鲁莽先生什么都不管
鲁莽先生打开电脑,安装一堆东西,噼里啪啦敲了一堆代码,叽里呱啦说了一堆话,然后累了就回家睡觉了。
这可把好奇先生的兴趣勾起来,他怎么也睡不着。好奇先生打开电脑,看了看鲁莽先生留下的代码和可执行文件,然后开始研究起来。
好奇先生第一次见到Lisp
好奇先生看到了一堆括号,他不知道这是什么,但是他知道这是一种编程语言,于是他开始查资料,了解到这是一种叫做Lisp的语言。
这个语言最大的特点就是括号,括号里面是函数名,括号外面是参数。因为括号很多,Lisp也被称为Lots of Irritating Silly Parentheses(许多令人烦恼的愚蠢括号)。
真是好玩啊!好奇先生想,真想要试试看。
好奇先生按照鲁莽先生的说明,安装SBCL,然后打开REPL,输入了一行代码:
shell
This is SBCL 2.4.6, an implementation of ANSI Common Lisp.
More information about SBCL is available at <http://www.sbcl.org/>.
SBCL is free software, provided as is, with absolutely no warranty.
It is mostly in the public domain; some portions are provided under
BSD-style licenses. See the CREDITS and COPYING files in the
distribution for more information.
* (+ 1 2)
3
好的,这下可以做加法啦!实际上,Lisp的加法可以加多个数:
lisp
(+ 1 2 3 4 5 6)
21
这不是很好理解吗?括号里面是一个列表,列表的第一个元素是+
,后面的元素是被加的数字。画出来就是这样的:
1 2 3 4 5 6 +
这不算什么,好奇先生想,我可以用Lisp来做更复杂的事情。
lisp
(+ 1 (* 2 3) (- 4 5))
6
再按照上面的方法画出来:
1 2 3 4 5 + * -
1 + 2 * 3 + (4 - 5) = 6 ,结果是6。其实很直观!
好奇先生觉得自己完全懂了:每个列表第一个元素是要干什么,后面的元素是对谁干。而且,后面的元素也可以是列表,这个列表的第一个元素同样是要干什么,后面的元素是对谁干。
好奇先生更好奇了
好奇先生觉得自己完全懂了,Lisp的代码就是一个括号套住的内容(包括括号本身),可以称为表达式(expression),表达式的左边一个括号,右边一个括号,中间是一个操作符(operator)和零个或多个操作数(operand)。
BNF
<left_parenthesis> = "("
<right_parenthesis> = ")"
<expression> ::= <left_parenthesis> <operator> <operand>* <right_parenthesis>
<operand> ::= <expression> | <???>
这个<operator>
是什么?这个<operand>
是什么?到底是几个?为什么还能是0个?这个<???>
是什么?好奇先生更好奇了。
好奇先生继续研究
好奇先生因为很好奇,早就学过无数种编程语言,他能理解这个<operator>
是一个函数或者方法或者操作符,比如+
、-
、*
、/
、sin
、cos
、tan
、sqrt
、log
、exp
等等。而这个<operand>
是一个值,或者一个变量。当然,无论是值或者变量,其实都有一个很本质的含义,就是内存中的一块区域,这个区域在某些程序设计语言中,表达为地址头、内存长度,这两个两可以完全定位这个区域。但是在Lisp中,到底是什么呢?
Lisp的数据类型
好奇先生查了一下,Lisp中貌似就只有两类大类数据类型:列表(list)和原子(atom)。
- 列表
- 由括号括起来的列表
- 列表的元素可以是列表
- 列表的元素可以是atom
listp
可以判断是否是列表
- Atom,中文直译为原子,在这里可以理解为不可再分的最小单位,比如:
- 数字,
numberp
可以判断是否是数字 - 字符串,
stringp
可以判断是否是字符串 - 符号,
symbolp
可以判断是否是符号 - 函数,
functionp
可以判断是否是函数
- 数字,
通过这些操作符(函数)就能够探索各种对象
的类型。好奇先生对自己的说法又有了亿点点更多的好奇。对象
?什么对象?Lisp里面操作的是什么?好奇先生继续研究。
Lisp中的字面量
字面量,就是直接表示的值,比如1
、"hello"
、'a
、t
、nil
、:my-key
等等。这些值是直接表示的,不需要计算,不需要解释,不需要转换,就是它们自己。实际上,这些值就是Lisp中基本被操作的对象
。并非是面向对象编程中的对象。
那么,跟C中间每个量实际上都是一块内存区域是否一样呢?好奇先生不停地问出新问题。
啊,问题太多了,太多啦!好奇先生觉得自己的好奇心已经被点燃了,他决定继续研究,继续探索,继续学习。
好奇先生工具箱
好奇先生每次到第一个新地方,总是最先想知道公共交通能到哪里,所以在打探一个新的编程语言时,他总是先找找有没有什么探索工具可以用。
比如上面的type-of
,以及哪些判断类型的命令。此外,lisp
还有一些其他的工具,比如:
list-all-packages
,可以列出所有的包do-external-symbols
,可以遍历一个包中的所有符号apropos
,可以找到一个符号的定义
好奇先生最喜欢这种工具箱!用这些工具,他就能探索这个SBCL世界!
packages
Common Lisp中的包(package)是一种组织符号的方式,可以把符号分组,然后通过包的名字来访问这些符号。比如,cl-user
包中有+
这个符号,那么我们可以通过cl-user:+
来访问这个符号。
lisp
(apropos 'list-all-packages)
;; LIST-ALL-PACKAGES (fbound)
;; NIL
好像没有提供太多的信息。
lisp
(list-all-packages)
;; (#<PACKAGE "QUICKLISP-CLIENT"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/FILESYSTEM">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/SYMBOLS"> #<PACKAGE "IMPL-SPECIFIC-GRAY">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-IMPL"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/DRIVER"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/INSPECTOR">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-WALKER"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/FIND-COMPONENT"> #<PACKAGE "SB-MOP">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/PACKAGE"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/BACKWARD-INTERNALS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/TYPES/FORMAT-OPTIONS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-MKCL">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-BIGNUM"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/PACKAGES">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/BACKWARD-DRIVER"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/UTILS">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/LAUNCH-PROGRAM"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/THREADS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/FOOTER"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SESSION"> #<PACKAGE "SB-REGALLOC">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-CMUCL"> #<PACKAGE "SB-PCL"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CCL">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-EXT"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/OPERATE"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/RANGE">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/FILE"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/RUN-PROGRAM">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/DEFINITION"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/PARSE-DEFSYSTEM">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/COMPLETIONS"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/STREAMS">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-DIST-USER"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/FILE"> #<PACKAGE "QL-INFO">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-SYS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CONFIG"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/UTILS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/STREAMS"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/TYPES/SEM-TOKENS">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-DISASSEM"> #<PACKAGE "BORDEAUX-THREADS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/PACKET"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/MESSAGE/RESPONSE">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-FASL"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/UTILITY"> #<PACKAGE "JSON-SYSTEM">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-SETUP"> #<PACKAGE "SB-POSIX"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/PARSE/TOKENIZER">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/FIND-SYSTEM"> #<PACKAGE "SB-UNICODE">
;; #<PACKAGE "FLEXI-STREAMS-SYSTEM"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/CONCATENATE-SOURCE">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-DEBUG"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/FORMAT"> #<PACKAGE "QL-UTIL">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-LOCKLESS"> #<PACKAGE "SB-ALIEN-INTERNALS">
;; #<PACKAGE "BORDEAUX-THREADS-2"> #<PACKAGE "SB-ALIEN">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALEXANDRIA-2"> #<PACKAGE "QL-SCL"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/USER">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/TYPES"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/THREADS">
;; #<PACKAGE "SPLIT-SEQUENCE"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/COMPONENT">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/FORCING"> #<PACKAGE "QL-GUNZIPPER"> #<PACKAGE "SB-INTROSPECT">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/STREAM"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/PACKAGE-INFERRED-SYSTEM">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-PRETTY"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/SOURCE-REGISTRY">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-SEQUENCE"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/SYSTEM-REGISTRY">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-APROF"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/POSITION"> #<PACKAGE "SB-PROFILE">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/COMPILE-MESSAGE"> #<PACKAGE "ALEXANDRIA">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/OS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-NETWORK"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/LISP-ACTION">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/HOVER"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/SYMBOL">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/PLAN"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LOGGER"> #<PACKAGE "SB-C">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-BUNDLE"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/PATHNAME"> #<PACKAGE "SB-BSD-SOCKETS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/TEXT-EDIT"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/SESSION"> #<PACKAGE "JSON">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SELECTION"> #<PACKAGE "QL-HTTP"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/INTERFACE">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/OUTPUT-TRANSLATIONS"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/PARSE">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-MINITAR"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/ACTION"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/VERSION">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/MESSAGE/REQUEST"> #<PACKAGE "SB-THREAD">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-SBCL"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/BUNDLE"> #<PACKAGE "KEYWORD">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/EVAL"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/PARSE/FORMS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/MESSAGE/ABSTRACT"> #<PACKAGE "SB-LOOP">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-DI"> #<PACKAGE "SB-UNIX"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/CONFIGURATION">
;; #<PACKAGE "UIOP/IMAGE"> #<PACKAGE "SB-IMPL"> #<PACKAGE "SB-GRAY">
;; #<PACKAGE "COMMON-LISP-USER"> #<PACKAGE "SB-BROTHERTREE">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/OPERATION"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/DEBUGGER">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-IMPL-UTIL"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/PARSE/TOKEN">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/SEM-ANALYSIS"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/MACROS">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-LISPWORKS"> #<PACKAGE "SB-VM"> #<PACKAGE "GLOBAL-VARS">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-ASSEM"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/COMMON-LISP">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/TYPES/CONFIG-ITEM"> #<PACKAGE "TRIVIAL-GARBAGE">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/BACKWARD-INTERFACE"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/TYPES/RESTART-INFO">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-FORMAT"> #<PACKAGE "ASDF/UPGRADE"> #<PACKAGE "SB-INT">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-CLISP"> #<PACKAGE "USOCKET"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/PARSE/FORM">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/MESSAGE/NOTIFICATION"> #<PACKAGE "SB-WIN32">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SYMBOLS"> #<PACKAGE "SB-EVAL"> #<PACKAGE "SB-X86-64-ASM">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-MEZZANO"> #<PACKAGE "QL-PROGRESS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-ALLEGRO">
;; #<PACKAGE "COMMON-LISP"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SERVER">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/MESSAGE/FORMAT-UTILS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CDB">
;; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/ERRORS"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/FRAMES"> #<PACKAGE "JSON-RPC">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-CLASP"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/LISP-BUILD"> #<PACKAGE "SB-KERNEL">
;; #<PACKAGE "FLEXI-STREAMS"> #<PACKAGE "TRIVIAL-GRAY-STREAMS">
;; #<PACKAGE "ASDF/SYSTEM"> #<PACKAGE "QL-DIST"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/LSP/ERRORS">
;; #<PACKAGE "QL-ECL"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/ASDF">
;; #<PACKAGE "SB-BSD-SOCKETS-INTERNAL"> #<PACKAGE "QL-ABCL">)
原来好奇先生已经安装这么多有用的(或者没用的)包。
还可以自己定义一个包,并且看看自己定义的包是不是能被找到。好奇先生看到结果,高兴得不得了。
lisp
(let ((before (list-all-packages)))
(make-package 'temp)
(set-difference (list-all-packages) before))
;; (#<PACKAGE "TEMP">)
当然,我们还可以查找一个包,这里用的是find-package
。
lisp
(find-package 'cl-user)
(find-package :cl-user)
(find-package "CL-USER")
这三种形式都可以,只是注意,最后那个用字符串的方式,必须是大写的。太麻烦,好奇先生动动手指,写了一个函数。
lisp
(defun find-package-ignore-case (name)
"Find a package by name, ignoring case"
(if (stringp name)
(find-package (string-upcase name))
(find-package name)))
这下子,就可以直接忽视大小写了。那么,能不能用一个包的名字的一部分来查找一个包呢?好奇先生又动动手指,写了一个函数。
lisp
(defun part-in-list-p (part list)
"Return true if any element of list contains part"
(find-if (lambda (x) (search part x)) list))
(defun find-package-with-part (part)
"Find a package by part of its name or nickname"
(let ((result '())
(part-upcase (string-upcase part)))
(dolist (package (list-all-packages))
(if (or (search part-upcase (package-name package))
(part-in-list-p part-upcase (package-nicknames package)))
(push package result)))
result))
第一个函数,用来在一个列表中找到是否包含一个字符串,如果包含,就返回真。第二个函数,用来查找一个包的名字或者别名中是否包含一个字符串。
lisp
(find-package-with-part "cl")
; (#<PACKAGE "QL-ABCL"> #<PACKAGE "QL-ECL"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CLASP">
; #<PACKAGE "COMMON-LISP"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CLISP"> #<PACKAGE "UIOP/COMMON-LISP">
; #<PACKAGE "COMMON-LISP-USER"> #<PACKAGE "QL-SBCL"> #<PACKAGE "JSON">
; #<PACKAGE "QL-SCL"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/STREAMS">
; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/FILE"> #<PACKAGE "QL-CCL"> #<PACKAGE "SB-PCL">
; #<PACKAGE "QL-CMUCL"> #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/THREADS"> #<PACKAGE "QL-MKCL">
; #<PACKAGE "ALIVE/SBCL/SYMBOLS"> #<PACKAGE "QUICKLISP-CLIENT">)
现在,好奇先生对自己系统中的包了如指掌,完全满足了他的部分好奇心,因为好奇先生的好奇先生是无穷无尽的!知道自己的系统中有这么多包之后,好奇先生的好奇心简直要爆炸了,每个包里到底有什么?
包里有什么呢?当然是symbols
粗鲁先生看到好奇先生噼里啪啦地敲着键盘,嘴里念念有词,突然听到一句"包里有什么呢?",他大声回答:"当然是符号啦!"好奇先生听到这个回答,觉得很有道理,于是他开始查找一个包里面的所有符号。
lisp
;; list all external symbols in a package
(defun dir (package)
(let ((result '())
(len 0))
(do-external-symbols (s package (values result len))
; (format t "~a~%" s)
(push s result)
(incf len))))
因为这就像是列出一个目录的文件,好奇先生当然把这个函数命名为dir
。
lisp
(dir (find-package 'cl))
; (READ-BYTE FIND-PACKAGE ROUND LET* +++ COPY-SYMBOL BREAK ARRAY
; LISP-IMPLEMENTATION-TYPE PPRINT-FILL REMHASH FILE-LENGTH FLOOR
; MOST-POSITIVE-LONG-FLOAT STRING= BOOLE-C1 LOGNAND BIT-IOR
; SYNONYM-STREAM-SYMBOL STANDARD-GENERIC-FUNCTION
; GET-INTERNAL-REAL-TIME DESCRIBE-OBJECT IN-PACKAGE SET
; *COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME* ISQRT PROBE-FILE UNION VECTOR MEMBER-IF-NOT
; LOGBITP STREAM-ERROR-STREAM APPEND NSUBLIS PATHNAME
; SET-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER CDAADR PROG SYNONYM-STREAM CONJUGATE
; LOGTEST SPECIAL NIL DOUBLE-FLOAT-EPSILON SHADOW TRACE SYMBOL-PLIST
; CADAR DELETE-FILE COPY-ALIST PATHNAME-DIRECTORY SIN SHIFTF
; STANDARD-METHOD TYPE PROG1 FLOAT-SIGN BIT-AND PLUSP COMPILER-MACRO
; NOT STREAM-ELEMENT-TYPE CADDDR STRING<= ADJOIN REMPROP CHAR-EQUAL
; RETURN-FROM LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-SHORT-FLOAT BOOLE-CLR LCM
; POSITION HANDLER-CASE COMPUTE-APPLICABLE-METHODS DEFMETHOD BOOLE-1
; CONTROL-ERROR CLASS CHAR-LESSP DELETE-PACKAGE
; BROADCAST-STREAM-STREAMS LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-DOUBLE-FLOAT NULL
; FIFTH EXP WITH-OUTPUT-TO-STRING FTRUNCATE LAST STRING-CAPITALIZE
; MAPCON CDDDDR LOGORC2 PRINT-OBJECT >= USER-HOMEDIR-PATHNAME
; *MODULES* CAAADR SLOT-MISSING RATIONALIZE TANH BIT-EQV ///
; ROW-MAJOR-AREF *LOAD-PATHNAME* *PRINT-ESCAPE* READTABLE-CASE NCONC
; BOOLE-2 STANDARD-CLASS SIMPLE-BIT-VECTOR COUNT-IF BOOLE-SET
; DEFPARAMETER ZEROP DYNAMIC-EXTENT FILE-STRING-LENGTH STRUCTURE
; RPLACD SET-MACRO-CHARACTER CHAR/= SYMBOL-MACROLET CAAAR // *PACKAGE*
; WITH-OPEN-FILE DEFSTRUCT TWO-WAY-STREAM ASSOC-IF-NOT SHORT-FLOAT
; EXTENDED-CHAR < READ-CHAR-NO-HANG LOGAND ECHO-STREAM-INPUT-STREAM T
; CHAR< FUNCTION BOOLE-ORC2 *MACROEXPAND-HOOK* STRING/= FBOUNDP /
; RASSOC EVAL-WHEN CLRHASH WARN AND LISTEN RANDOM-STATE
; SPECIAL-OPERATOR-P SYMBOL-PACKAGE COMPILATION-SPEED *LOAD-PRINT*
; PPRINT-POP SEARCH LONG-FLOAT-EPSILON *TERMINAL-IO* CDDDAR
; ADJUST-ARRAY MAKE-PATHNAME KEYWORD MERGE NO-APPLICABLE-METHOD
; *PRINT-PPRINT-DISPATCH* VECTOR-POP SEQUENCE BIGNUM POP CHAR SETQ MOD
; SIMPLE-STRING-P CERROR MAKE-ECHO-STREAM STRING-NOT-LESSP
; *PRINT-BASE* UPDATE-INSTANCE-FOR-DIFFERENT-CLASS
; FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW HASH-TABLE-REHASH-THRESHOLD INCF LDB-TEST
; LIST MEMBER-IF ARRAY-HAS-FILL-POINTER-P OPEN-STREAM-P THIRD &WHOLE
; BIT-NOT GENSYM CCASE BOOLE-XOR SET-SYNTAX-FROM-CHAR DOLIST
; ALPHANUMERICP STRING-STREAM MOST-NEGATIVE-SINGLE-FLOAT ELT TRUENAME
; NSTRING-DOWNCASE LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-SINGLE-FLOAT *READ-BASE*
; NSET-DIFFERENCE THROW PHASE THE BIT-ANDC1 ASSERT ACOS
; WILD-PATHNAME-P CDR DIGIT-CHAR-P MACROEXPAND-1 NSET-EXCLUSIVE-OR
; TYPECASE PPRINT-INDENT CDADR CLASS-NAME COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME
; FDEFINITION RASSOC-IF APROPOS-LIST INTEGER-LENGTH *READ-SUPPRESS*
; UNLESS NSTRING-CAPITALIZE FTYPE BUILT-IN-CLASS ** MAKE-CONDITION
; STRING ENCODE-UNIVERSAL-TIME BIT-ANDC2 HASH-TABLE-SIZE CELL-ERROR
; ATANH RATIONALP NAME-CHAR SET-DIFFERENCE BIT-NAND CONDITION
; CHAR-GREATERP &OPTIONAL DISASSEMBLE ERROR CADDR SAFETY CHAR-CODE
; WARNING ENDP *PRINT-RADIX* STANDARD-OBJECT MAPCAN PATHNAMEP
; TWO-WAY-STREAM-OUTPUT-STREAM FMAKUNBOUND ARRAY-ROW-MAJOR-INDEX
; SUBSEQ LOAD DELETE-IF-NOT UNBOUND-SLOT-INSTANCE LOGORC1 OPTIMIZE
; STRING< STABLE-SORT NSUBSTITUTE DIGIT-CHAR ENOUGH-NAMESTRING
; BYTE-POSITION PPRINT-LOGICAL-BLOCK SUBSTITUTE-IF TAILP
; FLOATING-POINT-INEXACT EQL FIND-METHOD FLET ARRAY-TOTAL-SIZE-LIMIT
; UNUSE-PACKAGE RATIO LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT
; GET-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER MAKE-SEQUENCE NBUTLAST NRECONC MACROLET
; CHAR<= MINUSP PRINT-UNREADABLE-OBJECT LOWER-CASE-P STANDARD
; HASH-TABLE-COUNT FLOAT-PRECISION REVAPPEND CALL-ARGUMENTS-LIMIT
; READ-FROM-STRING UNDEFINED-FUNCTION COPY-READTABLE ASIN
; DEFINE-SETF-EXPANDER HANDLER-BIND
; LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT PPRINT-TAB NUNION REALP
; POSITION-IF BOOLE-ANDC1 ABORT NUMBER DECLAIM COMPILED-FUNCTION-P
; PACKAGE-USED-BY-LIST CHAR-NOT-LESSP WITH-INPUT-FROM-STRING
; SIMPLE-WARNING STORE-VALUE *COMPILE-VERBOSE* DELETE-DUPLICATES
; MOST-NEGATIVE-FIXNUM DELETE AREF DEFUN STREAM-ERROR BOOLE-C2
; PPRINT-LINEAR MULTIPLE-VALUE-SETQ FILE-STREAM STRING-TRIM
; REMOVE-IF-NOT UNREAD-CHAR OTHERWISE DESCRIBE RPLACA WRITE-SEQUENCE
; MIN SOFTWARE-VERSION *PRINT-LEVEL* SECOND CHECK-TYPE PPRINT BUTLAST
; BASE-CHAR COMPLEXP PATHNAME-NAME SLOT-UNBOUND ODDP PRIN1-TO-STRING
; STRING-RIGHT-TRIM COMPILE-FILE ++ FILE-ERROR-PATHNAME PRINC
; GET-PROPERTIES MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM MAKE-LOAD-FORM-SAVING-SLOTS
; REALPART DIRECTORY CDADAR CONSTANTLY
; FLOATING-POINT-INVALID-OPERATION NOTANY PATHNAME-MATCH-P DECF MEMBER
; MULTIPLE-VALUE-PROG1 DEFGENERIC IDENTITY CHAR-CODE-LIMIT VECTOR-PUSH
; DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO + GETF LEAST-NEGATIVE-LONG-FLOAT CHAR-DOWNCASE
; LEAST-NEGATIVE-DOUBLE-FLOAT SINGLE-FLOAT-NEGATIVE-EPSILON
; ADJUSTABLE-ARRAY-P SUBTYPEP *FEATURES* NUMBERP FILE-ERROR
; POSITION-IF-NOT > DEFPACKAGE PPRINT-DISPATCH
; MOST-POSITIVE-SINGLE-FLOAT SUBSTITUTE-IF-NOT COMPILED-FUNCTION LOG
; DO* PARSE-INTEGER SIMPLE-ERROR LEAST-NEGATIVE-SINGLE-FLOAT
; DEFINE-COMPILER-MACRO LOGANDC2 KEYWORDP FIND-ALL-SYMBOLS BIT-ORC1
; *PRINT-CIRCLE* ARRAY-DIMENSION-LIMIT CAAR SPACE DOCUMENTATION
; UPGRADED-COMPLEX-PART-TYPE STREAM PROGRAM-ERROR PUSHNEW MASK-FIELD
; CHARACTERP LDIFF DIRECTORY-NAMESTRING LOOP-FINISH DPB
; CHAR-NOT-GREATERP LENGTH LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-SINGLE-FLOAT
; DRIBBLE SLOT-VALUE PPRINT-TABULAR SIMPLE-BASE-STRING SIGNED-BYTE
; PACKAGE-ERROR-PACKAGE DEFINE-MODIFY-MACRO SHORT-SITE-NAME
; ARRAY-RANK-LIMIT CODE-CHAR FUNCALL DEPOSIT-FIELD MAKE-ARRAY ED
; COPY-PPRINT-DISPATCH BIT-ORC2 LOGICAL-PATHNAME FIND-SYMBOL
; WRITE-STRING DO WRITE-BYTE CHAR-NOT-EQUAL MAPLIST BOOLEAN
; ECHO-STREAM MAPL NSUBST-IF DEFTYPE EVAL USE-VALUE
; TRANSLATE-LOGICAL-PATHNAME PRINT-NOT-READABLE-OBJECT PROG2
; SUBSTITUTE *PRINT-PRETTY* TENTH FFLOOR STRING-NOT-EQUAL
; INVOKE-RESTART-INTERACTIVELY /= DO-SYMBOLS MAP-INTO CTYPECASE
; MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND FOURTH CAADR MOST-NEGATIVE-SHORT-FLOAT &BODY
; BOOLE *TRACE-OUTPUT* LOAD-LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS
; SHORT-FLOAT-NEGATIVE-EPSILON ACOSH ALPHA-CHAR-P SIMPLE-ARRAY
; PACKAGE-NAME RANDOM APROPOS DEBUG HASH-TABLE-P OR INVOKE-DEBUGGER
; PRINT-NOT-READABLE CHAR-INT MAKE-SYNONYM-STREAM
; MAKE-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER SIMPLE-BIT-VECTOR-P COUNT FILL
; IGNORE-ERRORS LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-SHORT-FLOAT
; LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS DO-ALL-SYMBOLS REVERSE MAKUNBOUND SOME
; DECODE-UNIVERSAL-TIME SHORT-FLOAT-EPSILON COMPILER-MACRO-FUNCTION
; RETURN PATHNAME-VERSION SUBLIS FIND-IF *STANDARD-INPUT*
; MAKE-INSTANCE CLEAR-INPUT SINGLE-FLOAT-EPSILON MAKE-SYMBOL IMPORT
; *PRINT-GENSYM* LET CADDAR BIT-VECTOR NSTRING-UPCASE
; UPGRADED-ARRAY-ELEMENT-TYPE MULTIPLE-VALUE-LIST NUMERATOR =
; SIMPLE-VECTOR-P SCALE-FLOAT ARITHMETIC-ERROR-OPERANDS PROG*
; BOOLE-NAND UNTRACE INPUT-STREAM-P PSETF READTABLE METHOD-QUALIFIERS
; FILE-POSITION USE-PACKAGE SYMBOL-VALUE NEXT-METHOD-P SIMPLE-STRING
; GRAPHIC-CHAR-P STREAMP CDDAAR CALL-NEXT-METHOD
; MOST-NEGATIVE-DOUBLE-FLOAT FILE-AUTHOR WHEN TYPE-OF BIT-NOR CHAR>
; SINGLE-FLOAT ENSURE-GENERIC-FUNCTION PI *RANDOM-STATE* PSETQ EQ
; HASH-TABLE EVENP *PRINT-RIGHT-MARGIN* OPEN REQUIRE GENTEMP
; *READTABLE* MAKE-STRING-OUTPUT-STREAM CDAR LOGEQV DEFINE-CONDITION
; CLASS-OF SIMPLE-CONDITION-FORMAT-CONTROL STANDARD-CHAR PACKAGE-ERROR
; LOAD-TIME-VALUE PACKAGE 1- PROGV STORAGE-CONDITION <= FORMATTER
; FILE-WRITE-DATE BOOLE-NOR UPDATE-INSTANCE-FOR-REDEFINED-CLASS TAN
; END-OF-FILE IMAGPART BIT-VECTOR-P EQUAL FIND-CLASS DEFMACRO Y-OR-N-P
; REST PATHNAME-DEVICE FUNCTION-KEYWORDS SET-EXCLUSIVE-OR NAMESTRING
; HASH-TABLE-REHASH-SIZE GET-DECODED-TIME *COMPILE-PRINT*
; CELL-ERROR-NAME INTEGERP ABS FLOAT-DIGITS SIMPLE-VECTOR
; MOST-NEGATIVE-LONG-FLOAT FIND-RESTART IF REMF
; DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION SHADOWING-IMPORT COMPLEX GO
; WITH-HASH-TABLE-ITERATOR SET-PPRINT-DISPATCH CONCATENATED-STREAM
; TYPE-ERROR-DATUM SLOT-MAKUNBOUND LEAST-POSITIVE-SINGLE-FLOAT
; MAKE-INSTANCES-OBSOLETE SORT NSUBST PRINC-TO-STRING
; TYPE-ERROR-EXPECTED-TYPE VALUES-LIST YES-OR-NO-P FLOAT-RADIX SIGNUM
; READ-SEQUENCE *BREAK-ON-SIGNALS* MULTIPLE-VALUES-LIMIT CONCATENATE
; PPRINT-NEWLINE COPY-TREE &REST &ENVIRONMENT METHOD-COMBINATION-ERROR
; *GENSYM-COUNTER* STRUCTURE-CLASS ETYPECASE PARSE-ERROR
; STRING-DOWNCASE * MAP SUBST-IF *DEBUG-IO* STRING-LEFT-TRIM SYMBOL
; LONG-FLOAT-NEGATIVE-EPSILON PAIRLIS STRINGP LOOP LOGIOR VECTORP
; BROADCAST-STREAM WITH-SLOTS CATCH MAKE-RANDOM-STATE FORMAT COPY-SEQ
; STRING-LESSP APPLY REM CALL-METHOD IGNORE CONSP SYMBOLP
; *PRINT-LENGTH* READ-DELIMITED-LIST SBIT READER-ERROR RESTART-CASE
; PPRINT-EXIT-IF-LIST-EXHAUSTED FUNCTION-LAMBDA-EXPRESSION SIXTH FIND
; SYMBOL-FUNCTION LOGNOT TRANSLATE-PATHNAME VALUES MACHINE-INSTANCE
; STRING-UPCASE CADADR PEEK-CHAR *PRINT-READABLY* RESTART-BIND ASSOC
; INTERACTIVE-STREAM-P SINH CDDAR UNBOUND-SLOT STRING> GCD PACKAGEP
; UPPER-CASE-P TRUNCATE RENAME-FILE CADAAR BOOLE-IOR
; INITIALIZE-INSTANCE MAKE-STRING STANDARD-CHAR-P &AUX NSUBSTITUTE-IF
; DECLARE CDDR CLOSE ARRAY-DISPLACEMENT WRITE INTEGER CHAR>= VARIABLE
; MERGE-PATHNAMES WITH-SIMPLE-RESTART BYTE-SIZE ASH COMPILE IGNORABLE
; NOTEVERY MISMATCH INVALID-METHOD-ERROR FORCE-OUTPUT
; REMOVE-DUPLICATES UNSIGNED-BYTE MAKE-METHOD RESTART-NAME BOOLE-AND
; FINISH-OUTPUT UNWIND-PROTECT BOOLE-EQV *PRINT-CASE* WITH-ACCESSORS
; *PRINT-ARRAY* SVREF ARRAY-DIMENSIONS - METHOD DEFVAR SEVENTH
; MOST-POSITIVE-DOUBLE-FLOAT REMOVE-METHOD PATHNAME-TYPE TIME BOUNDP
; LAMBDA-PARAMETERS-LIMIT ROTATEF LONG-SITE-NAME LOCALLY
; DIVISION-BY-ZERO SLOT-BOUNDP SIMPLE-CONDITION BOTH-CASE-P
; GET-MACRO-CHARACTER LIST-ALL-PACKAGES STRUCTURE-OBJECT MAKE-LIST
; SIMPLE-CONDITION-FORMAT-ARGUMENTS BOOLE-ORC1 MAKE-HASH-TABLE
; FIND-IF-NOT COPY-LIST CEILING GETHASH BYTE
; CONCATENATED-STREAM-STREAMS DELETE-IF *QUERY-IO* PUSH
; FLOATING-POINT-OVERFLOW ROOM TYPEP FRESH-LINE PRINT REMOVE NREVERSE
; MAPHASH DO-EXTERNAL-SYMBOLS ECHO-STREAM-OUTPUT-STREAM COND NTH LISTP
; FLOAT ARRAYP SHARED-INITIALIZE ASSOC-IF EQUALP ALLOCATE-INSTANCE BIT
; BOOLE-ANDC2 HOST-NAMESTRING CONS BASE-STRING
; ARITHMETIC-ERROR-OPERATION NSUBSTITUTE-IF-NOT RANDOM-STATE-P
; NSUBST-IF-NOT READ-LINE READ-CHAR TERPRI MAKE-BROADCAST-STREAM
; SUBSETP MULTIPLE-VALUE-CALL MAKE-LOAD-FORM STRING-EQUAL
; VECTOR-PUSH-EXTEND MAKE-STRING-INPUT-STREAM TREE-EQUAL CAADDR GET
; EXPT CONTINUE LEAST-POSITIVE-LONG-FLOAT TAGBODY STRING-NOT-GREATERP
; OUTPUT-STREAM-P BIT-XOR CLEAR-OUTPUT RASSOC-IF-NOT
; REINITIALIZE-INSTANCE SXHASH SIMPLE-TYPE-ERROR
; LEAST-POSITIVE-SHORT-FLOAT INVOKE-RESTART RESTART EXPORT QUOTE
; ADD-METHOD PACKAGE-USE-LIST COPY-STRUCTURE TYPE-ERROR
; PARSE-NAMESTRING PATHNAME-HOST READ-PRESERVING-WHITESPACE CASE
; ARRAY-TOTAL-SIZE INSPECT LIST* COMPUTE-RESTARTS DEFCONSTANT
; DENOMINATOR PROCLAIM MACHINE-VERSION LONG-FLOAT CDADDR CAR READ
; MAKE-TWO-WAY-STREAM GENERIC-FUNCTION DEFSETF LABELS ATAN
; ARRAY-ELEMENT-TYPE PACKAGE-SHADOWING-SYMBOLS COUNT-IF-NOT
; ARITHMETIC-ERROR MOST-POSITIVE-SHORT-FLOAT CDDADR LDB
; HASH-TABLE-TEST *DEFAULT-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS* LAMBDA
; LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-DOUBLE-FLOAT MACRO-FUNCTION
; WRITE-TO-STRING REPLACE REMOVE-IF SUBST-IF-NOT ARRAY-RANK MAX INLINE
; LOGXOR INTERNAL-TIME-UNITS-PER-SECOND NTH-VALUE
; DOUBLE-FLOAT-NEGATIVE-EPSILON COSH SCHAR NINTERSECTION SATISFIES
; REDUCE ECASE INTERN CDAAR LOGNOR *** INTERSECTION SPEED STRING>=
; DECLARATION *LOAD-VERBOSE* *PRINT-LINES* LEAST-POSITIVE-DOUBLE-FLOAT
; RATIONAL UNBOUND-VARIABLE CHAR-UPCASE FILL-POINTER SLEEP PRIN1 1+
; COMPLEMENT INTEGER-DECODE-FLOAT EVERY RENAME-PACKAGE
; GET-INTERNAL-RUN-TIME UNEXPORT STREAM-EXTERNAL-FORMAT
; ARRAY-IN-BOUNDS-P WITH-PACKAGE-ITERATOR LISP-IMPLEMENTATION-VERSION
; CAADAR DOTIMES CIS ENSURE-DIRECTORIES-EXIST CHAR-NAME MUFFLE-WARNING
; *DEBUGGER-HOOK* FIRST ASINH CONSTANTP DOUBLE-FLOAT
; *READ-DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT* DEFCLASS STEP METHOD-COMBINATION
; WITH-CONDITION-RESTARTS PROVIDE *STANDARD-OUTPUT* MACHINE-TYPE NINTH
; SQRT COS LOGANDC1 PACKAGE-NICKNAMES FUNCTIONP NO-NEXT-METHOD MAPC
; CHARACTER CDDDR NOTINLINE MAKE-CONCATENATED-STREAM REAL CDAAAR
; GET-SETF-EXPANSION SLOT-EXISTS-P BLOCK WRITE-LINE CHANGE-CLASS SUBST
; WRITE-CHAR READTABLEP NTHCDR SOFTWARE-TYPE
; TWO-WAY-STREAM-INPUT-STREAM MAKE-PACKAGE ACONS
; LEAST-NEGATIVE-SHORT-FLOAT FLOATP CAAAAR MAPCAR LOGCOUNT ATOM
; FCEILING ARRAY-DIMENSION DECODE-FLOAT SERIOUS-CONDITION SYMBOL-NAME
; STRING-GREATERP SIGNAL *ERROR-OUTPUT* *COMPILE-FILE-TRUENAME*
; FILE-NAMESTRING *PRINT-MISER-WIDTH* UNINTERN GET-UNIVERSAL-TIME
; LIST-LENGTH CADR FIXNUM WITH-STANDARD-IO-SYNTAX WITH-OPEN-STREAM
; DESTRUCTURING-BIND *LOAD-TRUENAME* FROUND WITH-COMPILATION-UNIT
; EIGHTH SETF &KEY PROGN LAMBDA-LIST-KEYWORDS STYLE-WARNING
; &ALLOW-OTHER-KEYS CHAR= MACROEXPAND GET-OUTPUT-STREAM-STRING COERCE
; *READ-EVAL*)
;
(nth-value 1 (dir (find-package 'cl)))
; 978
天啦天啦天啦,这个common-lisp
包里居然有978个可供外部访问的符号!好奇先生简直要疯了!
好奇先生想要对每一个符号使用describe
,并且把所有的符号都输出到一个文件里,于是他写了一个函数。
lisp
;; print all symbols and doc strings in a file
(defun dir-package (package)
"List all external symbols in a package and their doc strings in a file"
(let ((sorted-names (sort (dir package) #'string<))
(fn (format nil "~a.md" package)))
(with-open-stream (s (open fn :direction :output :if-exists :supersede))
;; header line
(format s "# ~a external symbols~%~%~%" package)
;; list all external symbols
(let ((index 1))
(dolist (name sorted-names)
(format s "~d. [~A](#~A)~%" index name name)
(incf index)))
(format s "~%~%")
;; describe all external symbols
(dolist (name sorted-names)
(format s "## `~a`~%~%" name)
(format s "```lisp~%")
(describe name s)
(format s "```~%")))))
这下好了,好奇先生有一个markdown
文件,里面包含了所有的符号和他们的文档字符串。好奇先生对这个文件简直是爱不释手。
markdown
# CL external symbols
1. [&ALLOW-OTHER-KEYS](#&ALLOW-OTHER-KEYS)
2. [&AUX](#&AUX)
3. [&BODY](#&BODY)
4. [&ENVIRONMENT](#&ENVIRONMENT)
5. [&KEY](#&KEY)
6. [&OPTIONAL](#&OPTIONAL)
7. [&REST](#&REST)
8. [&WHOLE](#&WHOLE)
9. [*](#*)
10. [**](#**)
11. [***](#***)
12. [*BREAK-ON-SIGNALS*](#*BREAK-ON-SIGNALS*)
13. [*COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME*](#*COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME*)
14. [*COMPILE-FILE-TRUENAME*](#*COMPILE-FILE-TRUENAME*)
15. [*COMPILE-PRINT*](#*COMPILE-PRINT*)
16. [*COMPILE-VERBOSE*](#*COMPILE-VERBOSE*)
17. [*DEBUG-IO*](#*DEBUG-IO*)
18. [*DEBUGGER-HOOK*](#*DEBUGGER-HOOK*)
19. [*DEFAULT-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS*](#*DEFAULT-PATHNAME-DEFAULTS*)
20. [*ERROR-OUTPUT*](#*ERROR-OUTPUT*)
21. [*FEATURES*](#*FEATURES*)
22. [*GENSYM-COUNTER*](#*GENSYM-COUNTER*)
23. [*LOAD-PATHNAME*](#*LOAD-PATHNAME*)
24. [*LOAD-PRINT*](#*LOAD-PRINT*)
25. [*LOAD-TRUENAME*](#*LOAD-TRUENAME*)
26. [*LOAD-VERBOSE*](#*LOAD-VERBOSE*)
27. [*MACROEXPAND-HOOK*](#*MACROEXPAND-HOOK*)
28. [*MODULES*](#*MODULES*)
29. [*PACKAGE*](#*PACKAGE*)
30. [*PRINT-ARRAY*](#*PRINT-ARRAY*)
31. [*PRINT-BASE*](#*PRINT-BASE*)
32. [*PRINT-CASE*](#*PRINT-CASE*)
33. [*PRINT-CIRCLE*](#*PRINT-CIRCLE*)
34. [*PRINT-ESCAPE*](#*PRINT-ESCAPE*)
35. [*PRINT-GENSYM*](#*PRINT-GENSYM*)
...
## `YES-OR-NO-P`
COMMON-LISP:YES-OR-NO-P
[symbol]
YES-OR-NO-P names a compiled function:
Lambda-list: (&OPTIONAL FORMAT-STRING &REST ARGUMENTS)
Declared type: (FUNCTION
(&OPTIONAL (OR STRING NULL FUNCTION) &REST T)
(VALUES BOOLEAN &OPTIONAL))
Derived type: (FUNCTION (&OPTIONAL T &REST T)
(VALUES BOOLEAN &OPTIONAL))
Documentation:
YES-OR-NO-P is similar to Y-OR-N-P, except that it clears the
input buffer, beeps, and uses READ-LINE to get the strings
YES or NO.
Source file: SYS:SRC;CODE;QUERY.LISP
## `ZEROP`
COMMON-LISP:ZEROP
[symbol]
ZEROP names a compiled function:
Lambda-list: (NUMBER)
Declared type: (FUNCTION (NUMBER) (VALUES BOOLEAN &OPTIONAL))
Derived type: (FUNCTION (T) (VALUES BOOLEAN &OPTIONAL))
Documentation:
Is this number zero?
Known attributes: foldable, flushable, unsafely-flushable, movable
Source file: SYS:SRC;CODE;NUMBERS.LISP
这个文件实在太长了,只能每个人都产生了在自己电脑上查看。
好奇先生的部分好奇心暂时得到完全的满足,他有一整套工具对自己的Lisp系统进行探索。真是太棒了!
总结
- 包是Lisp中的一个重要概念,它可以帮助我们组织符号。
- 一个包可以包含很多符号,我们可以通过
do-external-symbols
来遍历一个包中的所有符号。 - 一个符号可以有文档字符串,我们可以通过
describe
来查看一个符号的文档字符串。 - 对于Lisp的学习,应该尽快建立
REPL
工具,然后用Lisp来探索Lisp。