项目：构建高可用、负载均衡的高效Web服务器

hotslow2024-09-15 9:14

一、项目需求

实现高可用，防止单点故障，实现负载均衡

负载均衡：将流量分摊给一个或多个后端服务器，提高公司业务的可用性、方便业务后期的水平动态扩展。

二、项目描述

本项目旨在构建一个集高可用性、负载均衡、高效Web服务及缓存技术于一体的综合解决方案， 以显著提升Web应用的可靠性、性能和响应速度。通过精细规划和实施，我们成功搭建了一个能够应对高并 发访问、确保业务连续性的Web应用架构。

三、设备要求

准备四台主机

1.准备两台主机实现keepalived+haproxy

第一台主机：

第二台主机：

2.准备两台主机作为后端服务器（realserver）

第一台主机：

第二台主机：

四、搭建

4.1 基础设置

注：四台主机都需同样的操作，也可以准备好一台主机，再克隆，修改IP，hostname即可

1.配置网络

ka1：

bash 复制代码 
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.addresses 172.25.254.30/24
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.gateway 172.25.254.2
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 ipv4.method manual 
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify ens160 connection.autoconnect yes
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up ens160 
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/12)

ka2：

bash 复制代码 
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection 
connection]
id=ens160
type=ethernet
interface-name=ens160

[ethernet]

[ipv4]
address1=172.25.254.40/24,172.25.254.2
dns=114.114.114.114;
method=manual

[ipv6]
addr-gen-mode=eui64
method=auto

[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection reload 
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up ens160

注意：分别使用两种方式更改IP

realserver1：172.25.254.101

realserver2：172.25.254.102

使用上面的方式修改IP

2.配置软件仓库

bash 复制代码 
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /rhel9
[root@localhost ~]# echo /dev/sr0 /rhel9 >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local 
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local 
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /rhel9
mount: /rhel9: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.

3.设置主机名和本地解析

bash 复制代码 
[root@ka1 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname ka1.lm.org
[root@ka2 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname ka2.lm.org

4.2 搭建高可用负载均衡集群

1.安装keepalived，haproxy

ka1，ka2主机都需此操作

bash 复制代码 
[root@ka1 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname ka1
[root@ka1 ~]# dnf install -y keepalived
[root@ka1 ~]# dnf install -y haproxy
# 开机自启
[root@ka1 ~]# systemctl enable --now haproxy
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/haproxy.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/haproxy.service.
[root@ka1 ~]# systemctl enable --now keepalived
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.

2.修改keepalived和haproxy配置文件

ka1

bash 复制代码 
[root@ka1 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
global_defs {
   notification_email {
        3041609716@qq.com
   }
   notification_email_from keepalived@lm.org
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id ka1.lm.org
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
   #vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval 0
   vrrp_gna_interval 0
}
vrrp_script check_haproxy {
    script "/etc/keepalived/scripts/haproxy.sh"
    interval 1
    weight -30
    fall 2
    rise 2
    timeout 2
}
vrrp_instance web1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 100
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.100 dev ens160 label ens160:1
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }
}
vrrp_instance web2 {
    state SLAVE
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 200
    priority 80
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.200 dev ens160 label ens160:2
    }

    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }
}

[root@ka1 ~]# vim /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg 
listen webcluster1
    bind 172.25.254.100:80
    server web1 172.25.254.101:80 check
    server web2 172.25.254.102:80 check
listen webcluster2
    bind 172.25.254.200:80
    server web1 172.25.254.101:80 check
    server web2 172.25.254.102:80 check

ka2

bash 复制代码 
# 40
[root@ka2 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
global_defs {
   notification_email {
        3041609716@qq.com
   }
   notification_email_from keepalived@lm.org
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id ka1.lm.org
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
   #vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval 0
   vrrp_gna_interval 0
}
vrrp_script check_haproxy {
    script "/etc/keepalived/scripts/haproxy.sh"
    interval 1
    weight -30
    fall 2
    rise 2
    timeout 2
}
vrrp_instance web1 {
    state SLAVE
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 100
    priority 80
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.100/24 dev ens160 label ens160:1
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }
}
vrrp_instance web2 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 200
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.200 dev ens160 label ens160:2
    }
    track_script {
        check_haproxy
    }
}
[root@ka1 ~]# vim /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg 
listen webcluster1
    bind 172.25.254.100:80
    server web1 172.25.254.101:80 check
    server web2 172.25.254.102:80 check
listen webcluster2
    bind 172.25.254.200:80
    server web1 172.25.254.101:80 check
    server web2 172.25.254.102:80 check

3.修改内核参数

bash 复制代码 
[root@ka1 ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf 
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
[root@ka1 ~]# sysctl -p
[root@ka2 ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf 
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
[root@ka2 ~]# sysctl -p
bash 复制代码 
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname realserver1
[root@realserver1 ~]# dnf install -y nginx
[root@realserver1 ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@realserver1 ~]# echo 172.25.254.101 > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@realserver1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.101
172.25.254.101

4.3 后端服务器设置

realserver1，realserver2都是几乎相同的操作

bash 复制代码 
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname realserver1
[root@realserver1 ~]# dnf install -y nginx
[root@realserver1 ~]# echo 172.25.254.101 > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@realserver1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.101
172.25.254.101


[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname realserver2
[root@realserver2 ~]# dnf install -y nginx
[root@realserver2 ~]# echo 172.25.254.102 > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@realserver2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.102
172.25.254.102

4.4 测试

bash 复制代码 
[root@ka1 ~]# ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.30  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fef1:9875  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:f1:98:75  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3109  bytes 211759 (206.7 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 3775  bytes 227206 (221.8 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens160:1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.100  netmask 255.255.255.255  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 00:0c:29:f1:98:75  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102
bash 复制代码 
[root@ka2 ~]# ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.40  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed5:289d  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:d5:28:9d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 306952  bytes 22903523 (21.8 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 560789  bytes 37705879 (35.9 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens160:2: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.200  netmask 255.255.255.255  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 00:0c:29:d5:28:9d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
[root@ka2 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102

模拟故障：

关闭ka1的keepalived

[root@ka1 ~]# systemctl stop keepalived
[root@ka1 ~]# ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.30  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fef1:9875  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:f1:98:75  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 927274  bytes 72325472 (68.9 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 1854187  bytes 129793327 (123.7 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0



[root@ka2 ~]# ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.40  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed5:289d  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:d5:28:9d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 683628  bytes 53310970 (50.8 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 1365919  bytes 95613730 (91.1 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens160:1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.100  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 00:0c:29:d5:28:9d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

ens160:2: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.200  netmask 255.255.255.255  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 00:0c:29:d5:28:9d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)


# 即使发生故障，依然可以成功访问
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.100
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.102
[root@ka1 ~]# curl 172.25.254.200
172.25.254.101
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