Week 1 Grammar and Vocabulary
Monday
Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense
Explanation:
The present perfect tense connects the past with the present. It's used to describe:
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Actions that started in the past and continue to the present:
- Example: "I have lived in this city for five years." (I started living here five years ago and still live here.)
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Actions completed at an unspecified time before now:
- Example: "She has visited France." (The exact time isn't specified.)
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Recent actions with present relevance:
- Example: "They have just finished their homework."
Formation:
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Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle
- I have eaten breakfast.
- He has gone to work.
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Negative: Subject + have/has not + past participle
- I haven't seen that movie.
- She hasn't finished her project.
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Question: Have/Has + subject + past participle?
- Have you visited London?
- Has he called you?
Common Time Expressions Used:
- Ever , never , already , yet , just , since , for , recently , so far , up to now
Examples:
- I have already eaten lunch.
- They haven't seen the new film yet.
- How long have you known her?
Vocabulary: Everyday Activities
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Commute (verb/noun) - To travel regularly between home and work/school.
- She commutes to the city every day.
- His commute takes an hour each way.
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Grocery shopping (noun) - Buying food and household items from a store.
- I need to do the grocery shopping this afternoon.
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Chores (noun) - Routine tasks, especially around the house.
- He helps with household chores on weekends.
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Schedule (noun) - A plan that lists times for specific tasks or events.
- My schedule is packed today.
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Deadline (noun) - The latest time or date by which something should be completed.
- We have a deadline to meet by Friday.
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Appointment (noun) - An arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place.
- I have a dentist appointment tomorrow.
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Exercise (verb/noun) - Physical activity to improve health and fitness.
- She exercises three times a week.
- Regular exercise is important for health.
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Relax (verb) - To rest and reduce stress.
- I like to relax by reading a book.
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Meal prep (noun) - The act of preparing meals in advance.
- Meal prep saves time during the week.
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Routine (noun) - A regular way of doing things.
- Having a morning routine helps me start the day right.
Tuesday
Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense
Explanation:
The past perfect tense is used to show that one past action happened before another past action.
- Usage: To indicate the sequence of events in the past.
Formation:
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Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
- She had left before the party started.
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Negative: Subject + had not (hadn't) + past participle
- They hadn't finished their meal when the waiter brought the bill.
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Question: Had + subject + past participle?
- Had you seen the movie before you read the book?
Examples:
- By the time I arrived, he had already gone home.
- They hadn't visited the museum before last weekend.
- Had she studied English before moving to the UK?
Common Time Expressions Used:
- Before , after , by the time , already , just , never
Vocabulary: Emotions and Feelings
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Ecstatic (adjective) - Extremely happy and excited.
- She was ecstatic about her new job.
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Anxious (adjective) - Feeling worried or nervous.
- He felt anxious before the exam.
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Frustrated (adjective) - Feeling annoyed because you cannot achieve something.
- She was frustrated with the delays.
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Content (adjective) - Satisfied; pleased.
- He felt content after a good meal.
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Envious (adjective) - Feeling jealousy towards someone else's possessions or achievements.
- She was envious of her friend's new car.
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Bewildered (adjective) - Confused and puzzled.
- He looked bewildered by the complex instructions.
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Relieved (adjective) - Feeling happy because something unpleasant didn't happen.
- They were relieved when the test was over.
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Overwhelmed (adjective) - Feeling like you have too much to handle.
- She felt overwhelmed by the workload.
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Elated (adjective) - Extremely happy.
- He was elated after winning the prize.
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Apprehensive (adjective) - Worried about something that might happen.
- She was apprehensive about the interview.
Wednesday
Grammar Focus: Future Forms
English has several ways to express future actions:
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Will (Simple Future)
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Be going to
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Present Continuous
1. Using "Will":
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Usage:
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Spontaneous decisions:
- "I'm thirsty." "I will get you some water."
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Predictions based on opinion:
- I think it will rain tomorrow.
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Promises or offers:
- I will help you with your homework.
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Formation:
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Affirmative: Subject + will + base verb
- She will arrive at noon.
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Negative: Subject + will not (won't) + base verb
- They won't come to the party.
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Question: Will + subject + base verb?
- Will you join us?
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2. Using "Be going to":
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Usage:
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Plans or intentions made before speaking:
- I am going to start a new course.
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Predictions based on evidence:
- Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
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Formation:
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Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are going to + base verb
- They are going to travel next month.
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Negative: Subject + am/is/are not (isn't/aren't) going to + base verb
- He isn't going to attend the meeting.
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Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base verb?
- Are you going to buy a new car?
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3. Using Present Continuous for Future Arrangements:
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Usage: For fixed arrangements, especially when the time and place are decided.
- I am meeting my friend at 6 PM.
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Formation:
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Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb ending in -ing
- She is leaving tomorrow.
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Negative: Subject + am/is/are not (isn't/aren't) + verb ending in -ing
- We aren't having class next week.
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Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb ending in -ing?
- Is he coming to the party?
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Note on Differences:
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Will is often used for decisions made at the moment of speaking and for general future predictions.
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Be going to emphasizes prior plans or intentions and predictions based on present evidence.
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Present Continuous is for definite arrangements, often involving others and with specified times.
Vocabulary: Technology
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) (noun) - Simulation of human intelligence by machines.
- AI is revolutionizing many industries.
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Algorithm (noun) - A set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps.
- Social media platforms use complex algorithms.
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Bandwidth (noun) - The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
- Streaming high-quality videos requires more bandwidth.
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Cybersecurity (noun) - Protection of computer systems from theft or damage.
- Cybersecurity is crucial for protecting personal data.
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Cloud Computing (noun) - Internet-based computing where resources are shared.
- Companies use cloud computing for data storage.
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Innovate (verb) - To introduce something new.
- We need to innovate to stay competitive.
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Encryption (noun) - Converting information into code to prevent unauthorized access.
- Emails can be protected with encryption.
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Gadget (noun) - A small device or tool.
- Smartphones are versatile gadgets.
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User Interface (UI) (noun) - The space where interactions between humans and machines occur.
- A friendly user interface improves user experience.
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Virtual Reality (VR) (noun) - A simulated experience that can be similar to or different from the real world.
- Virtual reality is used in gaming and training simulations.
Thursday
Grammar Focus: Conditional Sentences Type 1 & 2
Conditional sentences express a condition and its result. They consist of two clauses: the if-clause (condition) and the main clause (result).
Type 1 Conditional: Real and Possible Situations
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Usage: For real and possible situations in the present or future.
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Structure:
- If + present simple , will + base verb
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Examples:
- If it rains , we will cancel the picnic.
- She will arrive on time if she leaves now.
Type 2 Conditional: Hypothetical Situations
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Usage: For unreal or improbable situations in the present or future.
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Structure:
- If + past simple , would + base verb
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Examples:
- If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world.
- She would attend the party if she were invited.
Notes:
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With "to be" in Type 2, "were" is used for all subjects in formal English.
- If I were taller, I would play basketball.
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The if-clause can come first or second:
- We will go to the beach if it is sunny.
- If it is sunny, we will go to the beach.
Vocabulary: Idioms and Phrasal Verbs
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Break down (phrasal verb) - To stop functioning.
- My car broke down yesterday.
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Cut corners (idiom) - To do something poorly to save time or money.
- Don't cut corners on quality.
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Hit the books (idiom) - To study intensely.
- I need to hit the books tonight.
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Give up (phrasal verb) - To stop trying.
- He gave up smoking.
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Piece of cake (idiom) - Something very easy.
- The test was a piece of cake.
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Look forward to (phrasal verb) - To be excited about a future event.
- I'm looking forward to the concert.
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Run out of (phrasal verb) - To have none left.
- We've run out of milk.
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Spill the beans (idiom) - To reveal a secret.
- She spilled the beans about the surprise.
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Turn down (phrasal verb) - To reject.
- He turned down the job offer.
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Under the weather (idiom) - Feeling ill.
- She's under the weather today.
Friday
Grammar Focus: Review of the Week
On Friday, revisit all the grammar topics:
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Present Perfect Tense
- Practice forming sentences and questions.
- Use time expressions like already , yet , just.
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Past Perfect Tense
- Practice sentences showing the sequence of past events.
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Future Forms
- Compare will , going to , and present continuous.
- Practice choosing the correct form based on context.
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Conditional Sentences Type 1 & 2
- Write your own examples.
- Transform sentences from Type 1 to Type 2.
Vocabulary Review
Reinforce the 40 new words and expressions:
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Activities:
- Flashcards: Test yourself on definitions.
- Matching Exercises: Match words to meanings.
- Sentence Writing: Use each word in a new sentence.
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Writing Task:
- Essay: Write a 200-word essay incorporating at least 15 of the vocabulary words.
Sample Essay Prompt:
Write about a day in your life incorporating vocabulary from the week.
Example Vocabulary Usage:
- I commute to work every day, but yesterday my car broke down , so I had to give up on reaching the office before the deadline.