Python办公自动化（3）对Excel的操作

1.读取excel文件

1.安装工具

终端下载读取excel文档的工具库：

pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple xlrd

若对版本有特殊需求：

删除当前版本：pip3 uninstall xlrd

下载所需要的版本：pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple xlrd==1.2.0

2.打开目录中的excel文件

import xlrd
excel = xlrd.open_workbook('question.xlsx')
print(excel)

3.搜索excel文件页签

import xlrd
excel = xlrd.open_workbook('question.xlsx')
# 根据页签名找到页签
book1 = excel.sheet_by_name('题库')
print(book1.name)
# 获取第一个页签
book2 = excel.sheet_by_index(0)
print(book2.name)
# 遍历所有页签
for i in excel.sheets():
    print(i.name)

4. 获得表格中的数据

import xlrd
excel = xlrd.open_workbook('question.xlsx')
book = excel.sheet_by_name('题库')
for i in book.get_rows():
    content = []
    for j in i:
        content.append(j.value)
    print(content)

2.新建excel文件

1.安装工具

终端下载创建excel文档的工具库（支持写入文本、数字、公式等）：

pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple xlsxwriter

2.创建excel文档

import xlsxwriter
# 生成excel
excel = xlsxwriter.Workbook('study.xlsx')
# 添加工作簿
book = excel.add_worksheet('考试成绩')
title = ['姓名','性别','年龄','成绩','等级']
data = [
    ['Adela','woman','20','90','1'],
    ['Zoya','woman','24','95','2']
]
for index,item in enumerate(title):
    # 向表格中写入内容，参数1：行索引；参数2：列索引；参数3：内容
    book.write(0,index,item)
for row_index, row_data in enumerate(data):
    for col_index, item in enumerate(row_data):
        book.write(row_index + 1, col_index, item)  # 从第 1 行开始写入数据
excel.close()

3.复制excel文档

代码思路：读取+新建+写入

import xlsxwriter
import xlrd
def read():
    result = []
    excel = xlrd.open_workbook('study.xlsx')
    book = excel.sheet_by_name('考试成绩')
    for i in book.get_rows():
        content = []
        for j in i:
            content.append(j.value) # 行中的每一个格子里的数据，并封装到content列表中，作为一行数据
        result.append(content) # 将每一个行的数据追加到返回结果集列表中
    return result

def write(content):
    excel = xlsxwriter.Workbook('study_copy.xlsx')
    book = excel.add_worksheet('考试成绩')
    for index,data in enumerate(content):
        for sub_index,sub_data in enumerate(data):
            book.write(index,sub_index,sub_data)
    excel.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    result = read()
    write(result)

4.生成excel并附带图表

import xlsxwriter
excel = xlsxwriter.Workbook('study1.xlsx')
book = excel.add_worksheet('成绩等级')
data = [
    ['优秀','良好','中等','一般'],
    [1100,2000,1000,500]
]
book.write_column('A1',data[0])
book.write_column('B1',data[1])
# 绘制图表
# 参数1：图表类型 type声明设置类型,column柱状图
chart = excel.add_chart({'type':'column'})
# 定义要展示的数据
chart.add_series({'categories':'=成绩等级!$A1:$A4',
                  'values':'=成绩等级!$B1:$B4',
                  'name':'成绩占比'})
# 设置图表标题
chart.set_title({'name':'成绩占比图'})
# 向表格中插入图表
# 参数1：位置；参数2：图表的引用名
book.insert_chart('A10',chart)
excel.close()

3.读取并计算数据

1.安装工具

终端下载操作excel文档的工具库（大多用于读取、写入和修改等 ）：

pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple xlutils

2.读取数据

编程思路：

1.打开 Excel 文件；

2.获取第一个工作表；

3.初始化两个数据：分别是用于存储按分类汇总的总价**goods_type** 与每行的单品总价**count_price**；

4.用遍历对每一行计算单品总价

5.最后返回**goods_type** 和count_price

def read_data():
    wb = xlrd.open_workbook('goods.xlsx')
    sh = wb.sheet_by_index(0)
    goods_type = {} # 分类总价 {水果:20,生活用品:30}
    count_price = [] # 单品总价 [10,20,30]
    for r in range(sh.nrows):
        # sh.cell_value(r,4)获得格子中的数据，参数1行索引值，参数2列索引值
        count = sh.cell_value(r,3)*sh.cell_value(r,4)
        #将计算的小计值追加到单品总价中
        count_price.append(count)
        key = sh.cell_value(r,0)
        # 判断分类总价中是否包含该商品，如包含则追加计算
        if goods_type.get(key):
            goods_type[key] += count
        else:
            goods_type[key] = count
    return goods_type,count_price

3.保存数据

def save(_type,_count):
    wb = xlrd.open_workbook('goods.xlsx')
    sh_t = wb.sheet_by_index(0)
    wb2 = copy(wb) # 复制当前的商品表格
    sh = wb2.get_sheet(0)
    for r in range(sh_t.nrows):
        sh.write(r,sh_t.ncols,_count[r])
    sh2 = wb2.add_sheet('汇总的数据')
    for i,key in enumerate(_type.keys()):
        sh2.write(i,0,key)
        sh2.write(i,1,_type[key])
    wb2.save('商品汇总数据.xlsx')

4.主程序

read_data()：读取并自动匹配汇总数据和单品总价

save()：将结果保存到新的 Excel 文件中

if __name__ == '__main__':
    t,c = read_data()
    save(t,c)

4. 拆分Excel文件

将Excel表格中的数据按照A1列分类，并按类别存到不同的sheet页中

import xlrd
from xlutils.copy import copy

def get_data():
    wb = xlrd.open_workbook('goods.xlsx')
    sh = wb.sheet_by_index(0)
    """
    {
        a:[{},{},{}],
        b:[{},{},{}],
        c:[{},{},{}],
    }
    """
    all_data = {}
    for r in range(sh.nrows):
        d = {'type':sh.cell_value(r,1),
             'name':sh.cell_value(r,2),
             'price':sh.cell_value(r,3),
             'count':sh.cell_value(r,4)}
        key = sh.cell_value(r,0)
        if all_data.get(key):
            all_data[key].append(d)
        else:
            all_data[key] = [d]
    return all_data

def save(data):
    wb = xlrd.open_workbook('goods.xlsx')
    wb2 = copy(wb)
    for key in data.keys():
        temp_sheet = wb2.add_sheet(key)
        for i,d in enumerate(data[key]):
            temp_sheet.write(i, 0, d.get('type'))
            temp_sheet.write(i, 1, d.get('name'))
            temp_sheet.write(i, 2, d.get('price'))
            temp_sheet.write(i, 3, d.get('count'))
        wb2.save('表格拆分.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    all_data = get_data()
    save(all_data)

5. 合并Excel文件

终端下载操作 excel文档的工具库（除了读取写入，还包括格式化单元格、插入图表、处理多个工作表等功能，功能比xlutils强大，支持大数据量的处理 ）：

pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple openpyxl

1.合并至同一sheet页

from openpyxl import load_workbook,Workbook
import os
def copy_data():
    wb = Workbook() # 获得excel对象
    sh = wb.active # 获得焦点sheet页
    all_data = []
    for name in os.listdir('./销售表'):
        path = f'./销售表/{name}'
        tmp_wb = load_workbook(path)
        tmp_sh = tmp_wb.active
        for r in range(1,tmp_sh.max_row+1):
            # 获取整行数据
            row_value = []
            for c in range(1,tmp_sh.max_column+1):
                value = tmp_sh.cell(r,c).value
                row_value.append(value)
            # 将获取的行数据，添加到全局数据里
            if row_value not in all_data:
                all_data.append(row_value)
    # 将数据追加至新的excel中
    for data in all_data:
        sh.append(data)
    wb.save('合并Excel.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    copy_data()

2.合并至多个sheet页

from openpyxl import load_workbook,Workbook
import os
def copy_data():
    wb = Workbook()
    for name in os.listdir('./销售表'):
        path = f'./销售表/{name}'
        tmp_wb = load_workbook(path)
        tmp_sh = tmp_wb.active
        # 创建sheet页
        sh = wb.create_sheet(name[:-5]) # 单肩包.xlsx->单肩包
        for r in range(1,tmp_sh.max_row+1):
            row_value = []
            for c in range(1,tmp_sh.max_column+1):
                value = tmp_sh.cell(r,c).value
                row_value.append(value)
            sh.append(row_value)
    del wb['Sheet']
    wb.save('合并至多个sheet页.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    copy_data()

6. 生成工资条

省脑细胞式描述：遍历原始工作表的每一行，再单独存到一个新Excel表中

from openpyxl import load_workbook,Workbook
def create_excel():
    wb = load_workbook('工资数据.xlsx')
    sh = wb.active
    title = ["工号","姓名","部门", "基本工资","提成","加班工资","社保扣除","考勤扣除","应付工资","邮箱"]
    for i,row in enumerate(sh.rows):
        if i == 0:
            continue
        else:
            temp_wbook = Workbook()
            temp_sh = temp_wbook.active
            temp_sh.append(title)
            row_data = [cell.value for cell in row] #['5732','Adela','研发部'，'8000',......]获得当前行的数据
            temp_sh.append(row_data) # 将当前行数据追加直sheet页中
            temp_wbook.save(f'./工资条/{row_data[1]}.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    create_excel()

当然你可以再把他们合并成一起当作练习，并在新的sheet页中显示工资数的柱状图：

import xlsxwriter
from openpyxl import load_workbook, Workbook
import os

def combine_data():
    wb = Workbook()
    sh = wb.active
    all_data = []
    for name in os.listdir('./工资条'):
        path = f'./工资条/{name}'
        tmp_wb = load_workbook(path)
        tmp_sh = tmp_wb.active
        for r in range(1, tmp_sh.max_row + 1):
            row_value = []
            for c in range(1, tmp_sh.max_column + 1):
                value = tmp_sh.cell(r, c).value
                row_value.append(value)
            if row_value not in all_data:
                all_data.append(row_value)
    for data in all_data:
        sh.append(data)
    wb.save('合并工资条.xlsx')
    return all_data

def create_chart(data):
    # 创建新Excel
    wb = xlsxwriter.Workbook('图表.xlsx')
    ws = wb.add_worksheet()
    # 写入数据
    for row_num, row in enumerate(data):
        for col_num, value in enumerate(row):
            ws.write(row_num, col_num, value)
    # 创建柱状图（假设第2列是姓名，第8列是工资）
    chart = wb.add_chart({'type': 'column'})
    chart.add_series({
        'categories': f'=Sheet1!$B$1:$B${len(data)}',
        'values': f'=Sheet1!$H$1:$H${len(data)}'
    })
    # 插入图表
    ws.insert_chart('K2', chart)
    wb.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    data = combine_data()  # 合并数据
    create_chart(data)  # 生成图表

7.统计加班时间

1.搭建一个数据表格

from datetime import date
from openpyxl import load_workbook,Workbook
def create_data():
    wb =Workbook()
    sh = wb.active
    rows = [
        ['Date','姓名','打卡时间'],
        [date(2025, 4, 2), '张三', '18:50'],
        [date(2025, 4, 2), '李四', '19:15'],
        [date(2025, 4, 4), '王五', '22:30'],
        [date(2025, 4, 5), '赵六', '18:45'],
        [date(2025, 4, 6), '钱七', '17:20'],
        [date(2025, 4, 7), '孙八', '19:05'],
        [date(2025, 4, 8), '周九', '21:10'],
        [date(2025, 4, 9), '吴十', '22:35'],
        [date(2025, 4, 2), '李四', '19:15'],
    ]
    for row in rows:
        sh.append(row)
    wb.save('打卡时间.xlsx')

2.处理表格数据

def statistics():
    wb = load_workbook('打卡时间.xlsx')
    sh = wb.active
    data = []

    for i in range(2, sh.max_row + 1):
        t_data = []
        for j in range(1, sh.max_column + 1):
            t_data.append(sh.cell(i, j).value)
        # 统计计算
        h, m = t_data[2].split(":")
        full = int(h) * 60 + int(m)  # 打卡时间转换成分钟
        tmp = full - 18 * 60  # 与18:00的差值
        t_data.append(tmp)

        t_data[0] = t_data[0].date()
        data.append(t_data)

    n_wb = Workbook()
    n_sh = n_wb.active
    for d in data:
        n_sh.append(d)
    n_wb.save('统计时间.xlsx')

3.主程序

if name == 'main':

statistics()

create_data()

8.查重复数据

查询是否有重复的人名

from openpyxl import load_workbook,Workbook
from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill
import os
def dum():
    wb = load_workbook('打卡时间.xlsx')
    sh = wb.active

    index = [] #存放重复数据的索引值
    tmp = []
    for i,c in enumerate(sh['B']):
        flag = c.value not in tmp
        if flag:
            tmp.append(c.value)
        else:
            index.append(i)
    fill = PatternFill('solid',fgColor='AEEEEE')
    for i,r in enumerate(sh.rows):
        if i in index:
            for c in r:
                c.fill = fill
            print(f'第{i+1}条数据是重复数据')

    wb.save('查重复数据.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    dum()

9.提取身份证号信息

根据身份证号码的格式，提取出生辰年月，并进行年龄等数学运算

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from datetime import datetime
def get_code():
    now_year = datetime.now().year
    wb = load_workbook('身份证信息.xlsx')
    sh = wb.active
    max_colunm = sh.max_column
    for i,cell in enumerate(sh['B']):
        pno = cell.value
        # 6位行政区号 4位年份 2位月份 2月日期 4位个人识别码
        year = pno[6:10]
        month = pno[10:12]
        day = pno[12:14]
        age = now_year - int(year)
        sh.cell(i + 1, max_colunm + 1).value = year
        sh.cell(i + 1, max_colunm + 2).value = month
        sh.cell(i + 1, max_colunm + 3).value = day
        sh.cell(i + 1, max_colunm + 4).value = age
    wb.save('提取身份证号信息.xlsx')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    get_code()