176819 CST) # immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 (2024-02-21 15:36:47.176819 CST) /\*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819\*//\*!\*/; /\*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036\*//\*!\*/; /\*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036\*//\*!\*/; SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/\*!\*/; # at 1465 #240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1542 CRC32 0x756150f3 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1708501007/\*!\*/; BEGIN /\*!\*/; # at 1542 #240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1608 CRC32 0xefda7f38 Table_map: \`school\`.\`stu\` mapped to number 90 # has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0 # at 1608 #240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1696 CRC32 0x972dfd69 Write_rows: table id 90 flags: STMT_END_F ### INSERT INTO \`school\`.\`stu\` ### SET ### @1=7 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 \*/ ### @2='Lily' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @3=2 /\* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @4=21 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @5='Engineering' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### INSERT INTO \`school\`.\`stu\` ### SET ### @1=8 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 \*/ ### @2='Jack' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @3=1 /\* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @4=19 /\* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ ### @5='Literature' /\* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 \*/ # at 1696 #240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1727 CRC32 0x75a1b152 Xid = 50 COMMIT/\*!\*/; # at 1727 #240221 15:39:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1804 CRC32 0x1fc4c31d Anonymous_GTID last_committed=5 sequence_number=6 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1708501141321225 immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501141321225 transaction_length=187 4、基于时间恢复 #开始时间为begin后的第一个，结束时间为COMMIT后的第一个 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysqlbinlog /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 --start-datetime='2024-02-21 15:35:27' --stop-datetime='2024-02-21 15:36:47' \> /tmp/incrementbackup1.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql \< /tmp/incrementbackup1.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu;' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ 4、基于位置恢复 #起始位置为begin后的第一个，终止位置为COMMIT后的第一个 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=1542 --stop-position=1727 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 \> /tmp/incrementbackup2.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'source /tmp/incrementbackup2.sql' #恢复 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu;' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 7 \| Lily \| Female \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 8 \| Jack \| Male \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

binglog日志的gtid的新特性

开启gtid

mysql> show variables like '%gtid%';

+----------------------------------+-----------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+----------------------------------+-----------+

| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON |

| enforce_gtid_consistency | OFF |

| gtid_executed | |

| gtid_executed_compression_period | 0 |

| gtid_mode | OFF |

| gtid_next | AUTOMATIC |

| gtid_owned | |

| gtid_purged | |

| session_track_gtids | OFF |

+----------------------------------+-----------+

#开启gtid

mysql> system vim /etc/my.cnf
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true

mysql> system systemctl restart mysqld

mysql> show variables like '%gtid%';

+----------------------------------+-----------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+----------------------------------+-----------+

| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON |

| enforce_gtid_consistency | ON |

| gtid_executed | |

| gtid_executed_compression_period | 0 |

| gtid_mode | ON |

| gtid_next | AUTOMATIC |

| gtid_owned | |

| gtid_purged | |

| session_track_gtids | OFF |

+----------------------------------+-----------+

9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用binlog的GTID特性进行增量备份

在一个干净的环境将刚才的素材导入这里省略

mysql> drop database school;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show master status\G #一个DDL或者一个事务产生一个GTID

*************************** 1. row ***************************

File: binlog.000008

Position: 1914

Binlog_Do_DB:

Binlog_Ignore_DB:

Executed_Gtid_Set: 10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1-6

mysql> flush logs; #保护现场

mysql> show master status\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

File: binlog.000009

Position: 197

Binlog_Do_DB:

Binlog_Ignore_DB:

Executed_Gtid_Set: 10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1-6

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

binlog的GTID特性进行恢复

mysql> source /tmp/fullbackup.sql #恢复全量备份

mysql> select * from stu;

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |

| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |

| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |

| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |

+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show binlog events in 'binlog.000008'\G #查看

*************************** 1. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 4

Event_type: Format_desc

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 126

Info: Server ver: 8.0.36, Binlog ver: 4

*************************** 2. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 126

Event_type: Previous_gtids

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 157

Info:

*************************** 3. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 157

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 234

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1'

*************************** 4. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 234

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 348

Info: create database school /* xid=3 */

*************************** 5. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 348

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 427

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:2'

*************************** 6. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 427

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 636

Info: use `school`; CREATE TABLE stu (
Sno INT PRIMARY KEY,
Sname VARCHAR(50),
Ssex ENUM('Male', 'Female'),
Sage INT,
Sdept VARCHAR(50)

) /* xid=8 */

*************************** 7. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 636

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 715

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:3'

*************************** 8. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 715

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 792

Info: BEGIN

*************************** 9. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 792

Event_type: Table_map

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 858

Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)

*************************** 10. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 858

Event_type: Write_rows

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1009

Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F

*************************** 11. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1009

Event_type: Xid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1040

Info: COMMIT /* xid=9 */

*************************** 12. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1040

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1119

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:4'

*************************** 13. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1119

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1196

Info: BEGIN

*************************** 14. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1196

Event_type: Table_map

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1262

Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)

*************************** 15. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1262

Event_type: Write_rows

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1355

Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F

*************************** 16. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1355

Event_type: Xid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1386

Info: COMMIT /* xid=49 */

*************************** 17. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1386

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1465

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:5'

*************************** 18. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1465

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1542

Info: BEGIN

*************************** 19. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1542

Event_type: Table_map

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1608

Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)

*************************** 20. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1608

Event_type: Write_rows

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1696

Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F

*************************** 21. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1696

Event_type: Xid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1727

Info: COMMIT /* xid=50 */

*************************** 22. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1727

Event_type: Gtid

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1804

Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:6'

*************************** 23. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1804

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1914

Info: drop database school /* xid=51 */

*************************** 24. row ***************************

Log_name: binlog.000008

Pos: 1914

Event_type: Rotate

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1958

Info: binlog.000009;pos=4

24 rows in set (0.00 sec)

确定起始范围：1-5,注意不要把drop写进去就行

这里注意

GTID的幂等性

• 开启GTID后,MySQL恢复Binlog时,重复GTID的事务不会再执行了

• 就想恢复?怎么办?

• --skip-gtids #跳过gtid

接着上面，截取日志时添加--skip-gtids。
$root@node1 \~\]# mysqlbinlog --skip-gtids --include-gtids='10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:4-5' /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000008 \> /tmp/gtid.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql \< /tmp/gtid.sql \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 7 \| Lily \| Female \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 8 \| Jack \| Male \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

LVM快照备份：

创建逻辑卷

$root@node1 \~\]# lsblk #添加一块硬盘 NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part ├─openeuler_node1-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm / └─openeuler_node1-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm \[SWAP$
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 17.1G 0 rom
$root@node1 \~\]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created. Volume group "vg01" successfully created \[root@node1 \~\]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql -L 4G vg01 Logical volume "lv_mysql" created. \[root@node1 \~\]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created. Volume group "vg01" successfully created \[root@node1 \~\]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql -L 4G vg01 Logical volume "lv_mysql" created. \[root@node1 \~\]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg01/lv_mysql #格式化 mke2fs 1.46.4 (18-Aug-2021) Creating filesystem with 1048576 4k blocks and 262144 inodes Filesystem UUID: 0db7faf1-88a8-4669-bc3e-ccdb4f9e9090 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done$

$root@node1 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #先停止服务 \[root@node1 \~\]# cd /var/lib/mysql \[root@node1 mysql\]# tar czf /tmp/mysqlall.tar.gz \* \[root@node1 mysql\]# cd \[root@node1 \~\]# mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql /var/lib/mysql \[root@node1 \~\]# ll /var/lib/mysql #该文件会被清空，等于把数据都清空了 total 0 \[root@node1 \~\]# tar xf /tmp/mysqlall.tar.gz -C /var/lib/mysql #将mysql的文件内容解压到逻辑卷中 \[root@node1 \~\]# ll -d /var/lib/mysql ##用户组为root此时mysql无法启动 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Feb 21 20:24 /var/lib/mysql \[root@node1 \~\]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql \[root@node1 \~\]# ll -d /var/lib/mysql drwxr-xr-x. 3 mysql mysql 17 Feb 21 20:24 /var/lib/mysql \[root@node1 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld.service #直接起服务 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' #数据都在 +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

使用LVM快照备份数据库

1、创建快照

#给数据库加读锁
$root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'flush table with read lock' #给mysql的数据库所在的逻辑卷创建快照 \[root@node1 \~\]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql_s -L 500M -s /dev/vg01/lv_mysql Logical volume "lv_mysql_s" created. #解锁数据库 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'unlock tables' 以上1-3需要在一个会话完成将快照挂载到临时目录里 \[root@node1 \~\]# mkdir /mnt/mysql \&\& mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s /mnt/mysql/ 2、备份数据 \[root@node1 \~\]# yum install rsync -y #下载备份工具 \[root@node2 \~\]# mkdir /backup \&\& rsync -av /mnt/mysql/ /backup 卸载快照并删除 \[root@node1 \~\]# umount /mnt/mysql/ \&\& lvremove /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s 方法二：这里建议直接写一个shell脚本（事先下号rsync备份工具），因为写脚本可以直接指定contab计划任务 \[root@node2 \~\]# vim mysql.sh #!/bin/bash back_dir=/backup/\`date +%F\` #创建一个备份目录 \[ -d ${back_dir} \]\|\| mkdir -p ${back_dir} #如果没有就创建 echo "flush tables with read lock; system lvcreate -n lv_mysql_s -L 500M -s /dev/vg01/lv_mysql; unlock tables;" \| mysql -uroot -p1234 \&\>/dev/null #锁表只读,创建快照,做完后解锁 \[ -d /mnt/mysql/ \] \|\| mkdir -p /mnt/mysql #判断挂载点书否存在 mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s /mnt/mysql #挂载逻辑卷快照 rsync -a /mnt/mysql/ ${back_dir} #备份 if \[ $? -eq 0 \];then umount /mnt/mysql/ \&\& lvremove -f /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s \&\>/dev/null #卸载,移除 fi \[root@node1 \~\]# chmod +x mysql.sh \[root@node1 \~\]# ./mysql.sh \[root@node1 \~\]# ll /backup/2024-02-22/ #这里就备份好了 total 94680 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 56 Jan 21 19:42 auto.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 180 Feb 22 20:04 binlog.000004 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 1063 Feb 22 20:22 binlog.000005 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 22 20:23 binlog.000006 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48 Feb 22 20:23 binlog.index -rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 ca-key.pem -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 ca.pem -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 client-cert.pem -rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 client-key.pem -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 196608 Feb 22 20:25 '#ib_16384_0.dblwr' -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 8585216 Jan 21 19:42 '#ib_16384_1.dblwr' -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3428 Feb 22 20:22 ib_buffer_pool -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Feb 22 20:23 ibdata1 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Feb 22 20:23 ibtmp1 drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:23 '#innodb_redo' drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:23 '#innodb_temp' drwx------. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:21 lost+found drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 mysql -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 29360128 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.ibd srwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.sock -rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 5 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.sock.lock drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 performance_schema -rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 private_key.pem -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 452 Jan 21 19:42 public_key.pem drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:21 school -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 server-cert.pem -rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 server-key.pem drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 sys -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 16777216 Feb 22 20:25 undo_001 -rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 16777216 Feb 22 20:25 undo_002 \[root@node1 \~\]# vim /etc/my.cnf ##将datadir文件暂时指向备份的文件，最后记得改回来 #datadir=/var/lib/mysql datadir=/backup/2024-02-22/ \[root@node2 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' ##该备份文件可用 +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

mydumper备份数据库：

安装部署：

$root@node1 \~\]# wget -c https://github.com/mydumper/mydumper/releases/download/v0.15.1-3/mydumper-0.15.1-3.el8.x86_64.rpm \[root@node1 \~\]# yum install mydumper-0.15.1-3.el8.x86_64.rpm -y$

备份：

$root@node1 \~\]# mydumper -B school -o /bak \[root@node1 \~\]# ll /bak total 16 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 262 Feb 22 20:49 metadata -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 155 Feb 22 20:49 school-schema-create.sql -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 22 20:49 school-schema-triggers.sql -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 283 Feb 22 20:49 school.stu.00000.sql -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 379 Feb 22 20:49 school.stu-schema.sql$

恢复：

$root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node1 \~\]# myloader -d /bak/ -o #恢复 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

mydumper常用参数：

· -B, --database：指定要备份的数据库。

· -T, --tables-list：指定要备份的表的以逗号分隔的列表。

· -o, --outputdir：指定备份文件的输出目录。

· -s, --statement-size：尝试将INSERT语句的大小限制为指定的字节数，默认为1000000字节。

· -r, --rows：将表拆分为指定行数的分块。此选项会关闭--chunk-filesize选项。

· -F, --chunk-filesize：将表拆分为指定输出文件大小的分块。该值以MB为单位。

· -c, --compress：压缩输出文件。

· -e, --build-empty-files：即使表中没有数据，也构建备份文件。

· -x, --regex：用于匹配'数据库.表'的正则表达式。

· -i, --ignore-engines：指定要忽略的存储引擎的逗号分隔列表。

· -m, --no-schemas：不备份表结构，只备份数据。

· -d, --no-data：不备份表数据，只备份表结构。

· -G, --triggers：备份触发器。

· -h, --host：要连接的主机名。

· -u, --user：用于运行备份的具有特权的用户名。

· -p, --password：用户密码。

· -P, --port：要连接的TCP/IP端口。

· -S, --socket：要使用的UNIX域套接字文件进行连接。

· -t, --threads：要使用的线程数，默认为4。

· -C, --compress-protocol：在MySQL连接上使用压缩协议。

· -V, --version：显示程序版本并退出。

·-v --verbose：输出的详细程度，0 = 静默，1 = 错误，2 = 警告，3 = 信息，默认为2。

Xtrabackup 备份数据库

安装部署和环境准备：

openEuler和xtrabackup不兼容，所以只能用通用二进制安装、而且最高只支持到 MySQL 8.0.35
$root@node1 \~\]# wget -c https://downloads.percona.com/downloads/Percona-XtraBackup-8.0/Percona-XtraBackup-8.0.35-30/binary/tarball/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17.tar.gz \[root@node1 \~\]# tar xf percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17.tar.gz \[root@node1 \~\]# ln -sv /root/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17/bin/xtrabackup /usr/bin/xtrabackup '/usr/bin/xtrabackup' -\> '/root/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17/bin/xtrabackup' 创建用户并授权 CREATE USER 'bkpuser'@'%'IDENTIFIED with mysql_native_password BY '[email protected]'; GRANT BACKUP_ADMIN, PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON \*.\* TO GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.log_status TO 'bkpuser'@'%'; GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.keyring_component_status TO bkpuser@'%'; GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO bkpuser@'%'; GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO bkpuser@'%';$

增量备份：

$root@node1 \~\]# mkdir /data \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --backup --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/ -u bkpuser -p'[email protected]' -H192.168.110.142 #完全备份第一次增量备份 INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science'); \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/incr1/ -u bkpuser -p'[email protected]' -H192.168.110.142 --incremental-basedir=/data/backups/ #第一次增量备份 --backup：指定进行备份操作。 --target-dir=/data/backups/：指定备份文件的目标目录。 -u bkpuser：指定用于连接 MySQL 服务器的用户名。 -p'[email protected]'：指定用户的密码。 -H192.168.110.142：指定要连接的 MySQL 服务器的主机名或 IP 地址。 --incremental-basedir=/data/backups/：增量备份的基础目录 \[root@node1 \~\]# ll /data/incr1/ total 324 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 447 Feb 22 22:02 backup-my.cnf #备份配置文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 157 Feb 22 22:02 binlog.000008 #二进制日志文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 16 Feb 22 22:02 binlog.index #二进制日志索引文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 3427 Feb 22 22:02 ib_buffer_pool #InnoDB 缓冲池文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 32768 Feb 22 22:02 ibdata1.delta #InnoDB 系统表空间的增量和元数据文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 64 Feb 22 22:02 ibdata1.meta #InnoDB 表相关的增量和元数据文件 drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 mysql #MySQL 数据库的相关文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 49152 Feb 22 22:02 mysql.ibd.delta #与InnoDB表相关的增量和元数据文件 -rw-r-----. 1 root root 73 Feb 22 22:02 mysql.ibd.meta drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 performance_schema drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 school ##school数据库的相关文件 drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 sys -rw-r-----. 1 root root 98304 Feb 22 22:02 undo_001.delta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 69 Feb 22 22:02 undo_001.meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 81920 Feb 22 22:02 undo_002.delta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 69 Feb 22 22:02 undo_002.meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 18 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_binlog_info -rw-r-----. 1 root root 139 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_checkpoints -rw-r-----. 1 root root 531 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_info -rw-r-----. 1 root root 2560 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_logfile -rw-r-----. 1 root root 39 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_tablespaces 第二次增量备份 INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature'); \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/incr2/ -u bkpuser -p'[email protected]' -H192.168.110.142 --incremental-basedir=/data/incr1/ #每一次增量备份都在上一次增量都都要指定上一次备份的基础目录$

恢复：

$root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库 \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ 1、准备完全备份 \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups 2、应用第一次增量备份到完全备份 \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups/ --incremental-dir=/data/incr1 3、应用第二次增量备份到完全备份 \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups/ --incremental-dir=/data/incr2 4、最后执行 \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/data/backups/ #用于准备 xtrabackup 备份 --prepare 选项指示 xtrabackup 进行备份的准备工作。这通常包括将备份数据转换为可用于恢复的格式，并确保备份的一致性和完整性。 --target-dir=/data/backups/ 指定了准备后生成的文件将被放置的目标目录。通过执行这个命令，xtrabackup 将在指定的目标目录中进行准备操作，以便后续可以使用这些备份进行数据库的恢复。 5、验证 \[root@node1 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service \[root@node1 \~\]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/\* #要保证这个文件为空 \[root@node1 \~\]# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/data/backups/ #将备份文件copy到该目录 \[root@node1 \~\]# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql #更改目录下所有文件的权限 \[root@node1 \~\]# systemctl restart mysqld.service \[root@node1 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu;' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 7 \| Lily \| Female \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 8 \| Jack \| Male \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

MySQLBackup备份数据库

安装部署：

$root@node5 \~\]# wget -c https://edelivery.oracle.com/osdc/softwareDownload?fileName=V1040085-01.zip \[root@node5 \~\]# ll total 22776 -rw-------. 1 root root 1066 Jan 21 14:59 anaconda-ks.cfg -r--r--r--. 1 root root 23316009 Feb 24 18:50 V1040085-01.zip \[root@node5 \~\]# unzip V1040085-01.zip \[root@node5 \~\]# yum install mysql-commercial-backup-8.0.36-1.1.el8.x86_64.rpm -y$

配置备份管理员:

mysql> create user 'mysqlbackup'@'localhost' identified by 'MySQL@123';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)

mysql> grant all on *.* to 'mysqlbackup'@'localhost';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

backup-to-image方式备份数据库:

全量备份：
$root@node5 \~\]# mkdir /data #创建备份目录 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --backup-image=my_full_bak.mbi \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup \\ --show-progress \\ --compress \\ backup-to-image 参数解释： --backup-image:生成的备份image名称 --backup-dir:生成的备份image所在目录 --show-progress:显示备份进度\[可选项$
--compress:对备份image进行压缩节省空间[可选项]

--with-timestamp:在backup-dir目录下生成'年-月-日-时-分-秒'的目录存储备份image以及其它相关文件，写脚本就不要加

backup-to-image：声明这是备份为image的备份
$root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/ #查看备份后的文件 total 4408 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 19:59 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 19:59 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 19:59 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 4475730 Feb 24 19:59 my_full_bak.mbi -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 19:59 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 19:59 server-my.cnf$

全量备份还原：

$root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi list-image #通过list-image查看备份image中的文件内容 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi validate #通过validate验证备份image的有效性 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+$

还原image：

#这两步必做
$root@node5 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务 \[root@node5 \~\]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/\* #清空mysql的datadir目录 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp \\ --uncompress \\ copy-back-and-apply-log 参数解释： --datadir=/var/lib/mysql：指定MySQL服务器的数据目录 --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi：指定备份镜像的文件名和路径。 --backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp：指定备份过程中临时文件的存储目录。这些临时文件在备份过程中被创建，用于存储备份数据的副本。 --uncompress：在恢复时不压缩备份镜像。默认情况下，mysqlbackup会尝试压缩备份镜像以节省空间。 copy-back-and-apply-log：这是mysqlbackup的一个操作模式。它指示mysqlbackup在恢复过程中首先将备份镜像复制回原始数据目录，然后应用任何未应用的binlog事件。 \[root@node5 \~\]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/\* #更改权限 \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' #确认恢复 +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

增量备份：

1、第一次增量备份

mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');
$root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --compress \\ --incremental \\ --incremental-base=dir:/data/backup \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \\ --backup-image=my_inc1_bak.mbi \\ backup-to-image 参数解释： --user=mysqlbackup：指定用于连接到MySQL服务器的用户名。 --password=MySQL@123：指定用于连接到MySQL服务器的密码。 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock：指定MySQL服务器的Unix套接字文件路径。 --compress：指示mysqlbackup在创建备份镜像时进行压缩，以节省磁盘空间。 --incremental：指示mysqlbackup进行增量备份，只备份自上次备份以来的更改。 --incremental-base=dir:/data/backup：指定增量备份的基础备份目录。这个目录应该包含了上次的完整备份。 --backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1：指定备份过程中临时文件的存储目录。 --backup-image=my_inc1_bak.mbi：指定备份镜像的文件名和路径。 backup-to-image：这是mysqlbackup的一个操作模式。它指示mysqlbackup创建一个备份镜像，包含了自上次备份以来的所有更改。 \[root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/incr1/ total 1792 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:22 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:22 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:22 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 1796619 Feb 24 20:22 my_inc1_bak.mbi -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:22 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 505 Feb 24 20:22 server-my.cnf 2、第二次增量备份 mysql\> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature'); \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --compress \\ --incremental \\ --incremental-base=history:last_backup \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \\ --backup-image=my_inc_bak.mbi \\ backup-to-image #--incremental-base 可以写成history:last_backup不用写上次备份的dir，两个方法都可以 \[root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/incr2/ total 1700 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:28 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:28 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:28 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 1696167 Feb 24 20:28 my_inc_bak.mbi -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:28 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 20:28 server-my.cnf$

增量备份还原：

$root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务 \[root@node5 \~\]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/\* #清空mysql的datadir目录 1、先还原完全备份 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp1 \\ --uncompress \\ copy-back-and-apply-log #注意backup-dir刚才是/data/backup/tmp，这里得换一个 2、第一次增量备份还原 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/incr1/my_inc1_bak.mbi \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1/tmp2 \\ --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ \\ --incremental \\ copy-back-and-apply-log 3、第二次增量备份还原 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/incr2/my_inc_bak.mbi \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2/tmp3 \\ --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ \\ --incremental \\ copy-back-and-apply-log \[root@node5 \~\]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/\* \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 7 \| Lily \| Female \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 8 \| Jack \| Male \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

datafile方式备份数据库：

**环境：最好恢复初始环境，或只把上次备份的目录删了**

完全备份：
$root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup \\ --show-progress \\ --compress \\ backup \[root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/ total 36 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:53 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:53 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:53 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:53 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 20:53 server-my.cnf$

完全备份恢复：

$root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl restart mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/\* \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-dir=/data/backup \\ #备份过程中产生的日志文件 apply-log \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ --backup-dir=/data/backup \\ #将备份的文件拷贝到datadir下 copy-back-and-apply-log \[root@node5 \~\]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/\* \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$

增量备份：

1、第一次增量备份

mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');
$root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --compress \\ --incremental \\ --incremental-base=dir:/data/backup \\ --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \\ backup \[root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/incr1/ total 36 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 21:55 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:55 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:55 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 21:55 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 21:55 server-my.cnf 2、第二次增量备份 mysql\> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature'); \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \\ --compress \\ --incremental \\ --incremental-base=history:last_backup \\ --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \\ backup \[root@node5 \~\]# ll /data/backup/incr2/ total 36 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 21:56 backup-my.cnf drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:56 datadir drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:56 meta -rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 21:56 server-all.cnf -rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 21:56 server-my.cnf$

增量备份还原:

$root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'show databases' +--------------------+ \| Database \| +--------------------+ \| information_schema \| \| mysql \| \| performance_schema \| \| sys \| +--------------------+ \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务 \[root@node5 \~\]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/\* #清空mysql的datadir目录 \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --backup-dir=/data/backup \\ apply-log ##备份过程中产生的日志文件 #增备apply-incremental-backup \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/ \\ apply-incremental-backup \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \\ --backup-dir=/data/backup/ \\ apply-incremental-backup \[root@node5 \~\]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-dir=/data/backup/ \\ copy-back-and-apply-log #将几次备份搞得文件拷到datadir \[root@node5 \~\]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/\* \[root@node5 \~\]# systemctl start mysqld.service \[root@node5 \~\]# mysql -e 'select \* from school.stu' +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| Sno \| Sname \| Ssex \| Sage \| Sdept \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+ \| 1 \| Alice \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 2 \| Bob \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 3 \| Charlie \| Male \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 4 \| David \| Female \| 19 \| Literature \| \| 5 \| Emma \| Female \| 20 \| Mathematics \| \| 6 \| Tom \| Male \| 22 \| Computer Science \| \| 7 \| Lily \| Female \| 21 \| Engineering \| \| 8 \| Jack \| Male \| 19 \| Literature \| +-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+$