七、ArkTS 声明式UI-常用布局-相对布局 (RelativeContainer)
官方文档:developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn...
概述
在应用的开发过程中,经常需要设计复杂界面,此时涉及到多个相同或不同组件之间的嵌套。如果布局组件嵌套深度过深,或者嵌套组件数过多,会带来额外的开销。如果在布局的方式上进行优化,就可以有效的提升性能,减少时间开销。
RelativeContainer为采用相对布局的容器,支持容器内部的子元素设置相对位置关系,适用于界面复杂场景的情况,对多个子组件进行对齐和排列。子元素支持指定兄弟元素作为锚点,也支持指定父容器作为锚点,基于锚点做相对位置布局。下图是一个RelativeContainer的概念图,图中的虚线表示位置的依赖关系。
图1 相对布局示意图
子元素并不完全是上图中的依赖关系。比如,Item4可以以Item2为依赖锚点,也可以以RelativeContainer父容器为依赖锚点。
基本概念
- 锚点:通过锚点设置当前元素基于哪个元素确定位置。
- 对齐方式:通过对齐方式,设置当前元素是基于锚点的上中下对齐,还是基于锚点的左中右对齐。
设置依赖关系
锚点设置
锚点设置是指设置子元素相对于父元素或兄弟元素的位置依赖关系。在水平方向上,可以设置left、middle、right的锚点。在竖直方向上,可以设置top、center、bottom的锚点。
为了明确定义锚点,必须为RelativeContainer及其子元素设置ID,用于指定锚点信息。ID默认为"container",其余子元素的ID通过id属性设置。不设置id的组件能显示,但是不能被其他子组件作为锚点,相对布局容器会为其拼接id,此id的规律无法被应用感知。互相依赖,环形依赖时容器内子组件全部不绘制。同方向上两个以上位置设置锚点,但锚点位置逆序时此子组件大小为0,即不绘制。
说明
在使用锚点时要注意子元素的相对位置关系,避免出现错位或遮挡的情况。
-
RelativeContainer父组件为锚点,container代表父容器的ID。
scsslet AlignRus:Record<string,Record<string,string|VerticalAlign|HorizontalAlign>> = { 'top': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': VerticalAlign.Top }, 'left': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': HorizontalAlign.Start } } let AlignRue:Record<string,Record<string,string|VerticalAlign|HorizontalAlign>> = { 'top': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': VerticalAlign.Top }, 'right': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': HorizontalAlign.End } } let Mleft:Record<string,number> = { 'left': 20 } let BWC:Record<string,number|string> = { 'width': 2, 'color': '#6699FF' } @Entry @Component struct Index { build() { RelativeContainer() { Row(){Text('row1')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100) .backgroundColor("#FF3333") .alignRules(AlignRus) .id("row1") Row(){Text('row2')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100) .backgroundColor("#FFCC00") .alignRules(AlignRue) .id("row2") }.width(300).height(300) .margin(Mleft) .border(BWC) } }
-
以兄弟元素为锚点。
scsslet AlignRus:Record<string,Record<string,string|VerticalAlign|HorizontalAlign>> = { 'top': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': VerticalAlign.Top }, 'left': { 'anchor': '__container__', 'align': HorizontalAlign.Start } } let RelConB:Record<string,Record<string,string|VerticalAlign|HorizontalAlign>> = { 'top': { 'anchor': 'row1', 'align': VerticalAlign.Bottom }, 'left' : { 'anchor': 'row1', 'align': HorizontalAlign.Start } } let Mleft:Record<string,number> = { 'left': 20 } let BWC:Record<string,number|string> = { 'width': 2, 'color': '#6699FF' } @Entry @Component struct Index { build() { RelativeContainer() { Row(){Text('row1')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100) .backgroundColor("#FF3333") .alignRules(AlignRus) .id("row1") Row(){Text('row2')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100) .backgroundColor("#FFCC00") .alignRules(RelConB) .id("row2") }.width(300).height(300) .margin(Mleft) .border(BWC) } }
-
子组件锚点可以任意选择,但需注意不要相互依赖。
less@Entry @Component struct Index { build() { Row() { RelativeContainer() { Row(){Text('row1')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100) .backgroundColor('#ff3339ff') .alignRules({ top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top}, left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start} }) .id("row1") Row(){Text('row2')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100) .backgroundColor('#ff298e1e') .alignRules({ top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top}, right: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.End}, bottom: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Center}, }) .id("row2") Row(){Text('row3')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).height(100) .backgroundColor('#ffff6a33') .alignRules({ top: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom}, left: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}, right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Start} }) .id("row3") Row(){Text('row4')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center) .backgroundColor('#ffff33fd') .alignRules({ top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom}, left: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.Center}, right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.End}, bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom} }) .id("row4") } .width(300).height(300) .margin({left: 50}) .border({width:2, color: "#6699FF"}) } .height('100%') } }
设置相对于锚点的对齐位置
设置了锚点之后,可以通过align设置相对于锚点的对齐位置。
在水平方向上,对齐位置可以设置为HorizontalAlign.Start、HorizontalAlign.Center、HorizontalAlign.End。
在竖直方向上,对齐位置可以设置为VerticalAlign.Top、VerticalAlign.Center、VerticalAlign.Bottom。
子组件位置偏移
子组件经过相对位置对齐后,位置可能还不是目标位置,开发者可根据需要进行额外偏移设置offset。
less
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
build() {
Row() {
RelativeContainer() {
Row(){Text('row1')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100).height(100)
.backgroundColor("#FF3333")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}
})
.id("row1")
Row(){Text('row2')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100)
.backgroundColor("#FFCC00")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
right: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.End},
bottom: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Center},
})
.offset({
x:-40,
y:-20
})
.id("row2")
Row(){Text('row3')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).height(100)
.backgroundColor("#FF6633")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.End},
right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}
})
.offset({
x:-10,
y:-20
})
.id("row3")
Row(){Text('row4')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor("#FF9966")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.offset({
x:-10,
y:-30
})
.id("row4")
Row(){Text('row5')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor("#FF66FF")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.offset({
x:10,
y:20
})
.id("row5")
Row(){Text('row6')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor('#ff33ffb5')
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "row4", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row3", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row3", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.offset({
x:-15,
y:10
})
.backgroundImagePosition(Alignment.Bottom)
.backgroundImageSize(ImageSize.Cover)
.id("row6")
}
.width(300).height(300)
.margin({left: 50})
.border({width:2, color: "#6699FF"})
}
.height('100%')
}
}
多种组件的对齐布局
Row、Column、Flex、Stack等多种布局组件,可按照RelativeContainer组件规则进行对其排布。
less
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
@State value: number = 0
build() {
Row() {
RelativeContainer() {
Row().width(100).height(100)
.backgroundColor('#ff33ffcc')
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}
})
.id("row1")
Column().width('50%').height(30).backgroundColor(0xAFEEEE)
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Center}
}).id("row2")
Flex({ direction: FlexDirection.Row }) {
Text('1').width('20%').height(50).backgroundColor(0xF5DEB3)
Text('2').width('20%').height(50).backgroundColor(0xD2B48C)
Text('3').width('20%').height(50).backgroundColor(0xF5DEB3)
Text('4').width('20%').height(50).backgroundColor(0xD2B48C)
}
.padding(10)
.backgroundColor('#ffedafaf')
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row2", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Center},
right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Center}
})
.id("row3")
Stack({ alignContent: Alignment.Bottom }) {
Text('First child, show in bottom').width('90%').height('100%').backgroundColor(0xd2cab3).align(Alignment.Top)
Text('Second child, show in top').width('70%').height('60%').backgroundColor(0xc1cbac).align(Alignment.Top)
}
.margin({ top: 5 })
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
right: {anchor: "row3", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.id("row4")
}
.width(300).height(300)
.margin({left: 50})
.border({width:2, color: "#6699FF"})
}
.height('100%')
}
}
组件尺寸
子组件尺寸大小不会受到相对布局规则的影响。若子组件某个方向上设置两个或以上alignRules时最好不设置此方向尺寸大小,否则对齐规则确定的组件尺寸与开发者设置的尺寸可能产生冲突。
less
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
build() {
Row() {
RelativeContainer() {
Row(){Text('row1')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.width(100).height(100)
.backgroundColor("#FF3333")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}
})
.id("row1")
Row(){Text('row2')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).width(100)
.backgroundColor("#FFCC00")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Top},
right: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.End},
bottom: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Center},
})
.id("row2")
Row(){Text('row3')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).height(100)
.backgroundColor("#FF6633")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row1", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.End},
right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Start}
})
.id("row3")
Row(){Text('row4')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor("#FF9966")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "__container__", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row1", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.id("row4")
Row(){Text('row5')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor("#FF66FF")
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "__container__", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row2", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.id("row5")
Row(){Text('row6')}.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
.backgroundColor('#ff33ffb5')
.alignRules({
top: {anchor: "row3", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
bottom: {anchor: "row4", align: VerticalAlign.Bottom},
left: {anchor: "row3", align: HorizontalAlign.Start},
right: {anchor: "row3", align: HorizontalAlign.End}
})
.id("row6")
.backgroundImagePosition(Alignment.Bottom)
.backgroundImageSize(ImageSize.Cover)
}
.width(300).height(300)
.margin({left: 50})
.border({width:2, color: "#6699FF"})
}
.height('100%')
}
}
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