使用mysqldump+binlog备份
备份素材：
create database school;
use schoolCREATE TABLE stu (
Sno INT PRIMARY KEY,
Sname VARCHAR(50),
Ssex ENUM('Male', 'Female'),
Sage INT,
Sdept VARCHAR(50)
);INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),
(2, 'Bob', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science'),
(3, 'Charlie', 'Male', 21, 'Engineering'),
(4, 'David', 'Female', 19, 'Literature');
完全备份：
[root@node1 ~]# mysqldump -B school > /tmp/fullbackup.sql
[root@node1 ~]# cat /tmp/fullbackup.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 8.0.36, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost Database: school
-- Server version 8.0.36
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!50503 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
--
-- Current Database: `school`
--
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `school` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */;
USE `school`;
--
-- Table structure for table `stu`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `stu`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!50503 SET character_set_client = utf8mb4 */;
CREATE TABLE `stu` (
`Sno` int NOT NULL,
`Sname` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
`Ssex` enum('Male','Female') DEFAULT NULL,
`Sage` int DEFAULT NULL,
`Sdept` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Sno`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
--
-- Dumping data for table `stu`
--
LOCK TABLES `stu` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `stu` VALUES (1,'Alice','Female',20,'Mathematics'),(2,'Bob','Male',22,'Computer Science'),(3,'Charlie','Male',21,'Engineering'),(4,'David','Female',19,'Literature');
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
-- Dump completed on 2024-02-21 14:49:43
全量备份恢复：
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库模拟数据丢失
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+-----------------------------+
| Database |
+-----------------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+------------------------------+
[root@node1 ~]# mysql < /tmp/fullbackup.sql #恢复
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+-------------------------------+
| Database |
+-------------------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+-------------------------------+
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
#也可以使用source恢复
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school'
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'source /tmp/fullbackup.sql'
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
增量备份：
MySQL 8.0 默认开启binglog日志
素材准备
#第一次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');mysql> select sleep(10);
+-----------+
| sleep(10) |
+-----------+
| 0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (10.01 sec)
#第二次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature');mysql> select sleep(30);
+-----------+
| sleep(30) |
+-----------+
| 0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (30.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu;
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop database school;
#再增量备份前一定有一次完全备份
mysql> source /tmp/fullbackup.sql #先恢复增量备份
mysql> select * from school.stu;
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
增量备份恢复：
1、检查全备后的所有binlog
[root@node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/bin*
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000006
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3717 Feb 21 15:40 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 32 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.index
2.保护现场立即刷新日志
[root@node1 ~]# mysqladmin flush-logs
[root@node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/bin*
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:31 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000006
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3761 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000008
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48 Feb 21 15:41 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.index
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show binary logs;'
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size | Encrypted |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
| binlog.000006 | 157 | No |
| binlog.000007 | 3761 | No |
| binlog.000008 | 157 | No |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
#现在不会再往binlog.000007里记录数据了
[root@node1 ~]# cp /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 /mysqlbak #做个冷备
3、查看刷新的binlog日志,
#注意5.7版本，insert语句已经加密，默认看不到，查看时加上选项 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS -vv
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --base64-output=decode-rows -vv /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007
#找到后来的insert语句的部分
BEGIN
/*!*/;
at 1196
#240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1262 CRC32 0xc14ac894 Table_map: `school`.`stu` mapped to number 90
has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0
at 1262
#240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1355 CRC32 0x21da1ca0 Write_rows: table id 90 flags: STMT_END_F
INSERT INTO `school`.`stu`
SET
@1=5 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
@2='Emma' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@3=2 /* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@4=20 /* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@5='Mathematics' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
INSERT INTO `school`.`stu`
SET
@1=6 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
@2='Tom' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@3=1 /* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@4=22 /* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@5='Computer Science' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
at 1355
#240221 15:35:27 server id 1 end_log_pos 1386 CRC32 0x5bd46bfd Xid = 48
COMMIT/*!*/;at 1386
#240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1465 CRC32 0x93fd67b9 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=4 sequence_number=5 rbr_only=yes original_committed_timestamp=1708501007176819 immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 transaction_length=341
/*!50718 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED*//*!*/;
original_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 (2024-02-21 15:36:47.176819 CST)
immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819 (2024-02-21 15:36:47.176819 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1708501007176819*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
at 1465
#240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1542 CRC32 0x756150f3 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1708501007/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;at 1542
#240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1608 CRC32 0xefda7f38 Table_map: `school`.`stu` mapped to number 90
has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0
at 1608
#240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1696 CRC32 0x972dfd69 Write_rows: table id 90 flags: STMT_END_F
INSERT INTO `school`.`stu`
SET
@1=7 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
@2='Lily' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@3=2 /* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@4=21 /* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@5='Engineering' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
INSERT INTO `school`.`stu`
SET
@1=8 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
@2='Jack' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@3=1 /* ENUM(1 byte) meta=63233 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@4=19 /* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
@5='Literature' /* VARSTRING(200) meta=200 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
at 1696
#240221 15:36:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1727 CRC32 0x75a1b152 Xid = 50
COMMIT/*!*/;at 1727
#240221 15:39:01 server id 1 end_log_pos 1804 CRC32 0x1fc4c31d Anonymous_GTID last_committed=5 sequence_number=6 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1708501141321225 immediate_commit_timestamp=1708501141321225 transaction_length=187
4、基于时间恢复
#开始时间为begin后的第一个，结束时间为COMMIT后的第一个
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 --start-datetime='2024-02-21 15:35:27' --stop-datetime='2024-02-21 15:36:47' > /tmp/incrementbackup1.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysql < /tmp/incrementbackup1.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu;'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
4、基于位置恢复
#起始位置为begin后的第一个，终止位置为COMMIT后的第一个
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=1542 --stop-position=1727 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000007 > /tmp/incrementbackup2.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'source /tmp/incrementbackup2.sql' #恢复
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu;'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
binglog日志的gtid的新特性
开启gtid
mysql> show variables like '%gtid%';
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON |
| enforce_gtid_consistency | OFF |
| gtid_executed | |
| gtid_executed_compression_period | 0 |
| gtid_mode | OFF |
| gtid_next | AUTOMATIC |
| gtid_owned | |
| gtid_purged | |
| session_track_gtids | OFF |
+----------------------------------+-----------+
#开启gtid
mysql> system vim /etc/my.cnf
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=truemysql> system systemctl restart mysqld
mysql> show variables like '%gtid%';
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------------------+-----------+
| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON |
| enforce_gtid_consistency | ON |
| gtid_executed | |
| gtid_executed_compression_period | 0 |
| gtid_mode | ON |
| gtid_next | AUTOMATIC |
| gtid_owned | |
| gtid_purged | |
| session_track_gtids | OFF |
+----------------------------------+-----------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用binlog的GTID特性进行增量备份
在一个干净的环境将刚才的素材导入这里省略
mysql> drop database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show master status\G #一个DDL或者一个事务产生一个GTID
*************************** 1. row ***************************
File: binlog.000008
Position: 1914
Binlog_Do_DB:
Binlog_Ignore_DB:
Executed_Gtid_Set: 10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1-6
mysql> flush logs; #保护现场
mysql> show master status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
File: binlog.000009
Position: 197
Binlog_Do_DB:
Binlog_Ignore_DB:
Executed_Gtid_Set: 10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1-6
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
binlog的GTID特性进行恢复
mysql> source /tmp/fullbackup.sql #恢复全量备份
mysql> select * from stu;
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show binlog events in 'binlog.000008'\G #查看
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 4
Event_type: Format_desc
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 126
Info: Server ver: 8.0.36, Binlog ver: 4
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 126
Event_type: Previous_gtids
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 157
Info:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 157
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 234
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:1'
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 234
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 348
Info: create database school /* xid=3 */
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 348
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 427
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:2'
*************************** 6. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 427
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 636
Info: use `school`; CREATE TABLE stu (
Sno INT PRIMARY KEY,
Sname VARCHAR(50),
Ssex ENUM('Male', 'Female'),
Sage INT,
Sdept VARCHAR(50)) /* xid=8 */
*************************** 7. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 636
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 715
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:3'
*************************** 8. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 715
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 792
Info: BEGIN
*************************** 9. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 792
Event_type: Table_map
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 858
Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)
*************************** 10. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 858
Event_type: Write_rows
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1009
Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F
*************************** 11. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1009
Event_type: Xid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1040
Info: COMMIT /* xid=9 */
*************************** 12. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1040
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1119
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:4'
*************************** 13. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1119
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1196
Info: BEGIN
*************************** 14. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1196
Event_type: Table_map
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1262
Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)
*************************** 15. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1262
Event_type: Write_rows
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1355
Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F
*************************** 16. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1355
Event_type: Xid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1386
Info: COMMIT /* xid=49 */
*************************** 17. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1386
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1465
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:5'
*************************** 18. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1465
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1542
Info: BEGIN
*************************** 19. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1542
Event_type: Table_map
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1608
Info: table_id: 90 (school.stu)
*************************** 20. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1608
Event_type: Write_rows
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1696
Info: table_id: 90 flags: STMT_END_F
*************************** 21. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1696
Event_type: Xid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1727
Info: COMMIT /* xid=50 */
*************************** 22. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1727
Event_type: Gtid
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1804
Info: SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:6'
*************************** 23. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1804
Event_type: Query
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1914
Info: drop database school /* xid=51 */
*************************** 24. row ***************************
Log_name: binlog.000008
Pos: 1914
Event_type: Rotate
Server_id: 1
End_log_pos: 1958
Info: binlog.000009;pos=4
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)
确定起始范围：1-5,注意不要把drop写进去就行
这里注意
GTID的幂等性
• 开启GTID后,MySQL恢复Binlog时,重复GTID的事务不会再执行了
• 就想恢复?怎么办?
• --skip-gtids #跳过gtid
接着上面，截取日志时添加--skip-gtids。
[root@node1 ~]# mysqlbinlog --skip-gtids --include-gtids='10fdd06f-b851-11ee-8253-000c29ae0c7f:4-5' /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000008 > /tmp/gtid.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysql < /tmp/gtid.sql
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
LVM快照备份：
创建逻辑卷
[root@node1 ~]# lsblk #添加一块硬盘
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part
├─openeuler_node1-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
└─openeuler_node1-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 17.1G 0 rom
[root@node1 ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
Volume group "vg01" successfully created
[root@node1 ~]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql -L 4G vg01
Logical volume "lv_mysql" created.
[root@node1 ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
Volume group "vg01" successfully created
[root@node1 ~]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql -L 4G vg01
Logical volume "lv_mysql" created.
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg01/lv_mysql #格式化
mke2fs 1.46.4 (18-Aug-2021)
Creating filesystem with 1048576 4k blocks and 262144 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 0db7faf1-88a8-4669-bc3e-ccdb4f9e9090
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
环境创建：
[root@node1 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #先停止服务
[root@node1 ~]# cd /var/lib/mysql
[root@node1 mysql]# tar czf /tmp/mysqlall.tar.gz *
[root@node1 mysql]# cd
[root@node1 ~]# mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql /var/lib/mysql
[root@node1 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql #该文件会被清空，等于把数据都清空了
total 0
[root@node1 ~]# tar xf /tmp/mysqlall.tar.gz -C /var/lib/mysql #将mysql的文件内容解压到逻辑卷中
[root@node1 ~]# ll -d /var/lib/mysql ##用户组为root此时mysql无法启动
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Feb 21 20:24 /var/lib/mysql
[root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql
[root@node1 ~]# ll -d /var/lib/mysql
drwxr-xr-x. 3 mysql mysql 17 Feb 21 20:24 /var/lib/mysql
[root@node1 ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service #直接起服务
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu' #数据都在
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
使用LVM快照备份数据库
1、创建快照
#给数据库加读锁
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'flush table with read lock'
#给mysql的数据库所在的逻辑卷创建快照
[root@node1 ~]# lvcreate -n lv_mysql_s -L 500M -s /dev/vg01/lv_mysql
Logical volume "lv_mysql_s" created.
#解锁数据库
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'unlock tables'
以上1-3需要在一个会话完成
将快照挂载到临时目录里
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/mysql && mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s /mnt/mysql/
2、备份数据
[root@node1 ~]# yum install rsync -y #下载备份工具
[root@node2 ~]# mkdir /backup && rsync -av /mnt/mysql/ /backup
卸载快照并删除
[root@node1 ~]# umount /mnt/mysql/ && lvremove /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s
方法二：
这里建议直接写一个shell脚本（事先下号rsync备份工具），因为写脚本可以直接指定contab计划任务
[root@node2 ~]# vim mysql.sh
#!/bin/bash
back_dir=/backup/`date +%F` #创建一个备份目录
[ -d ${back_dir} ]|| mkdir -p ${back_dir} #如果没有就创建
echo "flush tables with read lock; system lvcreate -n lv_mysql_s -L 500M -s /dev/vg01/lv_mysql; unlock tables;" | mysql -uroot -p1234 &>/dev/null #锁表只读,创建快照,做完后解锁
[ -d /mnt/mysql/ ] || mkdir -p /mnt/mysql #判断挂载点书否存在
mount /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s /mnt/mysql #挂载逻辑卷快照
rsync -a /mnt/mysql/ ${back_dir} #备份
if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
umount /mnt/mysql/ && lvremove -f /dev/vg01/lv_mysql_s &>/dev/null #卸载,移除
fi
[root@node1 ~]# chmod +x mysql.sh
[root@node1 ~]# ./mysql.sh
[root@node1 ~]# ll /backup/2024-02-22/ #这里就备份好了
total 94680
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 56 Jan 21 19:42 auto.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 180 Feb 22 20:04 binlog.000004
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 1063 Feb 22 20:22 binlog.000005
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 157 Feb 22 20:23 binlog.000006
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 48 Feb 22 20:23 binlog.index
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 ca-key.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 ca.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 client-cert.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 client-key.pem
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 196608 Feb 22 20:25 '#ib_16384_0.dblwr'
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 8585216 Jan 21 19:42 '#ib_16384_1.dblwr'
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 3428 Feb 22 20:22 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Feb 22 20:23 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 Feb 22 20:23 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:23 '#innodb_redo'
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:23 '#innodb_temp'
drwx------. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:21 lost+found
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 mysql
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 29360128 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.ibd
srwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.sock
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 5 Feb 22 20:23 mysql.sock.lock
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 performance_schema
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 private_key.pem
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 452 Jan 21 19:42 public_key.pem
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 22 20:21 school
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1112 Jan 21 19:42 server-cert.pem
-rw-------. 1 mysql mysql 1676 Jan 21 19:42 server-key.pem
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jan 21 19:42 sys
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 16777216 Feb 22 20:25 undo_001
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 16777216 Feb 22 20:25 undo_002
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf ##将datadir文件暂时指向备份的文件，最后记得改回来
#datadir=/var/lib/mysql
datadir=/backup/2024-02-22/
[root@node2 ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu' ##该备份文件可用
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
mydumper备份数据库：
安装部署：
[root@node1 ~]# wget -c https://github.com/mydumper/mydumper/releases/download/v0.15.1-3/mydumper-0.15.1-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@node1 ~]# yum install mydumper-0.15.1-3.el8.x86_64.rpm -y
备份：
[root@node1 ~]# mydumper -B school -o /bak
[root@node1 ~]# ll /bak
total 16
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 262 Feb 22 20:49 metadata
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 155 Feb 22 20:49 school-schema-create.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 22 20:49 school-schema-triggers.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 283 Feb 22 20:49 school.stu.00000.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 379 Feb 22 20:49 school.stu-schema.sql
恢复：
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school'
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node1 ~]# myloader -d /bak/ -o #恢复
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
mydumper常用参数：
· -B, --database：指定要备份的数据库。
· -T, --tables-list：指定要备份的表的以逗号分隔的列表。
· -o, --outputdir：指定备份文件的输出目录。
· -s, --statement-size：尝试将INSERT语句的大小限制为指定的字节数，默认为1000000字节。
· -r, --rows：将表拆分为指定行数的分块。此选项会关闭--chunk-filesize选项。
· -F, --chunk-filesize：将表拆分为指定输出文件大小的分块。该值以MB为单位。
· -c, --compress：压缩输出文件。
· -e, --build-empty-files：即使表中没有数据，也构建备份文件。
· -x, --regex：用于匹配'数据库.表'的正则表达式。
· -i, --ignore-engines：指定要忽略的存储引擎的逗号分隔列表。
· -m, --no-schemas：不备份表结构，只备份数据。
· -d, --no-data：不备份表数据，只备份表结构。
· -G, --triggers：备份触发器。
· -h, --host：要连接的主机名。
· -u, --user：用于运行备份的具有特权的用户名。
· -p, --password：用户密码。
· -P, --port：要连接的TCP/IP端口。
· -S, --socket：要使用的UNIX域套接字文件进行连接。
· -t, --threads：要使用的线程数，默认为4。
· -C, --compress-protocol：在MySQL连接上使用压缩协议。
· -V, --version：显示程序版本并退出。
·-v --verbose：输出的详细程度，0 = 静默，1 = 错误，2 = 警告，3 = 信息，默认为2。
Xtrabackup 备份数据库
安装部署和环境准备：
openEuler和xtrabackup不兼容，所以只能用通用二进制安装、而且最高只支持到 MySQL 8.0.35
[root@node1 ~]# wget -c https://downloads.percona.com/downloads/Percona-XtraBackup-8.0/Percona-XtraBackup-8.0.35-30/binary/tarball/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17.tar.gz
[root@node1 ~]# tar xf percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17.tar.gz
[root@node1 ~]# ln -sv /root/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17/bin/xtrabackup /usr/bin/xtrabackup
'/usr/bin/xtrabackup' -> '/root/percona-xtrabackup-8.0.35-30-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.17/bin/xtrabackup'
创建用户并授权
CREATE USER 'bkpuser'@'%'IDENTIFIED with mysql_native_password BY 'Bak@123.com';GRANT BACKUP_ADMIN, PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO
GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.log_status TO 'bkpuser'@'%';
GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.keyring_component_status TO bkpuser@'%';
GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO bkpuser@'%';
GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO bkpuser@'%';
增量备份：
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /data
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/ -u bkpuser -p'Bak@123.com' -H192.168.110.142 #完全备份
第一次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/incr1/ -u bkpuser -p'Bak@123.com' -H192.168.110.142 --incremental-basedir=/data/backups/ #第一次增量备份
--backup：指定进行备份操作。
--target-dir=/data/backups/：指定备份文件的目标目录。
-u bkpuser：指定用于连接 MySQL 服务器的用户名。
-p'Bak@123.com'：指定用户的密码。
-H192.168.110.142：指定要连接的 MySQL 服务器的主机名或 IP 地址。
--incremental-basedir=/data/backups/：增量备份的基础目录
[root@node1 ~]# ll /data/incr1/
total 324
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 447 Feb 22 22:02 backup-my.cnf #备份配置文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 157 Feb 22 22:02 binlog.000008 #二进制日志文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 16 Feb 22 22:02 binlog.index #二进制日志索引文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 3427 Feb 22 22:02 ib_buffer_pool #InnoDB 缓冲池文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 32768 Feb 22 22:02 ibdata1.delta #InnoDB 系统表空间的增量和元数据文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 64 Feb 22 22:02 ibdata1.meta #InnoDB 表相关的增量和元数据文件
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 mysql #MySQL 数据库的相关文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 49152 Feb 22 22:02 mysql.ibd.delta #与InnoDB表相关的增量和元数据文件
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 73 Feb 22 22:02 mysql.ibd.meta
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 school ##school数据库的相关文件
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 22 22:02 sys
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 98304 Feb 22 22:02 undo_001.delta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 69 Feb 22 22:02 undo_001.meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 81920 Feb 22 22:02 undo_002.delta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 69 Feb 22 22:02 undo_002.meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 18 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_binlog_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 139 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 531 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 2560 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_logfile
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 39 Feb 22 22:02 xtrabackup_tablespaces
第二次增量备份
INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature');
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/incr2/ -u bkpuser -p'Bak@123.com' -H192.168.110.142 --incremental-basedir=/data/incr1/
#每一次增量备份都在上一次增量都都要指定上一次备份的基础目录
恢复：
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
1、准备完全备份
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups
2、应用第一次增量备份到完全备份
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups/ --incremental-dir=/data/incr1
3、应用第二次增量备份到完全备份
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups/ --incremental-dir=/data/incr2
4、最后执行
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/data/backups/ #用于准备 xtrabackup 备份
--prepare 选项指示 xtrabackup 进行备份的准备工作。这通常包括将备份数据转换为可用于恢复的格式，并确保备份的一致性和完整性。
--target-dir=/data/backups/ 指定了准备后生成的文件将被放置的目标目录。
通过执行这个命令，xtrabackup 将在指定的目标目录中进行准备操作，以便后续可以使用这些备份进行数据库的恢复。
5、验证
[root@node1 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service
[root@node1 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* #要保证这个文件为空
[root@node1 ~]# xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/data/backups/ #将备份文件copy到该目录
[root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql #更改目录下所有文件的权限
[root@node1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu;'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
MySQLBackup备份数据库
安装部署：
[root@node5 ~]# wget -c https://edelivery.oracle.com/osdc/softwareDownload?fileName=V1040085-01.zip
[root@node5 ~]# ll
total 22776
-rw-------. 1 root root 1066 Jan 21 14:59 anaconda-ks.cfg
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 23316009 Feb 24 18:50 V1040085-01.zip
[root@node5 ~]# unzip V1040085-01.zip
[root@node5 ~]# yum install mysql-commercial-backup-8.0.36-1.1.el8.x86_64.rpm -y
配置备份管理员:
mysql> create user 'mysqlbackup'@'localhost' identified by 'MySQL@123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'mysqlbackup'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
backup-to-image方式备份数据库:
全量备份：
[root@node5 ~]# mkdir /data #创建备份目录
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--backup-image=my_full_bak.mbi \
--backup-dir=/data/backup \
--show-progress \
--compress \
backup-to-image
参数解释：
--backup-image:生成的备份image名称
--backup-dir:生成的备份image所在目录
--show-progress:显示备份进度[可选项]
--compress:对备份image进行压缩节省空间[可选项]
--with-timestamp:在backup-dir目录下生成'年-月-日-时-分-秒'的目录存储备份image以及其它相关文件，写脚本就不要加
backup-to-image：声明这是备份为image的备份
[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/ #查看备份后的文件
total 4408
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 19:59 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 19:59 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 19:59 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 4475730 Feb 24 19:59 my_full_bak.mbi
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 19:59 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 19:59 server-my.cnf
全量备份还原：
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi list-image
#通过list-image查看备份image中的文件内容
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi validate
#通过validate验证备份image的有效性
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
还原image：
#这两步必做
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务
[root@node5 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* #清空mysql的datadir目录
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp \
--uncompress \
copy-back-and-apply-log参数解释：
--datadir=/var/lib/mysql：指定MySQL服务器的数据目录
--backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi：指定备份镜像的文件名和路径。
--backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp：指定备份过程中临时文件的存储目录。这些临时文件在备份过程中被创建，用于存储备份数据的副本。
--uncompress：在恢复时不压缩备份镜像。默认情况下，mysqlbackup会尝试压缩备份镜像以节省空间。
copy-back-and-apply-log：这是mysqlbackup的一个操作模式。它指示mysqlbackup在恢复过程中首先将备份镜像复制回原始数据目录，然后应用任何未应用的binlog事件。
[root@node5 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/* #更改权限
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu' #确认恢复
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
增量备份：
1、第一次增量备份
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--compress \
--incremental \
--incremental-base=dir:/data/backup \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \
--backup-image=my_inc1_bak.mbi \
backup-to-image参数解释：
--user=mysqlbackup：指定用于连接到MySQL服务器的用户名。
--password=MySQL@123：指定用于连接到MySQL服务器的密码。
--socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock：指定MySQL服务器的Unix套接字文件路径。
--compress：指示mysqlbackup在创建备份镜像时进行压缩，以节省磁盘空间。
--incremental：指示mysqlbackup进行增量备份，只备份自上次备份以来的更改。
--incremental-base=dir:/data/backup：指定增量备份的基础备份目录。这个目录应该包含了上次的完整备份。
--backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1：指定备份过程中临时文件的存储目录。
--backup-image=my_inc1_bak.mbi：指定备份镜像的文件名和路径。
backup-to-image：这是mysqlbackup的一个操作模式。它指示mysqlbackup创建一个备份镜像，包含了自上次备份以来的所有更改。
[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/incr1/
total 1792
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:22 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:22 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:22 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 1796619 Feb 24 20:22 my_inc1_bak.mbi
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:22 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 505 Feb 24 20:22 server-my.cnf
2、第二次增量备份
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature');
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--compress \
--incremental \
--incremental-base=history:last_backup \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \
--backup-image=my_inc_bak.mbi \
backup-to-image#--incremental-base 可以写成history:last_backup不用写上次备份的dir，两个方法都可以
[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/incr2/
total 1700
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:28 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:28 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:28 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 1696167 Feb 24 20:28 my_inc_bak.mbi
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:28 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 20:28 server-my.cnf
增量备份还原：
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务
[root@node5 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* #清空mysql的datadir目录
1、先还原完全备份
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-image=/data/backup/my_full_bak.mbi \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/tmp1 \
--uncompress \
copy-back-and-apply-log#注意backup-dir刚才是/data/backup/tmp，这里得换一个
2、第一次增量备份还原
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/incr1/my_inc1_bak.mbi \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1/tmp2 \
--datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ \
--incremental \
copy-back-and-apply-log3、第二次增量备份还原
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-image=/data/backup/incr2/my_inc_bak.mbi \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2/tmp3 \
--datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ \
--incremental \
copy-back-and-apply-log[root@node5 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
datafile方式备份数据库：
**环境：最好恢复初始环境，或只把上次备份的目录删了**
完全备份：
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--backup-dir=/data/backup \
--show-progress \
--compress \
backup[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/
total 36
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 20:53 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:53 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 20:53 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 20:53 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 20:53 server-my.cnf
完全备份恢复：
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school'
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-dir=/data/backup \ #备份过程中产生的日志文件
apply-log[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ --backup-dir=/data/backup \ #将备份的文件拷贝到datadir下
copy-back-and-apply-log[root@node5 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
增量备份：
1、第一次增量备份
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (5, 'Emma', 'Female', 20, 'Mathematics'),(6, 'Tom', 'Male', 22, 'Computer Science');
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--compress \--incremental \
--incremental-base=dir:/data/backup \
--incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \
backup[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/incr1/
total 36
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 21:55 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:55 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:55 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 21:55 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 21:55 server-my.cnf
2、第二次增量备份
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (Sno, Sname, Ssex, Sage, Sdept) VALUES (7, 'Lily', 'Female', 21, 'Engineering'),(8, 'Jack', 'Male', 19, 'Literature');
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --user=mysqlbackup --password=MySQL@123 --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock \
--compress \--incremental \
--incremental-base=history:last_backup \
--incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \
backup[root@node5 ~]# ll /data/backup/incr2/
total 36
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 255 Feb 24 21:56 backup-my.cnf
drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:56 datadir
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 21:56 meta
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 19936 Feb 24 21:56 server-all.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 632 Feb 24 21:56 server-my.cnf
增量备份还原:
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'drop database school' #删库
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'show databases'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service #关闭mysqld服务
[root@node5 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* #清空mysql的datadir目录
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --backup-dir=/data/backup \
apply-log ##备份过程中产生的日志文件#增备apply-incremental-backup
[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr1 \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/ \
apply-incremental-backup[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --incremental-backup-dir=/data/backup/incr2 \
--backup-dir=/data/backup/ \
apply-incremental-backup[root@node5 ~]# mysqlbackup --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --backup-dir=/data/backup/ \
copy-back-and-apply-log #将几次备份搞得文件拷到datadir[root@node5 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@node5 ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@node5 ~]# mysql -e 'select * from school.stu'
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+
| 1 | Alice | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 2 | Bob | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 3 | Charlie | Male | 21 | Engineering |
| 4 | David | Female | 19 | Literature |
| 5 | Emma | Female | 20 | Mathematics |
| 6 | Tom | Male | 22 | Computer Science |
| 7 | Lily | Female | 21 | Engineering |
| 8 | Jack | Male | 19 | Literature |
+-----+---------+--------+------+------------------+