英语强化第一周

Week 1 Grammar and Vocabulary

Monday

Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense

Explanation:

The present perfect tense connects the past with the present. It's used to describe:

Actions that started in the past and continue to the present:
- Example: "I have lived in this city for five years." (I started living here five years ago and still live here.)
Actions completed at an unspecified time before now:
- Example: "She has visited France." (The exact time isn't specified.)
Recent actions with present relevance:
- Example: "They have just finished their homework."

Formation:

Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle
- I have eaten breakfast.
- He has gone to work.
Negative: Subject + have/has not + past participle
- I haven't seen that movie.
- She hasn't finished her project.
Question: Have/Has + subject + past participle?
- Have you visited London?
- Has he called you?

Common Time Expressions Used:

Ever , never , already , yet , just , since , for , recently , so far , up to now

Examples:

I have already eaten lunch.
They haven't seen the new film yet.
How long have you known her?

Vocabulary: Everyday Activities

Commute (verb/noun) - To travel regularly between home and work/school.
- She commutes to the city every day.
- His commute takes an hour each way.
Grocery shopping (noun) - Buying food and household items from a store.
- I need to do the grocery shopping this afternoon.
Chores (noun) - Routine tasks, especially around the house.
- He helps with household chores on weekends.
Schedule (noun) - A plan that lists times for specific tasks or events.
- My schedule is packed today.
Deadline (noun) - The latest time or date by which something should be completed.
- We have a deadline to meet by Friday.
Appointment (noun) - An arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place.
- I have a dentist appointment tomorrow.
Exercise (verb/noun) - Physical activity to improve health and fitness.
- She exercises three times a week.
- Regular exercise is important for health.
Relax (verb) - To rest and reduce stress.
- I like to relax by reading a book.
Meal prep (noun) - The act of preparing meals in advance.
- Meal prep saves time during the week.
Routine (noun) - A regular way of doing things.
- Having a morning routine helps me start the day right.

Tuesday

Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense

Explanation:

The past perfect tense is used to show that one past action happened before another past action.

Usage: To indicate the sequence of events in the past.

Formation:

Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
- She had left before the party started.
Negative: Subject + had not (hadn't) + past participle
- They hadn't finished their meal when the waiter brought the bill.
Question: Had + subject + past participle?
- Had you seen the movie before you read the book?

Examples:

By the time I arrived, he had already gone home.
They hadn't visited the museum before last weekend.
Had she studied English before moving to the UK?

Common Time Expressions Used:

Before , after , by the time , already , just , never

Vocabulary: Emotions and Feelings

Ecstatic (adjective) - Extremely happy and excited.
- She was ecstatic about her new job.
Anxious (adjective) - Feeling worried or nervous.
- He felt anxious before the exam.
Frustrated (adjective) - Feeling annoyed because you cannot achieve something.
- She was frustrated with the delays.
Content (adjective) - Satisfied; pleased.
- He felt content after a good meal.
Envious (adjective) - Feeling jealousy towards someone else's possessions or achievements.
- She was envious of her friend's new car.
Bewildered (adjective) - Confused and puzzled.
- He looked bewildered by the complex instructions.
Relieved (adjective) - Feeling happy because something unpleasant didn't happen.
- They were relieved when the test was over.
Overwhelmed (adjective) - Feeling like you have too much to handle.
- She felt overwhelmed by the workload.
Elated (adjective) - Extremely happy.
- He was elated after winning the prize.
Apprehensive (adjective) - Worried about something that might happen.
- She was apprehensive about the interview.

Wednesday

Grammar Focus: Future Forms

English has several ways to express future actions:

Will (Simple Future)
Be going to
Present Continuous

1. Using "Will":

Usage:
- Spontaneous decisions:
  - "I'm thirsty." "I will get you some water."
- Predictions based on opinion:
  - I think it will rain tomorrow.
- Promises or offers:
  - I will help you with your homework.
Formation:
- Affirmative: Subject + will + base verb
  - She will arrive at noon.
- Negative: Subject + will not (won't) + base verb
  - They won't come to the party.
- Question: Will + subject + base verb?
  - Will you join us?

2. Using "Be going to":

Usage:
- Plans or intentions made before speaking:
  - I am going to start a new course.
- Predictions based on evidence:
  - Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
Formation:
- Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are going to + base verb
  - They are going to travel next month.
- Negative: Subject + am/is/are not (isn't/aren't) going to + base verb
  - He isn't going to attend the meeting.
- Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base verb?
  - Are you going to buy a new car?

3. Using Present Continuous for Future Arrangements:

Usage: For fixed arrangements, especially when the time and place are decided.
- I am meeting my friend at 6 PM.
Formation:
- Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb ending in -ing
  - She is leaving tomorrow.
- Negative: Subject + am/is/are not (isn't/aren't) + verb ending in -ing
  - We aren't having class next week.
- Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb ending in -ing?
  - Is he coming to the party?

Note on Differences:

Will is often used for decisions made at the moment of speaking and for general future predictions.
Be going to emphasizes prior plans or intentions and predictions based on present evidence.
Present Continuous is for definite arrangements, often involving others and with specified times.

Vocabulary: Technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI) (noun) - Simulation of human intelligence by machines.
- AI is revolutionizing many industries.
Algorithm (noun) - A set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps.
- Social media platforms use complex algorithms.
Bandwidth (noun) - The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
- Streaming high-quality videos requires more bandwidth.
Cybersecurity (noun) - Protection of computer systems from theft or damage.
- Cybersecurity is crucial for protecting personal data.
Cloud Computing (noun) - Internet-based computing where resources are shared.
- Companies use cloud computing for data storage.
Innovate (verb) - To introduce something new.
- We need to innovate to stay competitive.
Encryption (noun) - Converting information into code to prevent unauthorized access.
- Emails can be protected with encryption.
Gadget (noun) - A small device or tool.
- Smartphones are versatile gadgets.
User Interface (UI) (noun) - The space where interactions between humans and machines occur.
- A friendly user interface improves user experience.
Virtual Reality (VR) (noun) - A simulated experience that can be similar to or different from the real world.
- Virtual reality is used in gaming and training simulations.

Thursday

Grammar Focus: Conditional Sentences Type 1 & 2

Conditional sentences express a condition and its result. They consist of two clauses: the if-clause (condition) and the main clause (result).

Type 1 Conditional: Real and Possible Situations

Usage: For real and possible situations in the present or future.
Structure:
- If + present simple , will + base verb
Examples:
- If it rains , we will cancel the picnic.
- She will arrive on time if she leaves now.

Type 2 Conditional: Hypothetical Situations

Usage: For unreal or improbable situations in the present or future.
Structure:
- If + past simple , would + base verb
Examples:
- If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world.
- She would attend the party if she were invited.

Notes:

With "to be" in Type 2, "were" is used for all subjects in formal English.
- If I were taller, I would play basketball.
The if-clause can come first or second:
- We will go to the beach if it is sunny.
- If it is sunny, we will go to the beach.

Vocabulary: Idioms and Phrasal Verbs

Break down (phrasal verb) - To stop functioning.
- My car broke down yesterday.
Cut corners (idiom) - To do something poorly to save time or money.
- Don't cut corners on quality.
Hit the books (idiom) - To study intensely.
- I need to hit the books tonight.
Give up (phrasal verb) - To stop trying.
- He gave up smoking.
Piece of cake (idiom) - Something very easy.
- The test was a piece of cake.
Look forward to (phrasal verb) - To be excited about a future event.
- I'm looking forward to the concert.
Run out of (phrasal verb) - To have none left.
- We've run out of milk.
Spill the beans (idiom) - To reveal a secret.
- She spilled the beans about the surprise.
Turn down (phrasal verb) - To reject.
- He turned down the job offer.
Under the weather (idiom) - Feeling ill.
- She's under the weather today.

Friday

Grammar Focus: Review of the Week

On Friday, revisit all the grammar topics:

Present Perfect Tense
- Practice forming sentences and questions.
- Use time expressions like already , yet , just.
Past Perfect Tense
- Practice sentences showing the sequence of past events.
Future Forms
- Compare will , going to , and present continuous.
- Practice choosing the correct form based on context.
Conditional Sentences Type 1 & 2
- Write your own examples.
- Transform sentences from Type 1 to Type 2.

Vocabulary Review

Reinforce the 40 new words and expressions:

Activities:
- Flashcards: Test yourself on definitions.
- Matching Exercises: Match words to meanings.
- Sentence Writing: Use each word in a new sentence.
Writing Task:
- Essay: Write a 200-word essay incorporating at least 15 of the vocabulary words.

Sample Essay Prompt:

Write about a day in your life incorporating vocabulary from the week.

Example Vocabulary Usage:

I commute to work every day, but yesterday my car broke down , so I had to give up on reaching the office before the deadline.