高阶类型
如在Iterable新增泛型方法时
interface Iterable<T> {
fun filter(p: (T) -> Boolean): Iterable<T>
fun remove(p: (T) -> Boolean): Iterable<T> = filter { x -> !p(x) }
}对应的List、Set实现上述方法时仍需要返回具体的类型
interface List<T> : Iterable<T> {
fun filter(p: (T) -> Boolean): List<T>
fun remove(p: (T) -> Boolean): List<T> = filter { x -> !p(x) }
}
interface Set<T> : Iterable<T> {
fun filter(p: (T) -> Boolean): Set<T>
fun remove(p: (T) -> Boolean): Set<T> = filter { x -> !p(x) }
}使用高阶类型可以解决上述问题，高阶类型指的是用类型构造新类型，Kotlin可以通过扩展实现高阶类型（下面例子都是根据这个来实现）
interface Kind<out F, out A>
sealed class List<out A> : Kind<List.K, A> {
object K
}
inline fun <A> Kind<List.K, A>.unwrap(): List<A> = this as List<A>
object Nil : List<Nothing>()
data class Cons<A>(val head: A, val tail: List<A>) : List<A>()- Kind<out F, out A>表示类型构造器F应用类型参数A产生的新类型，F实际上不能携带类型参数
- List.K是List的高阶类型，也就是说传入不同的A，根据List.K会有不同类型
- unwrap()将Kind<List.K, A>类型转为List<A>进行操作
- Nil为空列表用作尾部，Cons由元素head和及其指向tail构成的链表
Functor
Functor的map()：通过f()方法将Kind<F, A>类型转为Kind<F, B>类型
interface Functor<F> {
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.map(f: (A) -> B): Kind<F, B>
}
object ListFunctor : Functor<List.K> {
override fun <A, B> Kind<List.K, A>.map(f: (A) -> B): Kind<List.K, B> {
return when (this) {
is Cons -> {
val t = (this.tail.map(f)).unwrap()
Cons<B>(f(this.head), t)
}
else -> Nil
}
}
}使用方法如下，将Con<Int>转为了Con<String>
val cons: Cons<Int> = Cons(1, Nil)
println(cons.head::class)
println(cons.tail)
ListFunctor.run {
val cons2: Cons<String> = cons.map { it.toString() } as Cons<String>
println(cons2.head::class)
println(cons2.tail)
}打印如下
class kotlin.Int
com.demo.demo1.Nil@5361555
class kotlin.String
com.demo.demo1.Nil@5361555Eq和ListEq
Eq
Eq根据传入的类型参数，对其制定比较规则
interface Eq<F> {
fun F.eq(that: F): Boolean
}
object IntEq : Eq<Int> {
override fun Int.eq(that: Int): Boolean {
return this == that
}
}如上，对于Int，判断值是否相等，使用方法如下
IntEq.run {
val a = 1
println(a.eq(1))
println(a.eq(2))
}打印如下
true
falseListEq
ListEq可根据指定类型参数的比较规则，实现对两个List比较
abstract class ListEq<A>(val a: Eq<A>) : Eq<Kind<List.K, A>> {
override fun Kind<List.K, A>.eq(that: Kind<List.K, A>): Boolean {
val curr = this
return if (curr is Cons && that is Cons) {
val headEq = a.run {
curr.head.eq(that.head)
}
if (headEq) curr.tail.eq(that.tail) else false
} else curr is Nil && that is Nil
}
}
object IntListEq : ListEq<Int>(IntEq)如上，实现IntListEq，使用方法如下
IntListEq.run {
val a = Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))
val b = Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))
val c = Cons(1, Nil)
println(a.eq(b))
println(a.eq(c))
}打印如下
true
falseshow和Foldable
Show
show根据传入的类型参数，对其制定输出规则
interface Show<F> {
fun F.show(): String
}
class Book(val name: String)
object BookShow : Show<Book> {
override fun Book.show(): String = this.name
}如上，对于Book，输出name属性，调用方法如下
BookShow.run {
println(Book("Dive into Kotlin").show())
}打印如下
Dive into KotlinFoldable
Foldable根据传入的类型参数，对其进行拼接（不太能理解这个fold的实现。。。）
interface Foldable<F> {
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.fold(init: B): ((B, A) -> B) -> B
}
object ListFoldable : Foldable<List.K> {
override fun <A, B> Kind<List.K, A>.fold(init: B): ((B, A) -> B) -> B = { f ->
fun fold0(l: List<A>, v: B): B {
return when (l) {
is Cons -> {
fold0(l.tail, f(v, l.head))
}
else -> v
}
}
fold0(this.unwrap(), init)
}
}ListShow
abstract class ListShow<A>(val a: Show<A>) : Show<Kind<List.K, A>> {
override fun Kind<List.K, A>.show(): String {
val fa = this
return "[" + ListFoldable.run {
fa.fold(listOf<String>())({ r, i ->
r + a.run { i.show() }
}).joinToString() + "]"
}
}
}
object BookListShow : ListShow<Book>(BookShow)调用方法如下
BookListShow.run {
println(
Cons(
Book("Dive into Kotlin"),
Cons(Book("Thinking in Java"), Nil)
).show()
)
}打印如下
[Dive into Kotlin, Thinking in Java]Monoid
Monoid满足结合律和同一律
interface Monoid<A> {
fun zero(): A
fun A.append(b: A): A
}如对于字符串Monoid
-
结合律：("A"+"B")+"C" == "A"+("B"+"C")
-
同一律："A"+"" == "A"
object StringConcatMonoid : Monoid<String> {
override fun zero(): String = ""override fun String.append(b: String): String = this + b}
fun List.sum(ma: Monoid): A {
val fa = this
return ListFoldable.run {
fa.fold(ma.zero())({ s, i ->
ma.run {
s.append(i)
}
})
}
}
使用方式如下
println(
Cons(
"Dive ",
Cons(
"into ",
Cons("Kotlin", Nil)
)
).sum(StringConcatMonoid)
)打印如下
Dive into KotlinMonad
Monad包含了最小的原始操作集合pure()和flatMap()，通过这两个组合，我们可以实现更复杂的数据转换操作
interface Monad<F> {
fun <A> pure(a: A): Kind<F, A>
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.flatMap(f: (A) -> Kind<F, B>): Kind<F, B>
}如下实现ListMonad
object ListMonad : Monad<List.K> {
private fun <A> append(fa: Kind<List.K, A>, fb: Kind<List.K, A>): Kind<List.K, A> {
return if (fa is Cons) {
Cons(fa.head, append(fa.tail, fb).unwrap())
} else {
fb
}
}
override fun <A> pure(a: A): Kind<List.K, A> {
return Cons(a, Nil)
}
override fun <A, B> Kind<List.K, A>.flatMap(f: (A) -> Kind<List.K, B>): Kind<List.K, B> {
val fa = this
val empty: Kind<List.K, B> = Nil
return ListFoldable.run {
fa.fold(empty)({ r, l ->
append(r, f(l))
})
}
}
}Applicative
数学上3中代数结构关系如下Functor -> Applicative -> Monad
interface Functor<F> {
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.map(f: (A) -> B): Kind<F, B>
}
interface Applicative<F> : Functor<F> {
fun <A> pure(a: A): Kind<F, A>
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.ap(f: Kind<F, (A) -> B>): Kind<F, B>
override fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.map(f: (A) -> B): Kind<F, B> {
return ap(pure(f))
}
}
interface Monad<F> : Applicative<F> {
fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.flatMap(f: (A) -> Kind<F, B>): Kind<F, B>
override fun <A, B> Kind<F, A>.ap(f: Kind<F, (A) -> B>): Kind<F, B> {
return f.flatMap { fn ->
this.flatMap { a ->
pure(fn(a))
}
}
}
}Option和OptionT
Kotlin中没有checked Exception，而是使用类型代替异常处理错误