SQL分片工具类(SqlShardingUtil)提供数据库查询的智能分片功能,支持数字和字符串两种字段类型的分片策略。对于数字字段,可以指定分片数量均匀划分数值区间;对于字符串字段,则按照ASCII字符范围自动划分。工具类确保分片后的SQL语句完整覆盖数据范围且不重复,同时支持附加WHERE条件。实现原理是通过计算分片边界值,构建区间查询条件,特别处理字符串类型的开放式结尾区间,保证数据完整性。该工具适用于大数据量查询的性能优化场景。
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import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* SQL分片工具类
* 支持 minVal 和 maxVal 为空的处理
* 确保分片数据不重复且完整覆盖
*/
public class SqlShardingUtil {
public enum FieldType {
NUMBER, STRING
}
/**
* 生成分片SQL列表
*
* @param baseSql 基础SQL(不含WHERE)
* @param where 额外过滤条件,如"status = 1",可传空或null
* @param splitField 分片字段名
* @param fieldType 分片字段类型
* @param minVal 分片起始值,数字传Long,字符串传单字符字符串
* @param maxVal 分片结束值,数字传Long,字符串传单字符字符串
* @param shardCount 分片数量(数字分片生效,字符串分片忽略)
* @return 分片SQL语句列表
*/
public static List<String> splitSQL(String baseSql, String where, String splitField, FieldType fieldType,
Object minVal, Object maxVal, int shardCount) {
List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
String baseWhere = (where == null || where.trim().isEmpty()) ? "WHERE 1=1" : (where.trim().toUpperCase().startsWith("WHERE") ? where.trim() : "WHERE " + where.trim());
if (fieldType == FieldType.NUMBER) {
if (!(minVal instanceof Number) || !(maxVal instanceof Number)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("NUMBER类型分片,minVal和maxVal必须是数字");
}
long min = ((Number) minVal).longValue();
long max = ((Number) maxVal).longValue();
if (max < min) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxVal不能小于minVal");
}
if (shardCount <= 0) {
shardCount = 1; // 至少一个分片
}
long total = max - min + 1;
long step = (long) Math.ceil((double) total / shardCount);
for (long start = min; start <= max; start += step) {
long end = Math.min(start + step, max + 1);
String condition = String.format("%s >= %d AND %s < %d", splitField, start, splitField, end);
result.add(baseSql + " " + baseWhere + " AND " + condition);
}
} else if (fieldType == FieldType.STRING) {
if (!(minVal instanceof String) || !(maxVal instanceof String)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("STRING类型分片,minVal和maxVal必须是字符串");
}
if (((String) minVal).length() == 0 || ((String) maxVal).length() == 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("minVal和maxVal字符串不能为空");
}
char minChar = ((String) minVal).charAt(0);
char maxChar = ((String) maxVal).charAt(0);
if (maxChar < minChar) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxVal字符不能小于minVal字符");
}
// 忽略shardCount,按字符区间分片
List<Character> asciiChars = getCharRange(minChar, maxChar);
for (int i = 0; i < asciiChars.size() - 1; i++) {
char start = asciiChars.get(i);
char end = asciiChars.get(i + 1);
String condition = String.format("%s >= '%c' AND %s < '%c'", splitField, start, splitField, end);
result.add(baseSql + " " + baseWhere + " AND " + condition);
}
// 最后一段闭区间,确保不漏数据
char last = asciiChars.get(asciiChars.size() - 1);
String lastCondition = String.format("%s >= '%c'", splitField, last);
result.add(baseSql + " " + baseWhere + " AND " + lastCondition);
} else {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("不支持的FieldType:" + fieldType);
}
return result;
}
/**
* 获取指定区间内的有效字符列表(包含数字、大小写字母及常用符号)
*
* @param start 起始字符(包含)
* @param end 结束字符(包含)
* @return 字符列表
*/
private static List<Character> getCharRange(char start, char end) {
List<Character> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (char c = start; c <= end; c++) {
if (Character.isDigit(c) || Character.isLetter(c) || isSymbol(c)) {
list.add(c);
}
}
return list;
}
/**
* 判断是否为常用符号
*/
private static boolean isSymbol(char c) {
return "!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:',.<>?/`~\"\\ ".indexOf(c) >= 0;
}
// 示例 main 方法
public static void main(String[] args) {
String baseSql = "SELECT * FROM user_table";
String where = "status = 1";
String splitField = "user_id";
// 数字分片示例
List<String> numberShards = splitSQL(baseSql, where, splitField, FieldType.NUMBER, 1, 100, 5);
System.out.println("数字分片:");
numberShards.forEach(System.out::println);
// 字符分片示例,覆盖0~Z(数字和大写字母)
List<String> stringShards = splitSQL(baseSql, where, "username", FieldType.STRING, "0", "Z", 0);
System.out.println("\n字符分片:");
stringShards.forEach(System.out::println);
}