ssh远程管理
ssh是一种安全通道协议，用来实现字符界面的远程登录。远程复制，远程文本传输。
ssh对通信双方的数据进行了加密。
用户名和密码登录
密钥对认证方式（可以实现免密登录）
ssh 22 网络层 传输层
数据传输的过程中是加密的
数据在传输过程中是压缩的
一、ssh远程登录--密码认证
1、ssh [email protected] ##远程登录默认端口22
[root@localhost ~]# ssh [email protected]
The authenticity of host '192.168.168.30 (192.168.168.30)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.168.30' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Thu Jun 6 11:45:42 2024 from 192.168.168.112、ssh -p 222 [email protected] ##远程登录指定端口222
[root@test2 ~]# ssh -p 222 [email protected]
ssh: connect to host 192.168.168.30 port 222: No route to host
[root@test2 ~]# ssh -p 222 [email protected]
The authenticity of host '[192.168.168.10]:222 ([192.168.168.10]:222)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '[192.168.168.10]:222' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Thu Jun 6 11:42:01 2024 from 192.168.168.11
[root@localhost ~]# ssh分为服务端和客户端
服务端：Openssh
客户端：xshell moba
sshd 应用名称
22
ssh_config 针对客户端的配置文件
sshd_config 服务端的配置
都是配置文件，作用不同
监听地址 就是对外提供服务的地址。
端口号修改
1、vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config ##修改端口号
二、scp远程复制：把目标主机的文件复制到本机。
1、scp root@目标主机ip:/opt/xy102 /opt
把192.168.168.20的/opt目录下的xy102复制到本机的opt目录下
[root@test2 ~]# cd /opt
[root@test2 opt]# touch xy102
[root@test2 opt]# echo 456 > xy102
[root@test1 ssh]# scp [email protected]:/opt/xy102 /opt
The authenticity of host '192.168.168.20 (192.168.168.20)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.168.20' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
xy102 100% 4 4.5KB/s 00:00
[root@test1 ssh]# cd /opt
[root@test1 opt]# ls
login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz xy102
[root@test1 opt]# cat xy102
4562、复制目录： scp -r [email protected]:/opt/test1 /opt
[root@test2 opt]# mkdir test1
[root@test2 opt]# cd test1
[root@test2 test1]# touch 123
[root@test2 test1]# echo 123 > 123
[root@test1 opt]# scp -r [email protected]:/opt/test1 /opt
[email protected]'s password:
123 100% 4 4.8KB/s 00:00
[root@test1 opt]# cd test1
[root@test1 test1]# ls
123
[root@test1 test1]# cat 123
1233、复制不同端口目录： scp -rP 复制目录的端口号 [email protected]:/opt/test1 /opt
[root@test3 test1]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@test3 test1]# setenforce 0
[root@test3 test1]# vim sshd_config
[root@test3 test1]# cd /etc
[root@test3 etc]# cd ssh
[root@test3 ssh]# ls
moduli ssh_host_ecdsa_key ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
ssh_config ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub ssh_host_rsa_key
sshd_config ssh_host_ed25519_key ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
[root@test3 ssh]# vim sshd_config
[root@test3 ssh]# systemctl restart sshd
[root@test3 ssh]#
[root@test1 test1]# scp -rP 222 [email protected]:/opt/test1 /opt/
The authenticity of host '[192.168.168.30]:222 ([192.168.168.30]:222)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '[192.168.168.30]:222' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
123
[root@test1 test1]# ssh -p 22 [email protected]
ssh: connect to host 192.168.168.30 port 22: Connection refused
[root@test1 test1]# ssh -p 222 [email protected]
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Thu Jun 6 10:08:11 2024 from 192.168.168.11
[root@test3 ~]#
ssh -p 10022 [email protected]
scp [email protected]:/opt/123 /opt
scp -r 复制目录
scp -rP 指定端口复制目录
scp -P指定端口复制文件三、sftp 远程文件传输协议
Openssh包含3个功能
远程连接
远程复制
文件传输
sftp是加密的文件传输协议，传输效率比ftp低，但是更安全，语法和ftp是一样的。
1、sftp [email protected] ##远程登录默认端口
[root@test2 ~]# sftp [email protected]
The authenticity of host '192.168.168.30 (192.168.168.30)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.168.30' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
Connected to 192.168.168.30.
sftp> cd /opt
sftp> ls
login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz
[root@test2 opt]# cat 123 ##test2的文件通过sftp远程连接上传文件
123.
[root@test2 opt]# sftp [email protected]
[email protected]'s password:
Connected to 192.168.168.30.
sftp> cd /opt
sftp> ls
login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz
sftp> put 123
Uploading 123 to /opt/123
123 100% 5 7.9KB/s 00:00
[root@test3 opt]# ls ##到test3查看文件在opt目录下
123 login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz
sftp> get 456 #下载在opt目录下
Fetching /opt/456 to 456
/opt/456 100% 4 3.9KB/s 00:00
[root@test2 opt]# ls
123 456 login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz
[root@test2 opt]# cat 456
4562、sftp [email protected] ##远程登录指定端口
[root@test2 test1]# sftp -P 222 [email protected]
The authenticity of host '[192.168.168.30]:222 ([192.168.168.30]:222)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:yaufdRU2oi//z+PpV7wdWdPdTdEZT2SrypnKy30CsdY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:85:b0:7c:f3:f0:3a:95:f0:25:19:47:f4:90:46:bc:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '[192.168.168.30]:222' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]'s password:
Connected to 192.168.168.30.
sftp> cd /opt
sftp> get -r test1
Fetching /opt/test1/ to test1
Retrieving /opt/test1
/opt/test1/123 100% 4 2.5KB/s 00:00
sftp> cd test1
sftp> ls
123
sftp> get 123
Fetching /opt/test1/123 to 123
/opt/test1/123 小结：
put上传，cd进入哪个文件夹中，就是上传到哪个文件夹中
get下载，在哪个文件夹远程连接，就是下载在哪个文件夹中
put -r 文件夹，上传文件夹
get -r 文件夹，下载文件夹
sftp不同scp的是，scp -p，而sftp -P。
四、ssh密钥对认证（免密登录）
密钥：密钥是一种参数，把明文转换成密文，转换成的密文是一种算法声场的参数。
密钥的形式分为两种：对称密钥，非对称密钥
ssh 非对称密钥
ssh的加密方式：
RSA
ECDSA
DSA
加密的算法，可以指定。
1、密钥登录
1、指定加密方式：[root@test1 opt]# ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
[root@test1 opt]# ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:dfTfOfTjTFsGT+cpmQGmBlUhXziPmU5N+AuNHhB2EPQ root@test1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[ECDSA 256]---+
| .oO=*=. |
| o.B=oo |
| ooE&.o.o|
| .. X ==**|
| S + o+.*O|
| o .=.=|
| + |
| |
| |
+----[SHA256]-----+id_ecdsa 私钥文件
id ecdsa.pub 公钥文件
2、进入/root/.ssh目录下
[root@test1 opt]# cd /root/.ssh
[root@test1 .ssh]# ls
id_ecdsa id_ecdsa.pub known_hosts
[root@test1 .ssh]# 3、把test1的公钥文件传输到test3里
[root@test1 opt]# cd /root/.ssh
[root@test1 .ssh]# ls
id_ecdsa id_ecdsa.pub known_hosts
[root@test1 .ssh]# ssh-copy-id -i id_ecdsa.pub [email protected] ##默认不用加端口
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "id_ecdsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
[email protected]'s password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '[email protected]'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.4、生成ssh环境
[root@test1 .ssh]# ssh-agent bash5、直接密钥免密登录
[root@test1 .ssh]# ssh [email protected]
Last login: Thu Jun 6 14:54:00 2024 from 192.168.168.10
[root@test3 ~]# 免密登录的过程：
ssh-keygen -t ecdsa #执行加密的算法
ssh -copy -id -i id ecdsa.pub (-p 端口)
免密登录的过程:
ssh-keygen-tecdas #执行加密的算法
ssh-copy-id -iid ecdsa.pub (-p 10022) [email protected]
#把公钥文件发送到对方主机
ssh-agent bash
把密钥对进行缓存，可以自动提供身份验证，实现免密登录
ssh-add ##前面输入密码的话，需要在这输入密码
2、工具登录
[root@test3 ~]# cd .ssh
[root@test3 .ssh]# ls
authorized_keys
[root@test3 .ssh]# rm -rf *
[root@test3 .ssh]# rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@test3 .ssh]# ls
id_rsa_2048.pub
[root@test3 .ssh]# cat id_rsa_2048.pub >> authorized_keys
[root@test3 .ssh]# ls
authorized_keys id_rsa_2048.pub
[root@test3 .ssh]# chmod 600 authorized_keys到test1
[root@test1 ~]# cd .ssh/
[root@test1 .ssh]# ls
id_ecdsa id_ecdsa.pub known_hosts
[root@test1 .ssh]# rm -rf *
[root@test1 .ssh]# ls
[root@test1 .ssh]# rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@test1 .ssh]#
[root@test1 .ssh]# cat id_rsa_2048.pub >> authorized_keys
[root@test1 .ssh]# chmod 600 authorized_keys
[root@test1 .ssh]# ls
authorized_keys id_rsa_2048.pub
五、NFS共享存储服务
network file system 在计算机网络中共享文件系统的协议
计算机之间可以通过网络共享目录和文件
rpcbind：远程共享调用
nfs:共享服务
配置nfs是，要先启动调用rpcbind，再开启nfs
rpcbind端口号111
nfs 端口2049（查询不到）
1、提供网段共享文件夹服务
1、安装软件
[root@test1 opt]# yum -y install nfs-utils rpcbind2、创建共享目录
[root@test1 opt]# mkdir gongxiang
[root@test1 opt]# chmod 777 gongxiang
[root@test1 opt]# ls
gongxiang login.sh nginx-1.22.0 nginx-1.22.0.tar.gz3、[root@test1 opt]# vim /etc/exports
写入权限和网段使用
/opt/gongxiang 192.168.168.0/24(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
/opt/gongxiang 192.168.168.0/24(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
[root@test1 opt]# vim /etc/exports
[root@test1 opt]# systemctl restart rpcbind
[root@test1 opt]# systemctl restart nfs
[root@test1 opt]# showmount -e
Export list for test1:
/opt/gongxiang 192.168.168.0/244、到其他主机安装软件，重启，显示共享软件
[root@test3 ~]# yum -y install rpcbind nfs
[root@test3 ~]# systemctl restart rpcbind
[root@test3 ~]# systemctl restart nfs
[root@test3 opt]# showmount -e 192.168.168.10
Export list for 192.168.168.10:
/opt/gongxiang 192.168.168.0/245、创建文件夹，临时挂载
mkdir test1
mount 192.168.168.10:/opt/gongxiang /opt/test1永久挂载
vim /etc/fstab
192.168.168.10:/opt/gongxiang /opt/test1 nfs defaults, netdev 0 0netdev:有网络目录才能挂载成功。
/opt/gongxiang 声明本机的共享目录
192.168.233.0/24声明网段，谁可以访问本机的共享目录。（声明指定的主机可以访问共享目录 作业）
(rw,sync,no root squash）权限，共享目录的使用者的权限
"rw"表示允许读写，"ro" 表示为只读。
sync 同步写入到硬盘中（共享用户的操作。）
no_root_squash 如果客户机以root用户访问共享目录，就给你和本机的root用户一样的权限。
root_squash 客户机root登录共享目录，就会把你变成匿名用户。
all_squash 所有访问用户都映射为匿名用户或用户组
async 将数据先保存在内存缓冲区中，必要时才写入磁盘。
subtree_check（默认） 若输出目录是一个子目录，则nfs服务器将检查其父目录的权限。
no_subtree_check 即使输出目录是一个子目录，nfs服务器也不检查其父目录的权限，这样可以提高效率。
主机：
vim /etc/exports
/opt/gongxiang 192.168.168.0/24(rw,sync,no root squash）
systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs
showmount -e
查看本机共享出去的目录
客户机
安装rpcbind和nfs
systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs
showmount -e 192.168.168.10
查看目标主机暴露出的共享目录
挂载
临时
mount 192.168.233.10:/opt/gongxiang /opt/test1
永久挂载
vim /etc/fstab
192.168.168.10:/opt/gongxiang /opt/test1 nfs defaults, netdev 0 0
netdev:有网络目录才能挂载成功。
2、指定的主机可以访问共享目录
1、安装软件nfs-utils rpcbind
root@test1 opt\]# yum -y install nfs-utils rpcbind
2、创建共享文件夹gongxiang，修改权限
mkdir /opt/gongxiang
chmod 777 gongxiang
3、进入共享配置文件，写入192.168.168.20可以访问共享目录
vim /etc/exports
/opt/opt 192.168.168.20(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
4、重启服务rpcbind、nfs，展示共享目录
systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs
showmount -e
5、到指定主机192.168.168.20，安装软件，并重启服务
\[root@test3 opt\]# yum -y install nfs-utils rpcbind
systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs
showmount -e 192.168.168.10
6、创建目录ab,挂载
7、用其他用户挂载不上
8、若是网段192.168.168.0/24,可以挂载，并写入文件
\|
## 六、yum的进阶
### 1、yum的主要作用：
依赖关系
自动安装
自动升级
centos7 yum
centos 8 dnf （yum的升级版）
dnf -y install
### 2、Ubuntu
apt
apt -y install 软件=yum -y install 软件
**重启网卡命令：netplan apply**
**安装的包不一样**
**yum的包都是.rpm**
**Ubuntu的包都是.deb**
### 3、yum日志文件和缓存
日志文件和缓存/var/log/yum.log
缓存：
下载在/etc/yum.conf
安装日志/var/log/yum.conf
访问目录在/var/www/html
访问192.168.168.10展开的是默认的是/var/www/html
访问192.168.168.10/centos 7的是/usr/share///idex.html
网页版的形式做一个yum源
curl页面测试工具，后面跟上ip地址或者域名可以访问这个页面（测试web软件故障是否正常）
vsftpd
http
混合
1、\[root@test1 \~\]# yum -y remove nginx
2、/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages ##日志文件
3、
[root@test1 ~]# cd /etc/yum
[root@test1 yum]# vim /etc/yum
yum/ yum.conf yum.repos.d/
[root@test1 yum]# vim /etc/yum.conf
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0 ##不保存安装包
4、安装软件日志。
[root@test1 yum]# tail /var/log/yum.log
Jun 06 17:33:46 Erased: libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-core-4.5.0-10.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 17:33:46 Erased: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.68.el7.2.x86_64
Jun 06 17:33:46 Erased: 1:quota-4.01-17.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 17:33:47 Erased: rpcbind-0.2.0-49.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 17:34:57 Installed: rpcbind-0.2.0-49.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 17:34:57 Updated: 1:quota-nls-4.01-19.el7.noarch
Jun 06 17:34:57 Installed: 1:quota-4.01-19.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 17:34:57 Installed: 1:nfs-utils-1.3.0-0.68.el7.2.x86_64
Jun 06 19:45:44 Erased: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
Jun 06 19:45:55 Installed: 1:nginx-1.20.1-10.el7.x86_64
### 4、安装httpd
1、\[root@test1 \~\]# yum -y install httpd
2、
[root@test1 ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[root@test1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@test1 ~]# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
[root@test1 ~]# systemctl restart sshd
[root@test1 ~]# cd /var/www/html
[root@test1 html]# pwd
/var/www/html
3、此处注意有可能存在永久挂载，需要解除挂载
[root@test1 html]# mount /dev/cdrom /var/www/html/
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
4、\[root@test1 yum.repos.d\]# vim httpd.repo
[httpd]
name=123
baseurl=http://192.168.168.10/centos7
gpgcheck=0
5、
[root@test1 yum.repos.d]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@test1 html]# ls
[root@test1 html]# cd /
[root@test1 /]# umount /dev/cdrom
[root@test1 /]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@test1 html]# ls
[root@test1 html]# mkdir centos7
[root@test1 html]# ls
centos7
[root@test1 html]# mount /dev/cdrom /var/www/html/centos7/
6、
[root@test1 html]# yum clean all && yum makecache
7、
8、
访问192.168.168.10
9、\[root@test1 html\]# vim index.html
\[root@test1 html\]#
curl页面测试工具
1、\[root@test2 \~\]# curl www.baidu.com
2、
[root@test2 ~]# curl 192.168.168.10
this is apache
[root@test2 ~]# curl 192.168.168.10/centos7/
Index of /centos7
## Index of /centos7
| ![\[ICO\]](/icons/blank.gif) | [Name](?C=N;O=D) | [Last modified](?C=M;O=A) | [Size](?C=S;O=A) | [Description](?C=D;O=A) |
| *** ** * ** *** |||||
|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------|-------------------------|
| ![\[PARENTDIR\]](/icons/back.gif) | [Parent Directory](/) | | - | |
| ![\[ \]](/icons/unknown.gif) |
name=123
baseurl=ftp://192.168.168.30/centos7
gpgcheck=0
关闭防火墙、安全机制
yum clean all && yum makecache
6、yum混合源
cd /etc/yum.repo.d
vim local.repo
local
name=123
baseurl=http://192.168.168.10/centos7
gpgcheck=0
priority=2
#指定优先级，数字越大，优先级越高
net
name=456
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
priority=1
root@test2 yum.repos.d\]# yum clean all \&\& yum makecache .本地安装很快 cd /var/ftp \[root@test3 ftp\]# ls pub \[root@test3 ftp\]# mkdir centos7 \[root@test3 ftp\]# mount /dev/cdrom /var/ftp/centos7/ mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载 \[root@test3 ftp\]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ \[root@test3 yum.repos.d\]# rm -rf \* \[root@test3 yum.repos.d\]# ls \[root@test3 yum.repos.d\]# mount /dev/cdrom /var/ftp/centos7/ 注意永久挂载 \[root@test3 yum.repos.d\]# systemctl restart vsftpd \[root@test3 yum.repos.d\]# vim local.repo \[local
name=123
baseurl=ftp://192.168.168.30/centos7
gpgcheck=0
关闭防火墙、安全机制
yum clean all && yum makecache
6、yum混合源
cd /etc/yum.repo.d
vim local.repo
local
name=123
baseurl=http://192.168.168.10/centos7
gpgcheck=0
priority=2
#指定优先级，数字越大，优先级越高
net
name=456
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
priority=1
root@test2 yum.repos.d\]# yum clean all \&\& yum makecache .本地安装很快