1. 创建型模式
1.1 单例模式（Singleton Pattern）
单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例，并提供一个全局访问点。
java
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;
private Singleton() {
// 私有构造函数
}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
synchronized (Singleton.class) {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
}
}
return instance;
}
}1.2 工厂模式（Factory Pattern）
工厂模式定义了一个创建对象的接口，但由子类决定要实例化的类是哪一个。
java
public interface Product {
void use();
}
public class ConcreteProductA implements Product {
@Override
public void use() {
System.out.println("Using Product A");
}
}
public class ConcreteProductB implements Product {
@Override
public void use() {
System.out.println("Using Product B");
}
}
public class Factory {
public Product createProduct(String type) {
if (type.equals("A")) {
return new ConcreteProductA();
} else if (type.equals("B")) {
return new ConcreteProductB();
}
return null;
}
}1.3 抽象工厂模式（Abstract Factory Pattern）
抽象工厂模式提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口，而无需指定它们的具体类。
java
public interface GUIFactory {
Button createButton();
Checkbox createCheckbox();
}
public class WinFactory implements GUIFactory {
@Override
public Button createButton() {
return new WinButton();
}
@Override
public Checkbox createCheckbox() {
return new WinCheckbox();
}
}
public class MacFactory implements GUIFactory {
@Override
public Button createButton() {
return new MacButton();
}
@Override
public Checkbox createCheckbox() {
return new MacCheckbox();
}
}2. 结构型模式
2.1 适配器模式（Adapter Pattern）
适配器模式将一个类的接口转换成客户希望的另一个接口，使得原本由于接口不兼容而不能一起工作的那些类能一起工作。
java
public interface Target {
void request();
}
public class Adaptee {
public void specificRequest() {
System.out.println("Specific request");
}
}
public class Adapter implements Target {
private Adaptee adaptee;
public Adapter(Adaptee adaptee) {
this.adaptee = adaptee;
}
@Override
public void request() {
adaptee.specificRequest();
}
}2.2 装饰器模式（Decorator Pattern）
装饰器模式动态地给对象添加一些额外的职责，就增加功能来说，装饰器模式比生成子类更为灵活。
java
public interface Component {
void operation();
}
public class ConcreteComponent implements Component {
@Override
public void operation() {
System.out.println("ConcreteComponent operation");
}
}
public abstract class Decorator implements Component {
protected Component component;
public Decorator(Component component) {
this.component = component;
}
@Override
public void operation() {
component.operation();
}
}
public class ConcreteDecoratorA extends Decorator {
public ConcreteDecoratorA(Component component) {
super(component);
}
@Override
public void operation() {
super.operation();
System.out.println("ConcreteDecoratorA operation");
}
}2.3 代理模式（Proxy Pattern）
代理模式为其他对象提供一种代理以控制对这个对象的访问。
java
public interface Subject {
void request();
}
public class RealSubject implements Subject {
@Override
public void request() {
System.out.println("RealSubject request");
}
}
public class Proxy implements Subject {
private RealSubject realSubject;
@Override
public void request() {
if (realSubject == null) {
realSubject = new RealSubject();
}
realSubject.request();
}
}3. 行为型模式
3.1 策略模式（Strategy Pattern）
策略模式定义了一系列算法，并将每一个算法封装起来，而且使它们可以互换。
java
public interface Strategy {
int doOperation(int num1, int num2);
}
public class OperationAdd implements Strategy {
@Override
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
}
public class OperationSubtract implements Strategy {
@Override
public int doOperation(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 - num2;
}
}
public class Context {
private Strategy strategy;
public Context(Strategy strategy) {
this.strategy = strategy;
}
public int executeStrategy(int num1, int num2) {
return strategy.doOperation(num1, num2);
}
}3.2 观察者模式（Observer Pattern）
观察者模式定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。
java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Subject {
private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>();
private int state;
public int getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState(int state) {
this.state = state;
notifyAllObservers();
}
public void attach(Observer observer) {
observers.add(observer);
}
public void notifyAllObservers() {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update();
}
}
}
public abstract class Observer {
protected Subject subject;
public abstract void update();
}
public class ConcreteObserver extends Observer {
public ConcreteObserver(Subject subject) {
this.subject = subject;
this.subject.attach(this);
}
@Override
public void update() {
System.out.println("State changed to: " + subject.getState());
}
}3.3 责任链模式（Chain of Responsibility Pattern）
责任链模式为解除请求的发送者和接受者之间的耦合，而使多个对象都有机会处理这个请求。
java
public abstract class Handler {
protected Handler nextHandler;
public void setNextHandler(Handler nextHandler) {
this.nextHandler = nextHandler;
}
public abstract void handleRequest(String request);
}
public class ConcreteHandler1 extends Handler {
@Override
public void handleRequest(String request) {
if (request.equals("Handler1")) {
System.out.println("Handled by Handler1");
} else if (nextHandler != null) {
nextHandler.handleRequest(request);
}
}
}
public class ConcreteHandler2 extends Handler {
@Override
public void handleRequest(String request) {
if (request.equals("Handler2")) {
System.out.println("Handled by Handler2");
} else if (nextHandler != null) {
nextHandler.handleRequest(request);
}
}
}